Ⅰ.

Quantitative Research [Definition &  In Medical and Health services, it yields

Background etc.] statistics that can help improve the rate of
recovery of patients with illnesses and
Quantitative Research sicknesses, and the efficacy of medicines
 Is an explaining phenomenon by collecting and drugs, among others
numerical data that are analyzed using  In Science and Technology, it can lead to a
mathematically based methods (Aliaga & more responsible and accountable operation
Gunderson 2000) of the different components of technology.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research Classification of Variables

 It is reliable and objective A variable is any factor or property that a researcher

 It uses statistics to generalize a finding measures, controls, and/or manipulates. It is also
 Reduces and restructures a complex problem called a data item.
to a limited number of variables 1. Numeric Variables – These are variables
 It tests theories or hypotheses with values that describe a measurable
 It deals with the details of the subject numerical quantity.
Advantages of Quantitative Research a. Continuous variables – A variables that can
assume any value between a certain set of
 It allows the researcher to measure and real numbers, called interval variables.
analyze data b. Discrete variables – A variables than can
 It gives reliable results since the study uses a only assume any whole value within the
big sample limits of the given variables.
 It is replicable since standards are usually
used in choosing the instruments, sampling 2. Categorical Variables – These are variables
distributions, and statistical treatments with values that describe a quality or
characteristic of a data unit.
Disadvantaged of Quantitative Research
a. Ordinal variables – A variable that can take
 It ignores the context of the study in such a a value which can be logically ordered or
way that it does not consider the natural ranked
setting of the conducted study. b. Nominal variables – A variable whose
 It requires more resources since it used a values cannot be organized in a logical
large sample for the study. sequence
 The results are limited because they are c. Dichotomous variables – A variables
usually based on the analysis of numbers represent only two categories
and are not obtained from detailed d. Polychotomous variables – A variables that
narratives. have many categories

Importance of Quantitative Research in Different 3. Experimental Variable

Fields a. Independent variables – A variables that
usually manipulated in an experiment, also
 In Education, it can be used in measuring the
called manipulated or explanatory variable.
level of performance of students and
b. Dependent variables – A variables that
teachers, and in assessing the effectiveness
usually affected by the manipulation of the
of the methods and the different programs
independent variables, also called response,
conducted.
or predicted variable.
 In Business, it can improve the overall
c. Extraneous variables – Also called
marketing strategy, and help the company
mediating or intervening variables, a
make informed decisions on how to be best
variable that already existing during the
move forward with a particular product or
conduct of an experiment and could
services
 influence the result of the study, also known and its delimitations, and discuss its
as covariate variable. significance to the field of study.

 The Statement of the Problem – Contains the

4. Non-Experimental Variables general problem of the study which is
a. Predictor variables – A variables changes restated with specific details including the
the other variable/s in a non-experimental participants, setting, and period covered by
study. the study.
b. Criterion variables – A variables usually
influenced by the predictor variables.  The Scope and Delimitation and the
Significance of the Study
Scope – is determined by the major variables
of the study, as well as their respective sub-
5. Variables according to the number being
variables.
studied
Delimitation - pertains to the boundaries of
a. Univariate study – Only one variable is
the study with respect to the major variables
being studied.
and its further clarified by the sub-variables.
b. Bivariate study – Two variables are being
Significance – identifies the beneficiaries
studied
and the expected benefits that will result
c. Polyvariate study – More than two variables
from the study.
are being studied

SS:  Review of Literature – Is a process of

compiling, classifying, and evaluating what
1. A variable is any factor or property that a other researchers have written on a certain
researcher measures, controls, and topic.
manipulates in a research study.
2. The different classification of research
variables are as follows:
a. nominal (which can be continuous or
discrete)
b. categorical (which can be ordinal or
discrete and dichotomous or
polychotomous)
c. experimental (which can be
independent, dependent, or extraneous)
d. non-experimental (which ca be ither
predictor or criterion)
e. variables according to the number being
studied (which can be univariate,
bivariate, or polyvariate)

 The Research Title – A title the research

should summarize the main idea and include
the major variables and the participation of
the study.

 The Background of the Study – The first

chapter of the research study, entitled “The
Problem” or “The Problem and It’s
Background.” Its purpose is to introduce the
research problem, clarify important variables
Ⅱ. Non-Researchable Questions Delimitation – pertains to the boundaries of the study
with respect to the major variables and its further
Non-Researchable Question clarified by the sub-variables
 are questions of value. These are the Indicators – are the concepts or ideas the researchers
questions that are answerably by “yes” or have gathered from reading various literatures
“no” regarding the major variables and sub-variables.
Researchable Questions Significance of the Study – identifies the
 are questions of value, opinions, or policy beneficiaries and the expected benefits that will result
raised to gather data. from the study

Types of Research Questions

1. Factor-Isolating Questions – They are Ⅳ. Related Literature and Studies

sometimes called naming questions. They Related Literature
isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors
and situations.  also called conceptual literature, it clarifies
2. Factor-Relating Questions – Their goal is to the different variables being studied and
determine the relationship among factors remove vagueness surrounding concepts
that have been identified. Usually, questions central to the study
for a non-experimental type of research.  helps identify the major variables, their sub-
3. Situation-Relating Questions – These variables, and the indicators
questions usually yield hypotheses testing or  a literature reviews is a specific type of
experimental study designs in which the research paper that focuses on published
researcher manipulates the variable to see literature on a given topic. It presents
what will happen. analysis, patterns, and critiques of individual
4. Situation-Producing Questions – These sources, groups of sources, and the body of
questions establish explicit goals for actions, related literature as a whole
develop plans, or prescriptions to achieve
goals, and specify the conditions under Related Studies
which this goal will be accomplished.  determining whether the research is
objective and empirically based entails
surveying previous studies that involve
Ⅲ. Scope and Delimitations/Limitations similar variables.
 an adequate review of related studies serves
The Scope and Delimitation of the Study as the basis of the analysis of results because
 Parameters that prevent researchers from it enables the researcher to compare and
pursuing further studies due to time and contrast his/her findings with those of
budgetary constraints previous studies.
 the gathers studies are related to the present
Scope – The coverage, range, and period of the study. research when they use the same variables,
sub-variables, concepts or constructs, and
Delimitations – Weakness of the study beyond the
the same subject or topic.
control of the Researcher
 the data should be indicated in a review od
terms: related studies are the name of the author,
data, and setting of the research cited, its
Concept – a generally accepted collection of title and salient findings.
characteristics that can be defined by a dictionary and
commonly used by an educator.

Construct – a new characteristic that results from the

conduct of research
Ⅴ. Types of Reading Duplicate Plagiarism – in which the author’s
submits a previously-published work as if it is an
Elementary Reading original manuscript.
 This is the basic type of reading. It consists Plagiarism happens in the following instances:
merely of recognizing the words and the
literal comprehension of the sentences. 1. When an individual is claiming that he/she is
the author or originator of another’s work.
Systematic-Skimming 2. When copying the whole written work or
 This is a prerequisite to analytical reading even words, ideas, or sentences from an
which requires time. This is a type of author without acknowledging him/her
reading in which the articles or materials are 3. When one fails to put quote marks on a
discerned if they can be included for direct quotation or excerpt from a source
analysis. This can be done by looking at the Ways of Avoiding Plagiarism
title of the book or article.
1. Citation – The complete source or reference
Analytics Reading must be placed after the copied phrase or
 Ample time is requiring for this, since it’s a sentence using the prescribe format of
process of breaking the whole into parts for citations (APA or MLA)
better understanding, article is examined 2. Paraphrasing – The information is rephrased
paragraph by paragraph, a paragraph is into one’s own word or how you understood
dissected by sentence, and sentence is read the information.
word by word. 3. Quoting – One has to quote himself/herself
and cite it again or paraphrase to avoid self-
Comparative Reading plagiarism
4. Referencing – This is done in a conjunction
 This is the highest level of reading, in which
with citations.
the researcher analyzes several articles or
books. Concepts and principles from the On Authorships
various points of view of authors are
compared and contrasted. The output of 1. Coercion Authorship – This form uses
generalized summary or the meta-analysis of intimidation to gain authorship. Pressuring a
various written works. student to include his/her name on a paper
even though he didn’t contribute enough to
qualify for authorship.
2. Honorary Authorship – A guest or gift
Ⅵ. Plagiarism
authorship accorded to an established author
Plagiarism or friend to gain favor or to give the paper a
greater sense of legitimacy even though they
 the appropriation of another person’s ideas, don’t have made significant contributions to
processes, results. or words without giving the paper.
appropriate credit including those obtained 3. Mutual Support Authorship – Two or more
through confidential review of others’ investigators include their names as co-
research proposals and manuscripts (Carver authors of each other’s papers to enhance
& his colleagues 2011) their perceived productivity
4. Ghost Authorship – This involves papers
Forms:
that are written by people who are not
Self-Plagiarism – in which author copies large included as authors or are not
parts pf one of their previous manuscripts word acknowledged. It is typical in
for word Pharmaceutical Industry in which
professional writers are often hired
5. Denial of Authorship - A work is published
without acknowledging or bestowing
 authorship on people who made substantial Studies that focus on relationship,
contributions to the work. associations, and differences.
4. -P Model – This model is used in research
studies that propose a program or any
Ⅶ. Theoretical Framework intervention measure. It fits the situation
producing level of questioning.
Ⅷ. Conceptual Framework 5. POM (proposed original model) – This
model is often used when the researcher
Frameworks
presents an original paradigm. The
 is comprised of different concepts and requirement is that it must be scientific.
theories that serve as the building blocks (or
the “skeleton” to strongly clarify the bases
of the study. Ⅸ. Hypothesis Assumptions
Theoretical Framework Hypothesis
 which may be formulated from an existing  is a tentative prediction about the
theory/ies serves as the foundation of the relationship between two or more variables
study. in a population under study
Theory Kinds of Hypothesis
 a conceptual invention that is used to 1. Simple Hypothesis – It is a hypothesis
describe, explain, predict, or understand a formulated when predicting a relationship
certain phenomenon. The word is derived between an independent and dependent
from the Greek word, theoria, which means variable
“vision” 2. Complex Hypothesis – It is a hypothesis
formulated when predicting the relationship
Conceptual Framework
of two or more independent variables to two
 provides explanation of the scope and range or more dependent variables
of a concept or construct and discusses cases 3. Directional Hypothesis – It is a hypothesis
that combine two or more theories that specifies not only the existence but also
the expected directions of the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables
The result of a clear understanding of the conceptual
4. Non-directional Hypothesis – It is a
or theoretical framework is a diagrammatic
hypothesis that does not stipulate the
presentation of the study called the Paradigm
direction of the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables
5. Null Hypothesis – It is a hypothesis
5 Common Paradigm Models used in Research: formulated for the purpose of statistical
analysis. Always expressed as a negative
1. IPO Model (input-process-output) – This
statement. It is subjected to testing in which
model is used when the statements of the
the decision is either to accept or reject it
problem are all factor-isolating questions.
6. Research Hypothesis – It is a hypothesis
2. ID-DV Model (independent and dependent
which states the actual expected
variable model) – This model is used in
relationships between variables. Always
experiment-based studies. The questions are
expressed affirmatively and is called
higher order and classified as situation
Substantive or Scientific Hypothesis
relating
3. PC Model (predictor-criterion model) – This Assumptions
model is used when relating and assessing
the influence between two or more variables.
 are propositions takes to be true based upon
the presumption without preponderance of
the facts. These propositions often refer to
the different variables or sub-variables being
studied.