Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Numerical simulation analysis to estimate stress fields along the

rectangular crack tip in foams
Piyush Agrawal ⇑, Shushant Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248 007, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: There are numerous parameters that are studied in the crack propagation like K, J or CTOD and in the last
Available online xxxx 30–40 years, there have a large number of studies to predict the crack behavior. Thus it is interesting for
the researchers to study the crack propagation simulation. In this paper, there is brief introduction of the
Keywords: topic is done, the computational models that are associated with the study are mentioned in brief, There
LEFM could be any number of reasons for the crack failure, but normally the reason that are found is excessive
Stress Intensity factor (k) loading or due to corrosion, as the excessive loading is there, there the stress intensity factor increases,
CTOD (crack tip opening displacement)
which plays a significant role in crack propagation. There could be any mode of failure, like Mode 1, mode
FPZ Crack tip hydrostatic stress
Compressible solids
II or mode III, but here mixed mode of loading is considered till the propagation is linear, the LEFM i.e.
Finite Deformation linear elastic fracture mechanics and non linear also, literature is available, but here the plasticity region
is studied i.e. non linear behavior. The comparison of variables like effective stress, hydrostatic stress and
the volumetric change is compared for incompressible and compressible materials.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the
scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

1. Introduction parameters, considering the stress factors and environmental con-

ditions are taken and formulated as an propagation models, type of
Crack propagation is so complex in nature, that to understand loading, temperature and stress ratio are taken in to account. There
its behavior and mechanism is very difficult. As the crack propa- are lot of stochiastic equations and models that are taken to verify
gates it produces a zone around, known as fracture process zone. the results but the Paris law is considered to the mostly used law
da
It is normally said that the LEFM, is applied in FPZ, but unless for verification of results i.e. dN ¼ C o ðDK n Þ, where a = Instantaneous
the elastic behavior is not known, which is normally inelastic, thus length of the crack, N = cycles, DK=change in the stress intensity
difficult to apply, which according to need sometimes ignored. It is factors. C0 is the constant. Crack may also be a result of thermal
critical to study this as crack may propagate and can influence the shock or residual stresses. The other reasons that can be of the
life of the product thus to fully understand the stress fields around crack is excessive loading, corrosion, microstructure hardness,
us is extreme beneficial. There has been lot of research that has grain boundaries, dislocation mechanism, Now the material
taken place earlier on this. The analysis on the characterization behaves differently when it combines with other metals, thus the
on FPZ has already done, acoustic emission is extremely important cracking behavior is also different.
to know the fracture energy. Crack tip geometry, specimen size has Inglis in 1931, involves the crack radius and crack length.
an important role in understanding fracture energy. It is observed Where r  rf, Grifith in 1920 involves crack length, here also
that, if there is a notched concrete, the nucleation starts to happen, r  rf later Irvin takes K and G i.e. stress intensity factor and bulk
so it is more obvious that with the metals or metallic foams, the modulus of rigidity, where KIC > K and G > GIC Later wells 1961
cracking is common phenomenon, due to which heavy and catas- given a parameter d, i.e. crack tip opening displacement. There-
trophic failures occurred. The crack propagation can be gradual after, Rice gives J Integral, i.e. surface energy releases by the crack
as well as dynamic, depend upon the loading or the metal strength when it propagates in 1968. For the plastically compressible mate-
that decides that metal will behave ductile or brittle. There are lot rials, Hutchinson have studied, for the power law, hardening mate-
of probabilistic simulations that are done earlier by taking different rials Rice and Rosengren studied it, for crack tip geometry changes
for small deformation is being done by Rice and Johnson, For elastic
plastic materials, hardening and non hardening cases, Mc-Meeking
⇑ Corresponding author.
have analysed it.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Agrawal).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.225
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on
Materials, Processing & Characterization.

Please cite this article as: P. Agrawal and S. Singh, Numerical simulation analysis to estimate stress fields along the rectangular crack tip in foams, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.225
P. Agrawal and S. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The relation between J and Ctod, is given by Rice and Rosengren s : dp ¼ re e_ p ð9Þ
[1], for stationery and growing cracks. For orthotropic which fol-
The plastic strain rate is given by Peirce, Shih, and Needleman
lows, power law hardening materials, studies are done by Pan
(1984) is:
and Shih [2], blunting effects are analysed by McClintock, GR Irwin
(1965) [3], For Quasistatically, linear hardening materials, with the e_ p ¼ ð1  hÞe_ pðtÞ þ he_ pðtþDtÞ ð10Þ
effect of notch root radius is being done by TY Fan, MA Sutton, LX
Now expanding it by the Taylor series. It leads to.
Zhang [4] Plastic zones simulation study is done by Mc clung and
 
Sehitoglu (1989) [5].Variable loading is being done by Ellyn and n e_ pðtÞ
Wu (1992) [6], Blunting with re-sharpening under cyclic loading s ¼ L
b Q P :d P ð11Þ
H ð1 þ nÞ 1þn
is done by Gu and Ritchie (1999) [7], and later Travergard and
Hutchinson (2002) [8] have also analysed it. Later Toribo and where P, q, and n
Kharin (2013) [9] analyzed again. Hydrostatic effect is done by
 
3
P¼ L:p ð12Þ
Ishikawa (1993) [10] for polymeric materials.) Finite strain defor- 2re
mation behavior of compressible elastic-viscoplastic materials
with a hardening-softening-hardening behavior is done by Needle-  
3
man, Mohan and Hutchinson (2012) [11] and Needleman and Tver- Q¼ L:q ð13Þ
2r e
gaard (2013) [12].
@ e_ p
n ¼ ðhDt Þ H ð14Þ
2. Material computational model of foams @ re

All the computational equations are taken by the work of D. And H is the hydrostatic stress which is given by.
  
Khan, S. Singh, A. Needleman (2016) [13], here the deformation 3 @ e_ p =@ ep
H¼ p:Q ð15Þ
tensor is strain is in the symmetry with force f and F leads to kir- 2re @ e_ p =@ re
choff stress s ¼ J r; where J is the det F, i.e. the Volumetric change,
due to F.The elastic and plastic deformation is calculated sepa- The plastic strain is given by the equation.
rately i.e. e_ pðtÞ n
e_ p ¼ þ P:d ð16Þ
d¼d þd
e p
ð1Þ 1þn Hð1 þ nÞ
Elastic strain is given by hypo elastic law, which is given as: where H is the hardening modulus and r b ij is the Jaumann stress
1þm m   rate.
d ¼ L1
e
s¼
:b s  tr bs I
b ð2Þ The plastic Poisson’s ratio v p after earlier test in a uniaxial com-
E E
pression is given by the relation as:
where L is the tensor elastic modulli, E is the youngs Modulus,
_ p ð1=2Þ  ða=3Þ2
where m is the poisons ratio, where tresca is the identity tensor v p ¼  _ 11 ¼ ð17Þ
s is the Jaumann rate of kirchoff stress, which
and AB = AijBij where b p33 1 þ ða=3Þ2
is.
The predicted dependence of v p upon a is found. Independently
Ds measured values of v p and of a (deduced from the measured ratio
s¼
b WsþsW ð3Þ
Dt of hydrostatic to uni-axial strength) for the three different foams
where W is the spin tensor. The plastic deformation is: which are tested.
The previous research experimental data plotted reveal that the
0
p 3 e_ p hardening modulus H varies linearly with re = r b : Therefore, we
d ¼ p ð4Þ
2 re choose the tangent modulus H to obey the linear relation.
   
And Kirchhoff tensor P is given as. re re
H¼ h þ 1 h ð18Þ
p ¼ s  atrðsÞ ð5Þ rb r rb p
where re is the elastic stress, i.e. up to limit of proportionality.
And a is the plastic compressibility factor which is given by the 3. Finite element model
relation:
 1=m FEM is a method to solve the differential and integral equations,
re
_ p ¼ _ 0 ð6Þ where the governing equation is given. It a method of reducing the
g error in the solution, by obtaining the parameters. FEM is for the
linear differential equation stress and as well as for the plain stress
where _ p is plastic strain and _ 0 is th initial strain, re , is elastic
and strain conditions. In a finite element model, input data about
stress.
the geometry, the material properties, loading and supporting con-
The hardening function is given as:
8 ditions are given to the software, here the programming is on For-
  < 1 þ h1  p ;
>
 
p < 1 tran language, thereafter to select the element type and solving the
g p ¼ r0 1 þ h1 1 þ h2 p  1 ; 1 < p < 2 equations, formulate the equation of the one finite element and
>
:  
1 þ h1 1 þ h2 ð2  1 Þ þ h3 p  2 ; p > 2 then to combine the equations of all such elements is known as
discritizing and solving by applying boundary conditions. FEM
ð7Þ has been developed and progressed rapidly in previous years and
The effective stress is given as: implemented rigorously. Node per elements have been found and
there displacement of the is being found by the stiffness equation
3 3h i
r2e ¼ s : p ¼ s : s  aðtrðsÞÞ2 ð8Þ F = kx or any other parameter can be calculated for compressible
2 2 material as well as for incompressible material or hardening soft-
The plastic dissipation per unit volume: ening material or hardening softening hardening material, with
2
P. Agrawal and S. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

the hardness function h is taken. The elements displacement or

patch displacement is calculated. As the loading is done, the stress
around the crack tip vicinity starts to form and this is due to stress,
thus called as K fields which gradually increases as the loading
increased. The meshing is also being done to discreitize the plate.
The mesh density is of the size (16  44, 18  54, and 20  58,
22  64, 28  74 square elements). Though, it was found that
20  58, 22  64, and 28  74 square elements yielded almost
identical results with good refinement near the tip, in the present
study we have used 22  64 square elements.

4. Objectives

Fig. 1. (a) Distribution of effective stress at the crack tip in compressible material
The present work has been formulated with the following with ap = 0.28. (b)Distribution of effective stress at the crack tip in incompressible
objectives: material with ap = 0.33.

 To investigate the effect of crack tip shape and near tip field
qualities in plastically compressible and incompressible solids.
 To understand the crack tip behavior for fluctuating/Cyclic
loading.

5. Methodology

To achieve the said objectives, following methodology is

adopted:

1. Initially the code is generated for the circular crack tip in For-
tran platform, then the subroutine which consists the crack
tip lines is replaced and rectangular area subroutine is written
in the code.
2. The material properties are given separately to the code, by
input file.
3. The output that is generated is saved in the output extension.ld Fig. 1 (continued)
file.
4. This output file is connected to the tecplot software, which gen-
erates the graphical representation.
5. There are various supporting files that are working for the For-
tran to generate code like .Grd, .ilk, .mak, .save, .ld intermediate
files, application file, which will support the, tecplot Fortran
workspace.
6. Finally the profiles and stress contours are plotted near the tip
crack field in Tec 360 plot Software.

6. Results and discussion

As we can see Fig. 1(a) and (b), the region around the crack tip
vicinity, the effective stress is 0.0017 units for the compressible
material, while for the incompressible materials, the effective
stress is 0.00085 units which very small compared to compressible
Fig. 2. (a) Distribution of volumetric change at the crack tip in compressible
material, but it is significant, as it is exactly around the crack tip i.e. material with ap = 0.28 (b) Distribution of volumetric change at the crack tip in
at (0.02, 0.02).In the significant region i.e. (0.03, 0.03), the effective incompressible material with ap = 0.3.
stress for the compressible material, the effective stress is 0.0016,
whereas for the incompressible material, it is 0.0008, which is less.
It is important to note that at a coordinate (0.12, 0.04) the magni-
tude decreases as we go far from the crack tip vicinity, i.e. the material, whereas for the incompressible material the range is
effective stress is almost negligible i.e. 0.001 units, for the com- 0.0012–0.0013.
pressible material, whereas for the incompressible material, it is Now to compare of hydrostatic stress, from the Fig. 3(a) and
0.0005 units. (b), that for the compressible material, it is 0.5 units while for
Now if we compare the volumetric change of the compressible the incompressible material, it is 0.11, which is far less at the
and incompressible material, Fig. 2(a) suggest that the volumetric crack tip i.e. (0, 0) coordinate, i.e. hydrostatic stress is acting
change is 0.08 units for the significant region i.e. at the crack tip greater for an incompressible material and at all the insignificant
(0, 0), which is significantly small as compare to incompressible coordinates, like (0.12, 0.4), the hydrostatic stress is 0.35 units for
material which is 0.0016 i.e. twice for the incompressible region. incompressible material while for the compressible material it is
At coordinate (0.12, 0.12) i.e. in the yellow insignificant region, 0.08, thus hydrostatic stress is acting more in incompressible
the range of volumetric change is 0.006–0.0065 for compressible material.

3
P. Agrawal and S. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

compressible material with a magnitude of 0.0017 (compressible)

and 0.5 (compressible), and the volumetric change is 0.0080 units,
for compressible material, and for incompressible material whose
magnitude is 0.0016, thus higher for compressible material. Thus
the volumetric change is higher to higher effective and hydrostatic
stress. The mid section of the plate, i.e. at the insignificant coordi-
nates like (0.12, 0.04) the stresses are insignificant in magnitude
i.e. 0.0010 units for compressible material and 0.0005 units for
incompressible material, which is less for insignificant region, thus
the volumetric change is also less, but at the crack tip vicinity, the
volumetric change is critically higher due to higher stresses for
compressible material, hence compressibility has an clear impact
on volumetric change.
Fig. 2 (continued)

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] J.R. Rice, G.F. Rosengren, Plane strain deformation near a crack tip in a power-
law hardening material, J. Mech. Phys. Solids (1968).
[2] J. Pan, C.F. Shih, Plane-strain crack-tip fields for power-law hardening
orthotropic materials, Mech. Mater. (1986).
[3] F.A. McClintock, G.R. Irwin, Plasticity aspects of fracture mechanics (1965).
[4] T.Y. Fan, M.A. Sutton, L.X. Zhang, Plane stress steady crack growth in a power-
law hardening material, Int. J. Fract. (1997).
[5] R.C. McClung, H. Sehitoglu, On the finite element analysis of fatigue crack
closure—1. Basic modeling issues, Eng. Fract. Mech. (1989).
[6] F. Ellyin, J. Wu, Elastic-plastic analysis of a stationary crack under cyclic
Fig. 3. (a) Distribution of hydrostatic stress at the crack tip in compressible material loading and effect of overload, Int. J. Fract. (1992).
[7] I. Gu, R.O. Ritchie, On the crack-tip blunting model for fatigue crack
with ap = 0.28. (b) Distribution of Hydrostatic stress at the crack tip in
propagation in ductile materials, Fatigue Fract. Mech. 29 (1999).
incompressible with ap = 0.33.
[8] J.W. Hutchinson, A.G. Evans, Mechanics of materials: top-down approaches to
fracture, Acta Mater. (2000).
[9] J. Toribio, V. Kharin, Simulations of fatigue crack growth by blunting–re-
sharpening: Plasticity induced crack closure vs. alternative controlling
variables, Int. J. Fatigue (2013).
[10] S Singh, Finite deformation analysis of crack tip fields in plastically
compressible hardening-softening-hardening solids (2018).
[11] S.B. Hutchens, A. Needleman, J.R. Greer, A microstructurally motivated
description of the deformation of vertically aligned carbon nanotube
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10.1063/1.3697686.
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040912, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024179.
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in plastically compressible hardening–softening–hardening solids, Acta Mech.
Sin. (2017).

Fig. 3 (continued)

7. Conclusions

Now combining the computational method results, it is evident

that the effective stress and hydrostatic stress is acting higher for