NEMATODES  Fertilized egg.

 Intestinal Species  Filariform Larva

 Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)  Infective, non-feeding stage that
 Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) occurs after the rhabditiform
 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Large Intestinal larvae completes their second
Roundworm) molt.
 Necator americanus (New World Hookworm)  Third-staged larva having long
 Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World Hookworm) slender esophagus.
 Strongloides stercoralis (Threadworm)  Rhabditiform Larva
 Intestinal-Tissue Species  Average immature newly
 Trichinella spiralis (Trichina worm) hatched hookworm characterized
 Dracuncukus medinensis (Guinea Worm) by the presence of a buccal
cavity/capsule and a small
genital primordium.
 Key Definitions  Gravid
 Autoreinfection  Pregnant.
 Reinfecting oneself.  Containing developing eggs or
 Parasite that causes young.
autoinfection:  Has been swallowed by the host.
 Rhabditiform larvae in the  Larva (larvae)
gut become infective  Juvenile worms.
filariform larvae that can  An immature stage in the
penetrate either the development of a worm before it
intestinal mucosa or the skin becomes a mature adult.
of the perianal area,  Nematode
resulting in autoinfection.  Multicellular parasites that
 Buccal Capsul/Buccal Cavity appear round in cross section
 Long oral cavity. (round worms).
 Chitin  Nematodes molt several times
 Shell made up of a thick nitrogen- during development, each
containing polysaccharide coating. subsequent larval stage is
 Copepod increasingly mature.
 Freshwater fleas.  Retroinfection
 One of the most abundant forms of  Infective pinworm eggs that
life on Earth. migrates back into the host body,
 Copulation develop, and reproduce rather
 Mating of select worms. than becoming dislodged.
 A male introduces sperm into the  Unembryonated
female’s body, especially directly into  Unfertilized egg.
her reproductive tract.  Zoonosis
 Corticated  Parasite whose normal host is an
 Eggs containing a mammillated animal.
albuminous material.
 On the eggs of Ascaris Lumbricoides.
 Cuticle  Morphology and Life Cycle Notes
 Surface covering present on adult  Members of the class Nematoda assume three
nematodes. basic morphologic forms:
 A rough protective covering that is  Eggs
resistant to digestion.  Vary in size and shape.
 Decorticated  Larvae
 Eggs lacking an outer mammillated  Located inside the fertilized eggs;
albuminous coating. emerge and continue to mature.
 Egg  Adult Worms
 Female sex cells after fertilization.  Develop from maturing larvae.
 Embryonated
  Sexes separate (females larger than  Nematode Classification
males).
 Equipped with a digestive and
reproductive system.
 Life cycle of individual nematodes are similar
but organism specific.
 Intestinal nematode infection may be
initiated in several ways.
 Fertilized adult female nematodes lay their
eggs in the intestine and are then shed in
the stool; they mature in the soil and infect
a new host in 2-4 weeks. Enterobius vermicularis
 Most members have the ability to exist Eggs
independent of a host (free
living/facultative)
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Specimen of choice varies upon organism
present:
 Cellophane tape prep
 Stool
 Tissue
 Infected skin ulcers.
 Recovery eggs, larvae, or accasional worm is
necessary for diagnosis.
 Serological tests are available for some
nematode organisms.
 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms
 Three possible factors may contribute to
severity of infection:
 Number of worms present.
 Length of time the infection persists.
 Overall health of the host.
 Infection have lasted as long s 10-15 years.
 Reinfection and autoreinfection also play a role
in determining severity.
 Some people are asymptomatic; others have
symptoms.
 Life cycle involves intestinal tract.
 Most nematodes cause intestinal infection
symptoms while inside the host.
Example:
 Abdominal pain, diarrhea,
nausea, vomiting, fever,
eosinophilia.
 Other possible symptoms:
 Skin irritation, skin blisters,
muscle involvement may be
present. Adult
Female
 Adult

Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuria Unfertilized
Eggs Egg

Decorticate
d
Unfertilized
Egg

Adult Male
Mature Egg

Adults

Decorticate
d Egg
Fertilized Adults
Eggs

Corticated
Hookworm
Mature
Egg
Eggs

Adult Male

Adult
Female

Rhabditiform
Larva
 Filariform
Larva

Strongloides stercoralis
Egg

Adult Buccal
Capsules

Adults Rhabditiform
Larva
 Trichinella spiralis
Encysted
Larva

Filariform
Larva

Adults

Adult Female

Drancunculus medinensis
First Stage
Larva
  Dioecious
 Parasites that reproduce via separate
sexes.
 Distosomiasis
 General term for (human) infection with
flukes.

Adults
 Morphology and Life Cycle Notes
 Eggs
 Vary in appearance
 Operculum-lid-like structure present on
some fluke eggs.
 Presence and location of spines
distinguish the schistosoma species.
 Multiple larval stages
 Typically not seen in human samples.
 Adults
 All except the schistosomes
 Leaf-like, hermaphroditic, typically
food-borne.
 The schistosomes
 Dioecious, enter humans through
direct penetration.
 All trematode life cycles require a snail as an
intermediate host.
 Two categories:
 Organ dwelling (all but schistosomes)
 Infection after ingestion of
TREMATODES contaminated water plants, fish, crab,
 Intestinal Species crayfish.
 Fasciolopsis buski (Large Intestinal Fluke)  Adults found in intestines, bile duct,
 Heterophyes heterophyes (Heterophyid Fluke) lung.
 Metagonimus yokogawai (Yokogawai’s Fluke)  Self-fertilization; eggs passed in
 Liver Species stool/sputum.
 Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke)  Eggs make contact with fresh water.
 Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke) 1. Miracidium (contents of egg) exit
 Lung Species into water and penetrate specific
 Paragonimus westermani (Oriental Lung Fluke) snail species.
 Blood Species 2. Sporocyst containing rediae
 Schistosoma mansoni (Manson’s Blood Fluke) (larval stage) forms.
 Schistosoma japonicum (Blood Fluke) 3. Cercariae (final stage larvae)
 Schistosoma haematobium (Bladder Fluke) emerge from snail.
4. Cercariae enter water plant, fish,
crab, crayfish - ready for next
 Key Definitions human infection.
 Trematodes  Blood-dwelling (the schistosomes)
 A group of parasites that in the adult form  Penetration of cercariae larvae into the
are primarily non0segmented, flattened, skin while swimming in contaminated
and leaf shaped. water initiates infection.
 Flukes that are bearing muscular suckers.  Schistosomule form emerges where the
 Many species are hemphroditic. body pf the cercaria has to adapt from a
 Dignea fresh water environment to one bathed in
 Another name for trematodes. tissue fluid.
  Takes up residence in blood vessels
around liver, intestinal tract, or urinary
bladder.
 Adult worms form, and eggs are produced
following mating (separate sexes).
 Resulting eggs spill into stool or urine.
 Eggs make contact with fresh water.
 Miracidium (contents of egg) exit into water
and penetrate specific snail species.
 Sporocyst containing rediae (larval stage)
forms.
 Cercariae (final stage larvae) emerges
from snail, ready to infect next
unsuspecting human.

 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Specimen of choice
 Species-dependent:
 Feces
 Duodenal drainage
 Rectal biopsy
 Sputum
 Urine
 Eggs are primary morphologic form seen.
 Serologic tests are available.
Adult
 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms
 Symptoms vary by infection and infected areas
and include:
 Eosinophilia
 Allergic and toxic reactions
 Tissue damage
 Jaundice
 Diarrhea

 Trematode Classification

Fasciolopsis buski/Fasciolopsis hepatica

Egg
Clonorchis sinensis
Egg
 Heterophyes heterophyes

Metagonimus Yokogawai

Adults

Adult

Heterophyes heterophyes

Metagonimus yookogawai

Heterophyes heterophyes/Metagonimus yokogawai

Eggs  Basically indistinguishable from
those of Clonorcis sinensis.
 Two discrete differences:
1. Shoulders are less distinct
2. Eggs may lack small terminal knob
 Paragonimus westermani
Egg

Schistosoma species
Eggs

Adult

Adult