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/ 32
AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: 910
a. The
: dius of the circular bs
ase of the cone
il Problem 36 Sun glasses (goggles) have curved!
surfaces but they do not have any power. Why ?
Solution. Bot
curved i, R= Ry
rad tan j
the surfaces of sun glasses are equally
or details, refer to Eyercise 9.5 on page 9.132,
age 9.1K hence
problem 29. A concave lens of refractive index 1
s 4
sed in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What Power oPaGes ‘
imme
R
abe atare ofthe lem F {CBSE D 15) 4
ee eoeme!
sarmundedby medium (wat) ofhighercefracveindex, om the lens Deomse for
Br bubble behaves as a concave lens, 7
glass having a certain refractive index act as a plane pass
sheet when immersed in a liquid ? Le Solution. The power of a lens represents its ability to
[CBSE D 12), 2
converge or diverge a beam of light. Smaller its focal
Solution. When the refractive index of the lens
ei eran f the ens length larger is its bending power. That is why power is
‘Problem 32. A biconvex lens made up of glass of be eg gee ome ne
Uy, roe ies se ot ca ee ee shes es eee peer
vir If the whole set-up were immersed in a liquid of Jens, when it is immersed In water ?
refractive index 1.7, then how will the nature of the ee
image be affected ? {CBSE 20C)
Solution. Image would become virtual its refractive index as
Problem 33. What is lens maker's formula ? Why is it fa
‘socalled ? wel
etic relation between the focallength f.radii _A# "ht, <"th £0 focal length ofthe convex lens will
‘curvature R, and R, of the two surfaces of the lens and
index p of the lens material is
1 14
4=-1) [; : |
a — Soluti
yula is called lens maker's formula because it prec 8 sy Bee)
‘manufacturers to design lenses of required eg pete power of the glass lens will decrease
{from a glass of given refractive index. ” oe immersed in Water.
‘ roblem 41. The focal length of an equiconvex lens is
whose radii of curvature are
Bt ens hae ai of uaa gu the aif crate of iter ae. ia
rece teint of tees matt (CECE
image change ? Solution. Here R,=+ R, R=—R and f=R
med ata distance of 10cm
Tens of double power
Solution. Focal length f of a convex lens is elated to
increase when it is immersed in water.
Problem 40, A lens of glass is immersed in water.
‘What will be its effect on the power of the lens ?
[CBSE OD 03}
‘No, the image will be formed at the same ecu)
fens maker's formula, 5 t-w-0[5-z|
et L
p= zh u 1, 1)_@-92
a Bec a
we interchange Rand R,, the ;
cut into two identical planoconvex lenses. How will the
focal length and power of each part be related to the focal
Jength and power of the original lens? (CBSE 15] Solution. This defect of the im,
By cutting off either paravat
eer ofasuitable screen sharp ny
Problem 51. Explain why
a black umbrella to a
“Solution. A black umbrella
Saat Tn tr a
4 eee the thin white cloth. This nao’ Bet
idvantages of the ;
; ee a black
ays With
obtained,
even in
'age can be
'Y one prefers
White one 2
Provides a
refractive index of a
mn the Wavelength of
(CBSE
‘medium depend o
used 7
erate index of « traneparent
with the increase in wavel
: avelength of
According to Cauchy's relation
bc
ats
€ constants depending on the nature of
Wavelength of red light is almost
Is the refractive index of a
Ted colour than that for violet
index varies inversely with
on angle of incidence ?
angled prism, angle of
ch does not depend on i
and red light which is
| ? Give reason. BSE D 10}
ght are incident on a given
the larger value of 5,
{ISCE 94]
wed more than red
light disperse when
ICBSE D 13
glass of the prism
sor colours of white
‘along different
Be
sn Sue peraperengen ee
nai Medpenrpeticetnay
ro ly at
to a
Bolin
5». How does the intensity I of scattered
ight vary with the wavelength 3. of the incident light ?
Solution. Intensity of scattered light, ted
Problem 5%
‘This relation is called Rayleigh’s law of scattering.
Problem 60. Why does bluish colour predominate in
a clear sky ? {CBSE D 10
Solution. Blue colour ofthe sky is due to scattering of
sunlight by air molecules. According to Rayleigh’s law,
intensity of scattered light, rage So blue light (Aan) 8
Scattered much more than red light (2...) That is why
the sky appears blue.
‘roblem 61. Why do clouds appear white ?
Sol ‘Clouds have large particles like dust and
water droplets which scatter light of all colours almost
‘equally, Hence clouds generally appear white.
Proiplem 62. Bye is more sensitive to yellow colour.
Why do then we use traffic light stop signals of red
colour?
Solution. According to Rayleigh’s law of scattering,
the intensity of light of wavelength 4 present in the
scattered light is inversely proportional to fourth power
of wavelength 2, I “a
In the visible spectrum, red colour has the largest
wavelength, it is least scattered and can be easily observed
even in foggy and dust conditions.
Problem 65. Why is yellow sodium light used for
illumination in foggy conditions ?
Yellow light has longer wavelength than
green, blue or violet components of white light. As
scattered intensity «1/14, so yellow colour is least
scattered and produces sufficient illumination. PHYSICS-x
sat Problem 74 In which direction relative toy,
Why is the smoke of cigarette es does» ray of light bend when i enter obliga
Solution. This ts becaues smoke eT tnedium in which its speed is increased ,
light preferentially Solution. The ray of light then
man ence cepen oye irseaieers: ™~,
ten During sunrise or sunset, the sun is near the closer to the earth than the stars. ieee ‘loon ei
tarcaelora'or anne nara estoy an eneret EE
sro etm Rema agen he an appear oben
though its diameter is 10” m, why ?
the earth, It subtends a very small visual ave
(=10° /10!" = 10 ? radian) at our eyes. An equal ang
tint dds sear Then ned mended adi ofan dmc da
he es reflection of ight by the icy crystals present in the OF! from our The diameter of the sun is serenj
1 °S Why do we observe a spectrum in the hundred times larger than the moon, still at the tine:
—caghlaited Fees ects eins
In the position of minimum deviation, the How?
rays of different colours will suffer almost the same Solution. The distance of the sun from the earth is 000
deviation dtc canbe fond on the same seh times lrger then he ee oa
Rls A What te the lfneatn batvona g Divleg te cnn ees ofthe
specmscope specrograph at peciomcen Sn ca Beare an
Solution. Spectroscope can be used for only observing angles at our eyes. Hence
8 spectrum whereas spectrograph is used for taking a the moon,
Photograph spectrum, Seer etn +
‘making various measurements on the spectrum,
Pr
sun appears red.
87. Why do sometimes we observe haloes
(ings) round the sun or the moon ? [Punjab 04)
When the sun or the moon is seen through a
between sun ard
}oon subtend nearly egul
the entire sun gets covered by
‘ Patan rs An object is first seen in red light nd
en in violet light through a simple microscope ln
ism 70 How is rainbow formed in the sky? which case ig ee
h the magnifying power of simple
Rainbow is formed by dispersion of sunlight ™icroscope greater ? e m
wre ene i
2
Problem 71. why is the s
; is the sequence of colours in the
ern anbow revere ofthatinthe pimaryrainbow'? AS fy < Jay 80 the
Oy be is because a secondary rainbow ig © OIC is sten in viel light.
Prime aetctions of light in water Problem79, wy 1
fopdets while 2 ' is the focal length of an objectivein
a Yrfustone SOmpotind mleroeempe Hine se rt the fo
length of the eyepiee =
Solution. Magnifying power ofa simple mics
m=1+2
magnifying power is greater when
ae Ts the Secondary rainbow fainter Solution, This eon So that the
a oa lone so that the objective len fms
nt a wet Bien, Oe i Be E focal length of the eyepiece
form nat rainbow, lore of ts y
a 7 ° more of light julroscope depend on the cmeenitying power a
Ef — yuan tPe depe colour of the light used?
nul fe TEs amtyng e o¢ eu a :
io ea - % Magnifying power of a microscope
magnifying sls, 2 1
Clearly, the “i
the Fl ot mE PME mt ane When Both ee
Sand £ de
the ight used, 7# 2°Pen4 on w and hence on the colour
Ss &Ee ab et at a Pee
a
Fad
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
problem 81. Why must both the objective and the eye
pees empomatienlcrotcope hive short focal
Fengths ? [CBSE OD 17¢}
‘Solution. The magnifying power of a compound
Lead,
microscope
ea ng uni
pot heh
Clearly, the magnifying power of the compound
will be large when both objective and the
hhave short focal lengths.
‘Problem 82. Why should the objective of a telescope
have large focal length and large aperture ? Justify your
answer. [CBSE D 17]
Solution. Large focal length of the objective increases
the magnifying power of the telescope.
fy
f
Large aperture of the objective increases the resolving
power ofthe telescope.
D
RP. of a telescope = 7555+
Problem 83. Why should the objective of a telescope
‘have a larger focal length ? [CBSE F 13),
Solution. This is done to obtain large magnifying
‘power and greater intensity of image.
"Problem 64. Why is the power of the objective of a
' kept as small as possible ?
The objective of small power has a large
This results in high magnifying power of the
85. Why is the aperture of objective lens or
telescope taken as large as possible ?
se poset? (CBSE F 13)
This increases the light gathering capacity of
from the distant object. Consequently, @
86. How much intensity of the image is
diameter of the objective of a telescope
doubling the diameter, the area of the
four times. Its light gathering power
“The brightness of the image also
cope function as a telescope
‘function as a microscope?
ILOFZ
Solution. Yes. The final image is erect with respect to
the object. But the intensity of the image formed by
terrestrial telescope is less than that formed by
astronomical telescope.
Problem 89. Can we increase the range of a telescope
by increasing the diameter of its objective ?
Solution. Yes, because the light gathering power of
‘objective will increase and even faint objects will become visible.
Problem 90. How does the magnifying power of a
telescope change on increasing the diameter of its
objective ? [CBSE OD 98)
‘Solution. Magnifying power of a telescope, m= fo / fi.
It is independent of the aperture of the object. So m does
not change on increasing the diameter of the objective.
Problem 91. Two telescopes have same magnifying,
power, but the diameters of their apertures are different.
What will be the difference in the final images formed
by them ?
Solution. The telescope with larger aperture will form
a brighter image, also the fine details of the object will be
more clear due to greater resolving power.
Problem 92. A fly is sitting on the objective of a
telescope. What will be its effect on the final image of
the distant object ?
Solution. The fly will not be seen in the final image.
But the intensity of the final image gets reduced because
light will not enter the telescope from that part of the
‘objective where the fly is siting.
Problem 93. An astronomical telescope may be a
refracting type or a reflecting type. Which of the two
produces image of better quality ? Justify your answer.
[CBSE 20}
Solution. reflecting type telescope produces image
of better quality. First, there is no chromatic aberration in,
‘a mirror. Second, if a parabolic reflecting surface is,
‘chosen, spherical aberration is also removed.
Problem 94. Why should the objective of a micro-
scope be of small aperture ? (CBSE F 13)
Solution. When the objective has a small aperture, the
light rays from the nearby tiny object spread over small
aperture and consequently the final image formed will be
highly bright.
Problem 95. A telescope has been adjusted for the
relaxed eye. You are asked to adjust it for the least
distance of distinet vision, then how will you change the
distance between the two lenses ?
Solution. For relaxed eye,
Left h
For least distance of distinct vision,
Ua fore 4 obey een een
Seger eee
Thick eae,
8€ Of the light u
even a tat that
Nha pre pane
is ror ig
sider tell whieh
ig. 9.167 Multiple images formed by a thick mirzor.
(® We can see an image, if itis caused by regular
reflection. In case of a newspaper, the inhomogeneities of
the surface cause diffused reflections. So the incident
parallel beam is scattered in all directions. Hence no
image is seen.
(6) Nature exhibits left right symmetry ie, physic
Jaws are the same for an object and its mirror image
Therefore an outsider cannot distinguish between the two
films. However, the distinction can be made if there is any
initial asymmetric information. For example, if it
Known that the man i a left-hander, then his image wil
appear tobe a right-hander. And from watching he "°°
films one can tell which isthe mirror image fm,
Problem 4 A tight ray is Incident, at an inckicrl
angle 0,, on the system of two plane mirrors M, andM,
having an inclination angle 75° between them (a8 a
fn figure). After reflecting from mirror My, it gets
reflected back by the mirror M, with an angle of
30°, What will be the total deviation to ray
; [VEE Main June 2
2
Stang,
Gebah
2
Brat
Alternative method
360" -28 = 360°- 27
Problem 5. Suppose that the lower half of « concave
mirrors reflecting surface is covered with non-reflective
soot. What effec wll this have onthe image of an object
placed in front of the mirror ? [CERT .C®s= 00 12.06
Solution. AC first sight, it appea
be half of the object, but taking the laws of reflect
‘be true for all points of the mirror the image will be
the whole object. However, as the area of the reflecting
surface has reduced, the intensity ofthe image will be dim
Problem 6. A mobile phone lies along the principal
axis of a concave mirror, as shown in Fig, 9.168. Show by
Suitable diagram the formation of its image. Explain
‘why the magnification is not uniform, and distortion
Will occur depending on the location of the mobile with
spect to the mirror. INCER
90°+ 120°= 210°
=n0.
Bona =
tthe image wil real
miror That fs why Ue a ject and is
The dntanes ofan object amd 1 Fig, 9.170
red from the focus of 6 exge from point p
image. > car to diverge from poin
ely, Show that f ays appeat
sand b respective! The refi of CB. Consequently, the ro
Sotution. Hee f isthe virtual mae ©
fray o--(f+du f = bent at point eins
( Oe ar A Hight ray travels from mediy
1 Probie jex i to medium 2 of refractive in
_ f miei ion for critical any
" ty: Write an expression for critical ang,"
pa where #2 Har
(etfem betel ve tenon A shown in Fig. 9171, when
or jG ace sol
f2 af + bf +b
Gfrard)
orf? + af + bm SP + af + if + ab
f?=ab
Probe 8. A beam of ight converge at «pont on
the sereen. A plane parallel glass plate is introduces
the path of this converging beam. How will the point of
convergence be affected ? Draw the relevant ray
diagram. (CBSE SP 03}
Suton The pint of convergence shit away fom
the glass plate, as shown in the ray diagram given below.
The screen has to be moved towards right to receive the
Point of convergence again. a
Original Sereen
a |.
Derive the es
Point of 7
convergence |
With glass plate
Fig. 9.169 ay
denser to a rarer mi
Fig. 9.171
I's law of refractior
Hy sin i, =p sin 90°
Hy
sin i e
Problem 9. A straight rod appears bent in water
ie .
Solution. Figure 9.17,
Partially immersed in water, Two rays starting fromeng i gl
B of the rod sutfer refraction at the surface of wate
oe
am ty 22
sin :
shows a stright rod_ap where cis the speed of light in
ass. In the conditio
i and
Problem 11. A ray of light while travelling froma
edium undergoes total reflection
pression for the critical angle in terms
of the speed of light in the respective media,
Solution. Using Snell's law for refraction from
air and»
of critical incidence, we have
r=90°
the speed ofligh! RAY OPTICS AND OPTI
BSocy
1 appears
fam 1 of e
en, poten 12 A right angled prism made from a
angle of “of refractive index) is kept in air. A ray PQ is
SE D os; het iy on the side AB of the prism as shown.
Sy terms of}! the maximum value of O upto which
Te indident ray necessarily undergoes total internal
fat the face AC of the prism. {CSE S15]
Spjtion, The angle between two lines is same as the
ange between their perpendiculars.
Fig. 9.173
Angle of incidence on face AC
Gearly, 0= 2 -
2
2
there is total internal
‘The minimum value of i, s0 that
angle,
‘flection at the face AC, is equal to the critica
iasi(2)
H
Hence, the maximum value of 0 corresponding
“Binimum value of i(= i,) is
gto the
jormally on the
sracting angle of 6
fractive index2/ V3,
he ray a8 it
gle of
SP 231
43. A ray PQ is incident ”
srism of ref
rial of refractive
174(a). Trace the path ©
Base) rnioo calculate the 2%
ee evation. cBst DC
Ll.
ICAL INSTRUMENT
@
Solution. Given
=
‘Thus, the angle of incidence atthe face AC
= r= i,
Hence, the refracted ray gazes the surface AC 2s
shown in Fig. 9174(0)-
Clearly, angle of emergence
angle of deviation = 90°— 60° = 30°
Problem 14, Am empty test tube dipped into water in
1a beaker appears silvery, when viewed from 2 suitable
direction. Why ?
Solution. An empty test tube immersed in water
appears silvery white when viewed from the top. It may
happen that for the light rays passing from water (denser
medium) to air inside the tube (rarer medium), the angle
of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Such light
rays will suffer total internal reflection. Due to this, the
tube will give silvery appearance.
van, UO
and
Empty test
reflected tube
rays
Water
A
ae
Rig. 9.175
Problem 15. A rightangle prism is placed before 1”
cvject in the two positions shown in Fig. 9
eet is made of crown glass with critical angle equal
prvi, Trace the paths of two rays from P and Q normal ‘and parallel to the
to the hypotenuse in Fig, 9.1760), Hales
hypotenuse in Fig. 9.176(b).
; ;
a é
Q
a
Fig. 9.176
Solution. As the angle of incidence inside the prism is
‘greater than the critical angle (41°), the light ray* suffer
total internal reflection twice in case (a) and ce in
case (b). In both cases, inverted image P'Q'is formed, as
shown in Figs. 9.177(@) and (b) respectively.
©
eT
a
3
dl
P
4
@
2
a P
pt @
c A
®
Bg. 9.177
Problem 16. Explain the twinkling of
i Of stars. Why d
the planets not show twinkling effect ? a.
Solution, Twinkling of stars. The i
. ars. The light from stars
gerber refraction continuously before it reaches earth,
thang PATE position ofthe star is slighty different
iin, tual Position. Due to variation in atmospheric
sats un. en ea
‘apparent position keeps on cha, ‘light
metimes, th
and other times, it ap ae
se tothe twinkling effect of ste te This
ds
PHYSICS-X!)
The planet 0,04 th
recelved from amount of light due to atmogne™
Grins a negligible as compared to the amen
fight received from them.
problem 17,
Only the stars near the horizon tw
white those overhead do
in
not twinkle. Why?
1 stars near the horizon
Solution. Light from the stars mall
the earth obliquely through panne p-
Mme. due to refraction. Frequent atmosphar
op stare Light from the stars ovethead teaches the gy
Conmally, It does not suffer refraction. There is no chap,
this path, Hence there is no twinkling effect
Problem 18. (a) A concave mirror and a conve, le,
are held in water, What change, if any, do you expeciy,
the focal length of either ?
On a hot summer day in a desert, ome sees iy
sometimes mistaken by the observer to be the reflection
of the sky in some distant lake of water. This illusion,
called a mirage). Explain.
(o) What is the twinkling effect of starlight due ty?
(@ Watching the sunset on a beach, one can see the
sun for several minutes after it has ‘actually wt, "
Explain, (Neen
Solution. (a) Focal length of a convex mirror is abou
hal ofits radius of curvature and it has nothing to do with 5
the external medium. It remains same in water
The focal length of a convex lens depends on reracve
index of its material as follows :
1
thc: Vet
As the refractive index of glass with respect to wateris
less than the refractive index of glass with respect to at
it "ug <"W , 60 the focal length increases when the
convex lens is held in water,
(©) The air layers closer to the ground are hotter than
higher layers. Oblique rays coming from distant sk)
therefore travel from denser to rarer parts of tH
atmosphere and get more and more oblique. When the
angle of incidence exceeds critical angle (for denstt
air-rarer air interface), rays get totally reflected and mY
enter the observer's eye, The observer therefore sees
reflected image of the distant parts of the sky
(©) Refer to the solution of Problem 16 on page 94
fe ale ae the atmosphere bends sunlight towards e
its actuals oPP&tent position of the sun is slightly ‘abov*
Position. Thus even when the
set (ie, gone below
remains above
sun has actually
the horizon) its apparent positiot
e the horizon for some time. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
jem 19. Distinguish between a convex lens anda :
rotten et fonvex lens and Was fad y
For > dye wad) A>h
he, when wavelength of incident light is increased, focal
J. Rie thicker at the centre J Its thinner atthe centre | length of the convex lens increases.
than at the edges. than at the edges, Problem 24. A thin converging lens has a focal length
2 Bess sf parallel | It diverges paratlel| ‘f’ in alt. I it is completely immersed in a liquid,
| Hom tore on teteac:| belly explain how the focal length of the tens will
solution,
Convex lens Taw Ga
fon through it tion through it vary?
thas a real focus. Ithhas a virtual focus, Solution. According to lens maker's formula,
Problem 20. ome is placed in front of a il fae
mpnt ins Ohne condiiow aternttane 7" -9(h-2) > Fat
jon produced by the lens is (i) negative and e ae ie
ppositive. ICBSED 22) As ‘wy <*y.,, $0 the focal length of the Jens will
Soliton For any lena, =f Pag nen senate
we Problem 25. Explain wii reama, how the power ofa
“a converging lens, f is positive and wis negative diverging lens changes when (i) it is kept in a medium of
object. refractive index greater than that ofthe lens. (i incident
( Ifu> f, then mis negative. The image is real "4 light is replaced by violet fight. {CBS OD
ae eale-d
f) Ifu< f, then mis positive, The image is vis
ea: posit ge is virtual ai o ARR,
em 21. A converging and a diverging lens of For’ divergingless: R=-R, Ry=+R
| lengths are placed coaxially in contact. Find pa (#2-¥1)(_2) = salle
focal length of the combination. or (-g)-oeee oe
{CBSE D OIC ; 00 16)
Solution. P:
() Won > P= Haden
The power of the Tens increases when red light
is replaced by violet light.
Problem 26. The image of a candle is formed by a
convex lens on a screen. The lower half of the lens is
hi ainted black to make it completely . Draw the
P A sean t completely opaque.
a ere ae am Es light > Tay diagram to show the image formation. How will this
them is rep! pi image be diferent from the one obtained when the lens
[CBSE D 2000 0D 02} ig not painted black ?
@ concave mirror, f=R/2and is Solution,
yavelength of light. So focal length
ight replaced with red light,
1
i
changes in the focal length of a
When the lower
half of the lens is
painted black, the
image formed is stil
fy- $0 focal length increases of the same size as
ed with red light. that with unpainted
of incident light on a Jens but it has now
reduced intensity, as
these change ? illustrated in
{CBSE D 2000; 131 Fig. 9.178
‘the concave mirror te
D116
lens
A conver
fe
held in 8 1
refractive index ‘ty’ 18 fi
of apm
index n, Trace the pall
tive index aes
am,
light passing through the lens when
ceanaets ire shown below
(i)
ig, 9.179
Problem 28, A concave lens made of material of
refractive index ‘n,’ is held in a reference medium of
refractive index ‘n,’. Trace the path of parallel beam of
light passing through the lens when :
@n,
yim, < my and Gif) ny >My,
[CBSE OD 2000, 03¢}
Solution. The rays diagrams for the three situations
are shown below.
m2? 4 trough of liquid. wre?
problet ae Ts
ot jens oa fee fiquid 7 Is the liquid wate,
active index oe -e
eer |
om 14 4-2 4
anton tot ®
magician during a show m,
the erative index of the Dns ng
Tea 2 pedium is the same.
rounding, mes
I a f°
f ike
we liquid will act like a Plane shoe,
The te ee wake. 4
Tiquid is
ut? ae Distinguish between linear map,
eal tnd angular magnification. When are thes,
ca n
ifications equal ?
ears Linear magnification produced by
Solutiot ment is the ratio of the size ofthe image fi.
or ieaiee Ttis equal to the ratio of the image distin,
crates diane
2 Linear magnification = 5 =
ification or magnifying power o;
‘The angular magnifi '
an optical insirument is the ratio of angle subtended by ty
image at the eye to the angle subtended by the objet sm
directly, when both lie at the least distance of distinc
D
Angular magnification = = 2
The linear and angular magnifications will becone
equal when
Image distance (v) = The least distance of distinct
vision (Dy
Problem 31, Draw a graph showing the variation of
linear magnification with image distance for a thin
convex lens. How can this graph be used for finding the
focal length of the lens 2 [CBSE SP 1]
Solution. The linear magnification produced by a lxs
is defined as the r iw oe
ratio of the size of the image (I,) formed
by the lens to the size of the object (/,). i:
meme
I
4
The graph drawn bet
he image distance
Fig. 9.181. By
5 fween linear magnification mand
? is a straight line as shown in
Fig, 9.181 erm 2. (a) People usually
Prefer
luring summer and dar iht-cot
sen du Mt dak dresses dugg ote
? M8 Winter,
Be Hae vould « blue objec a
pooh?
TE) What docs « welder prote
amask?
wip taplan why the shy sbi, and
os su appears
@) A white a
saiton (A white suace reas at ge pe
lent 0 and Nak surface aba ne HEM
ed summer light coloured diese fh
serie energy and one is saved from hee es
sk dresses absorb most ofthe ight open nines,
tonverted into heat and keeps wag, ®Y WICH gets
4
(@ Sodium lamp gives yellow i
8 Feats yellow light falling on it fro age?
toec: appears black. 7
{@ The welder protects his ey
radiations from the welding ar.
ttraviolet rays.
( Blue colour of the sky. The scatter
'PPCAr under sodium
t against when he
object
lamp. So the
es from. ultraviolet
ilter ofthe mask absorbs
Md
ng ofl
a the atmosphere is colour-dependent peciee ne
net | Rayleigh’ law, the intensity of scattered igh, 11/2
Bluelight is scattered much more strongly than re
Be re eee im de
the ght coming from different parts ofthe sky. Ths gives
the impression of the blue sky,
During sunrise or sunset, the sun is near the horizon.
Sunlight travels a maximum thickness of the atmosphere
So shorter waves of blue region are scattered away by the
‘atmosphere. Red waves of longer wavelength are least
scattered and reach the observer. So the sun appears red
Problem 33. Give reasons for the following obser-
vations on the surface of moon : (i) sunrise and sunset
e abrupt (ii) sky appears dark (iii) a rainbow is never
ed. [CBSE D 97 , OD 2000)
( Moon has no atmosphere, There is no
of light. Sunlight reaches moon straight
shortest distance. Hence sunrise and sunset are
has no atmosphere. So there is nothing to
ight towards the moon. No skylight reaches
irface, Sky appears black in the day time as it does
resent at moon surface, No
no rains on the moon. So
Refractive indices of glass for violet,
pure are jy lly andi, respectively.
order of value. Justify your
CBSE F 94 ; OD 97]
(6 Riven by the pare
Cachy/s ration
Where, band c
‘On nature ofthe
As
Hence
f hich depend
Problem 35, A. vi
wn in Fig. 9.182(a), A Le
wo anlain why any given value of
{ovo values of angle of incidence. St
Point ‘P” on the graph
‘2 corresponds to
te the 5
Hig, 0.182
Solution. In general, any given value of
8 (except fori =e) corresponds to two values i and e.
This, in fact, is expected from the symmetry of i and ¢
as 8=i+e-A, ie, 8 remains the same if i and e are
interchanged.
Point P is the point of minimum deviation. This is
related to the fact that the path of the ray, as shown in
Fig. 9.182(6), can be traced back, resulting in the same
angle of deviation.
Problem 36. A.ray of light is incident on a glass prism
of refractive index j. and refracting angle A. If it just
suffers total internal reflection at the other face, obtain
an expression relating the angle of incidence, angle of
prism and critical angle [case D 17 ¢]
Solution, Let i, be the
critical angle of incidence at
face AC.
‘Then,
r+isA
= reA-i,
Forrefraction at face AB,
sini
BS ginr sin(A~i,)
Fig, 9.183 xt lens
puvsics thin equiconves Of radi bs
Ns, problem 41 A naterial of refractive Inder nial gp ot
made meave lens:
dd cate 4 with an equcone Tens of the sin, eit
Fo refraction at face AC usally, NUS gra eefractive index 1) 6
= Sey we con caret
1 sini ‘ pains
bear
yang ant Fin their powers, and
0 oF 4
(p the rat Jombination and its
1 sini jer of the c Nature,
Sr mA-4) in the pen ac
sin(A-4)
ion while #
sa ian pan ese pein
Pat vhy ?
spate des not. W -
mt a cite ight passes OURS ® Fe
Tas costae colour bet
oe iferent clu
prism, it
splits
index of glass is different
Angular dispersion =(ty ~ #3)
and angular deviation =(1 - DA
In case of glass plate both faces are parallel,
there will be neither dispersion nor deviation.
emergent rays will be parallel to the incident ray
‘lem 26. A beam of white ight on passing through
«hollow prism gives no spectrum. Why ? am
Solution. A hollow prism contains air which does not
cause dispersion. The faces ABand AC of the hollow
prism behave like parallel sides of glass plates. The beam
EE laterally deviated at each of the two refracting faces.
However, the rays of different colours emerge parallel t0
each other. So there is no dispersion
A=050
‘All the
See
Negative sign shows that the combination
diverging.
Problem 42. What are the advantages of binocular
vision?
Solution. The advantages of seeing an object with two
eyes are:
1. The distance of the object can be corre
eon estimated.
Problem 39. Why does a parallel faced glass slab er sstonal etfect of
neither produce dispersion nor deviation ? object can be obtained.
Solution. ngular glass slab fer
__ Solution. A rectangular glas slab is equivalent to two 5. The two eyes give relief to one another at
similar prisms placed with their bases inverted. The every fraction of second.
deviation and dispersion produced by the two
‘equal but in opposite directions. So both the
and net dispersion are zero,
Problem 40, Dispersion is cause
ree ed by reacton ot
ism Proble 5
ee ne "m 43. How will the magnifying power of?
ane san pre astronomical telescope be affected ”
apethad : or its eyepiece (i) the focal length anc (i he
Justify your answer. {case 0091
Solution. () As m=
f so that magnifying
Wavelengths of white light while the angle of ergot “focal length of o
BNifyi
decreases
'yepiece increases.
wer isnot affected by the increas®
Yepiece, 7 me ny OTMUMNE
PNP Which 0 OF the following tenses 1 1
Mt fw you elect a8 objective and eyeing .
iE best possible (0) telescope (i microsee ”
Ri Girereason to support your answer mere? Normal lng 100. §
. Bl ae Advantages of reflecting telescope are
On | item
\, 5 | (0 Ne hema sete
i) Bright image because there ts 10 loss of
6p fan | Intenalty do wee ond in
ib Ra objective
Suton (9 Telescope as ctjetveand I, aso pen lalranta caproand icone th rw D
ld be used as objective and Cas the eyeplce because
Bers ers he large spertre andthe lroes shold toe focal length and the foc:
‘Ould have small length of the objective should be em the
light gathering €Yepiece
porerand magnifying power will be larget S
(@Mlcroscope. 1, a8 objective and 1, 7
Fel en lenses ofthe microscope should have The magnify
short focal lengths and the focal length of the objective
HRs be smaller than that ofthe eyepiece. Magnifying
Heil be anger for short focal lengths of objecting
aller then that
6 Power of» compound microscope
cin be incensed by taking both fg ane fm
For the ray diagram showing the formation of image
ina compound micoscope, st fig 952
b ‘A converging lens of focal length f, i
_ Problem 45. Four double convex lenses, with the : oe
ble conve placed conalyn contact witha diverging lve of eal
apecifiations are available length fa(/ > /, Determine the power ted sane ot
i the combination in erm off, and,
fis +veand f, is —ve.
P=R
Arh
fil
‘of the given four lenses, should be
‘objective and eyepiece to construct an
and why ? What will be the Ina telescope, the objective has a large
fps ermal length ofthe telescope spectre while the eyepiece has asmall aperture, Why
? s The objective of large aperture has a large
light gathering capacity and it forms bright images of
even distant faint stars. Moreover, the large aperture of
Or the objective increases the resolving power of the
6 should be telescope.
the magnifying power light forming the final image may enter the small pupil of
? the eye and a brighter image is seen
efor. (a) State two main considerations taken
BARS) ato sceant whe coscng te fete ee ae
nomical telescope,
+2
1
a
fh
AS > fy Pis
~ve. The combination is diverging.
of reflecting type telescope
ae
/ BR 0) Din ey Sgro of eecting ye wisp
State its magnifying power.
(6) State the advantages of reflecting type telescope
‘over the refracting type ? c puysic
120
main considerations with a
: se : (i) its Tight gathering
; ut depends on the area of the
‘The light gathering Powe Thai
bjctve, With larger diameters
power, or the ability to observe
sbaerved. The resolving eae
ie abjects distinctly, which are Yer)
two te on also depends on the diameter of He
(ey See Fig, 9.158 and refer answer t0 Q: 65 on Eee
page 998 Mieroscope |
(Refer answer to, 86 0n page 998:
Sblem 49. How is the working of a telescope
different from a microscope? [CBSE D 12}
Solution. Working differences between a telescope
and a microscope
(A telescope produces high resolution while a
microscope produces high magnification
@
The microscope does the same for a small object
kept just beyond the focus ofits objective
The final image formed by a telescope is magn’
nan
fied relative to its size as seen by the unaided eye
while the final image formed by a mi
jcroscope is
magnified relative to its absolute size
(io) The objective of a telescope has large focal length
and large ap tn
re while the corresponding,
(quantities fora microscope have very small values,
i HOTS Problems on Higher Order Thinking Skills
Problem 1, A ray of light goes from medium 1 to
medium 2. Velocities of light inthe two media are
Tespectvely, For an angle of i
corresponding angle of refactic
Which ofthe
(i) Esti the relations br
least F}
Solution: ( Angle of reaction (0/2) medium 2
{s Jess than the angle of incidence (9) in medium t
the ray bends towards the normal in medium 2 Se
smedivim 2 is optically denser than medium
(Gi) From Spall’ law,
Problem 50. Explain t
construction and working of telescope anda micrsape
light incident
one face normally on
st be the mn
fractve index
Give relevant calewnpiss *
fa) Inatelescope, the distance betwen hob
adjusted to focus the of
and eyepiece is
infinity. In a mic
the objective and eyepie
of the objective
Objective is of very
short focal Tength and
of short aperture.
Eyepiece is of short focal
length (but f, > f,) and
laxge aperture
Working Differences
The cbjetve ofa tekscope forms the imageofa very TT AeRaeope LI]
Ohh
‘Objective forms real
and magnified image
of an object kept just
beyond its focus.
Tt produces linear
snp ie size
ot the image
‘han that of the objet
A ray of
‘aoseeles
cted as
What
sroscope the distance bety
cis fixed, the dist
is changed to focus the obj
he basic differences between te
Solution. Construction differences
Objective is of large
focal length and
Eyepiece is of short
focal length and short
(Objective forms
Of the distant object
for within, the focus o
It produces angulat
image is nearer
eye but the si
o sini.
Hence the !
22.
problem 3.
blue (B) ~ are i”
‘ABC. The ref
red, green and
respectively. OW
cutofface AC?
rays after passit
c=
—
How will t
Normally ox 0
Solution
‘(One refract
face AC at i
for which PHYSICS-l
row beam of light is in i
sier Problem. Aner bom of ight isnt pote
rentshi inte btm oft ake of an equianla lass Prin ,
Solutio es. Whe he pro is immersed -
. 1 ray makes a grazing emergence aii Tie
anf refractive index ofthis Hiquid a
vote bottom frm the miror the pti of 195: ee, € cS
Apparent distance ofthe fas. igure 9192 shows an eng a
prism ABC. Angle of prism, it buble
i slong 2 dia”
.d behind the mirror at ar fro
Hence the image is forme’ ime fs
distance of b= t+ se
ray of light raving in glass (refractive ae
wtue athe etcal angle {- If thin layer of tweter small
(rovactoe index “yu, =4/3) is now poured on the glass-air
sfc at what engl wl he ray of ight emerge into ar at aoe
Soh ie 2 The ray PQ incident normally on face AB goes
en tenia undeviated along QR. On face AC, its angle of
£ incidence =60°. When the prism is immersed in the
Refractive index of water relative to glass is near
«: Critical angle, i, =60°
Refractive index of prism glass wrt the liquid
5
Here y,
But :
i" ce
Fig. 9.191 s
Problem 8.4 spherical surface of radius of cureatre 8
et, partes sir (i =1.0) from glass (4 =13) Phe ot
found toca, Me sles. A point object P pi
wind t havea real image Q in the glass. The linc PQs
glass. The lin
‘the surface at a point O and PO OQ (Fig. 9.193). Find the ~
distance of object from the spherical sure arr
“hy 4F
at water-ait intertace,
—
Denon E 2.
9.393
Hot air grazing the Solu bea
ERAN, 615, ro-00-1000 ve in
‘Clearly, tang 12 = 1.5,
and vat RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
ma
mii | get ses from rarer to eer med, 0
E ‘ i . Cx.
4 ’ 2505 es
to = 5 : K or x=5R. _— ae So
$A lass sphere of ris 5 10"? mt has fe
eens rom tent. The ti viewed he
Se diame of the ses from the side on which it li ae eee 4
agate rie ew Reece ne
B15 Roorkee 971 oe
ajution. Here the incident ray OA is in ass an:
C ‘pall bubble at O
a wk
nt
aa ‘This image formed at 1 acts as virtua) object for
a AB py ec te ox econ at secon sure fn
gas 0 ai
= BI AI-AB
awRa2 RD
wt
25am Problem 11. Asmalt object
Boop bubble appears at 2.5 fom ance the concive
sphere ‘The radius of th
‘A parallel bea fal
mage mm and y for wate
prove tat the dis
eerie index ands the wala ste
=»), image
=1) Solution. Refer to Fig: 9195
Bes hows the cerection of Here w==2 6
eee a gas ert yes Water
incidence wan 3
Heurface from air to £108 aed
Ret hoe Smm=+ 05am ig, 9.198
i puysics-l!
é a
are
‘As the Tay travels + : ;
by ban pasta ;
at oe freon
i 1H length of the len:
ie The change in the fora : ie sis
or ate fant Be eral
ped =-075.em
|
is virtual.
“The negative sign shows that the image is virtu
| Problem 12. A lens of refractive {index y becomes @ lens
er ent fhe read in i of refractive ]
of tpn focal eng ofthe ens ina PPO that
on
{cBse OD 13C} i
iu
1
‘This proves the required result.
For n>, the convex lens becomes a diverging les
while a concave lens becomes a converging lens,
shown in Fig, 9.197.
fw
‘t)
rs
Problem 13. 4 thin lens, made ofa material of refractive
index ys, has a focal length ‘f’. If the lens is placed in a
ssparent medium of refractive index ‘n'( p Concave lens for "> #
What happens when n>. ?
sn Mt eres hen 2 Exner
oe ICBSE SP 11)
by ofthe glass lens placed in Problem 14. The distance between an object a! ®
ee is D. A conver lens of focal length fis placed bet"
the eet andthe screen () Prove that in oder sob
86 of the object om the screen the minimum vale Y
should be 4 y
Hult be 45 (i) If m be the magnification oft ins
Fig. 9.197
bud
Tee
+ mye”
Soh
distance boy 20m Fig, 9.198, itis clear that if? iste
ween object and the screen, then
u=-(D-v)=-D+v ‘Ase must be positive for real image, 90
p-apfz0 or D24f
“ie: o obtain image of the object on
frinimum value of D should be 4 f
(Taking u negaivein the formula J
2 2+)
uw
blem 15. Three lenses Ly lor
co-arially a3 shown
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
aaa
(1+) Gem
L, each of foal length
sure. An object
“The final real
alculate the
in the fis
tic centre of ens ly
LC
9125,
“The image formed by 1 must le at the fone) of ly
Il become parallel to the
‘Only then the rays from 1, wil
principal axis and the final image formed PY Ly will lie
its foous Le, at a distance of 30.cm from I
LL, = 60 +30 =90-emn
[ply can be any finite distance:
Problem 16. Two thin lenses, when in contact,
a combination of power + 10 dioptres. When they 72 0.25 m
paver reduces to+ 6 dioptres, Find ‘the focal length
wr 7
produce
apart, the
of the lenses.
and fi be the focal lengths and 7,
Solution. Let f,
and P, be the powers of the two lenses
vinen the too lenses are placed in eoraace: SSE
power is +10D.
«)
PeR+h=10
When the two lenses are placed 0.25
power becomes +6D.
m apart, their
preP.+P-dx Ano
10 -0.25% PP,
a B-P,=6
we get
‘On solving equations (1) and @)-
p,=8D and R-2D
pete} osm
and he
Problem 17. A comvex lens made 1
reractine index 15 2 dipped, in tu
Uisulphide of refractive index 1.65,
index 1.33.
(a) Will it behave asa converging or # divers
the too cases ?
(b) Houo wil its focal length change
Solution. When the convex let
disulphide of refraction in
given by
+2)
ip of glass of
in (i) carbon
(ii) water of refractive
ng lens in
in the two media?
{CBSE D 06; OD 111
.ns is dipped in carbon
‘dex 1.65, its focal length fy 6 « silvered surface forms @ cpp,
conve
setetive index?
1 (3 if <4 :
1S -lo-g, .
ea i imate uae
and fis positive
cay te ene :
refractive ex 1.65 ad as conveTE mt 4
se ee cs
re ur 9.0K) ss TT fl :
jrreme sree sivered alee 8 soca length » 4
or F 3
problem 20, Show that a cones lens products i
‘when the object distances, from ty
times magnified image
Fi Here fs the magi
fens, have magnitudes ( f
the focal length of te lens.
Hence find the foo values of object distance, f
convex lens, of power 2.5 D, will produce an image tht
Fig. 9.200 {four times as large as the object. ICBSED 1)
Solution. Magnification produced by any lens,
©
Solution. As shown in Fig. 9.200(8), the system acts
‘as a concave mirror of focal length F, formed by
plano-convex lens of focal length f, a plane mirror of
focal length f,, =©and again the plano-convex lens of
focal length f.
Bin
ao
Son f
From lens maker's formula,
Problem 19, Figure 9.20
wefbien M shows a planoconvex ler
Suc sere. Calle its fea length
= 50m or 30cm
Use the lens r,
equation to deduce #
now otherwi. :
es ‘otherwise from explicit ray dias"®”"
sPject placed within the focus of « co"
Problem 21,
cally what you ky
(@) An obj
geht
©) A con
cave lens. image
Produces a virtual and diminish!
Of the locaton of the objeen sd diminish cos) RAY OPTICS AND Op1
) For a convex lens, f >0 and for
on, (@)
~ sn 1.0. When the object is placed within
abi convex Fens :
: oo a
[ten * Bat ri
iu tei jul Toi
« Julul
’
oth
‘Hence image is enlarged.
{@)For a concave lens f <0 and for an object on left
object is placed at O in frowt of
figure 9.20210)
202 (0)
the sphere
[CBSE SPOS]
Solution. Power of lens, P=+5D
Focal length of lens, =20en
eo ?
[A glance over the given data indicates
observation at S.No. 3 is wrong, Here u =
For a real image, we must have >2 f, but » =37 emis
less than 40 cm.
Hence this observation is wrong,
Problem 24. It is known that the refractive in
prism, depends on the wavelengt
that the
the material ofa
incident radiation as per the relation
where A and Bare
dependence of
‘can be used here
nitify the pair of variables, that
[cBse SP 131
olution. The relation between and 2 for a
material is given 28 Pe
1
B
we deg tener
[cpse oD 221 puys
ote graph between 1 and
ervey.
nan as shown be
1g. 9.203,
straight line graph if we use the pait
We will get
of variables and 1/2,
Problem 25.A beim of light of wrelength 400 nim is
Ty on a right angled prism as showon in
that the light just grazes along the
t, Given thatthe refractive index
of band the refractive index of the prism
relength 2. = 5000 A,
[CBSE SP os}
Fig. 9.204
Solution, As the light just grazes along the surface
‘AC afte falling on it, so angle of incidence is equal to
the critical angle.
i= @=sin (0.625)
sin i, = 0.625
11
sini,” 0.625
16
light of wavelength 400 nm,
16=12+—_$
(400 mj?
b=04% (400 nm)?
204% (4 x 197
Fm? 6410" My?
A the refractive index of
s-xil
4 os
6410 64 em
i THE bi
1.2 +0.256 = 1.456, wy ‘
otto”
problem 26 Show that 0 PAY cA ss thoy
wir attocting angle A 8 greter than i
we forthe material ofthe prism Inst on
Solution. IA is the angle of the prism, then
rere
1.9.20
for the co
Using thi
Inthe abs
mir
Fig. 9.205 ee or,
Greater the angle of incidence, more likely i For the co
ray to emerge from the prism. Consider the extreme
case for which i =90°. Then Using mi
sini _sin90°__1
Be inr sinr sinr
But ue a
snr sini, =a
or and = A- curoature R
If A=2i,, then # =2i,~i, =i, placed om
ie, the ray is incident at the second face at the eric | ss
ie jz The refracted ray will just graze the secon! cons
ane real, inverte
If A>2i,, then 7 >i. Thus the ray incident at he with the +
second face will be totally reflected and there will distance of t
‘no emergent ray. is mea
Problem 27. Show that « light ray will
equilateral glass prism (1 =1.5) if the angle o
greater than 30°
Solution. From Snell’s law, w ="!
sin?
Ifthe light is incident at 30°, then
sin30° 05 _ 455
1513
a (0.33) =19°
7 Anele of incidence at second
Creal ee 19% = 41° which is just less
langle 42°for glassair interface. If <30"!
rian tr jon #
the deson 9 f3Y wil suffer total internal rele
face and will not emerge through he P™ 2d g
A convex lens of focal length
problem 28- nigth 20 cm is placed coatial
mar iSem apart A pint objec i placed dOem nfo aly ih comme mia of radia of curent® 20
we convex lens. Find the position of the image formed
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
are
Ti eration. Draw the ray diagram showing the image fo IcBSE OD
e i i jon. The ray diagram for the image fo eh as
s oltion. 1ge formed by the combination is shown in Fig, 9.206.
oy the convex Tens: ty=—40.em and f-=+20cm
sing thin lens formula, we get, 2-1-2 og
Bs v, 40 20 2%, 20 40° 40
nthe absence mirror, lens would have form: i
= would have formed the image of P at I,, which a
TL O'l, =distance of virtual object I, from convex mirror =
Forth convex mirror: uy=+25em and R=420cm
cts as a virtual object for the
1, ~O0' = 40-15 =25 cm
ft 2
eee
2,520"
mm R
“Hence the final image Tis a virtual image formed at a distance of 16467 om
blem 29. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of
Rand made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is
aleyer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as
Fig. 9207. An optical needle with is tip om the
of the lens is
the axis until its
‘image coincides
needle itself. The
needle from the
to be x. On
For planoconcave lens,
For concave surface, Ry =-R
For plane surface, Ry =
bbe the refractive index of the liquid.
thelensinthe Let)
la for the planoconcave
Using lens maker's formul
liquid lens,
‘of the needle from
the combination of the
the planoconcave lens
or pHYSICS-Xl
130.
Problem 30. Driv labelled
cape, forming the imas
Tenses of powers
ohh lens is prefe
ray didgram of at astrOne
Ar infinity, An astrone
10 diopter, 1 diopter
as objective
ical tele
nial telescope use 00
(i) State with reason,
and eyepiece.
| ‘he final image is formed at the near point.
ering power and resolving
aperture of the
[CBSE OD 06C
aver of the telescopes if
| Gy How do the ght gt
power of a telescope change, if the
abjecive lens is doubled ?
] solution. For ray diagram, see Fig, 9155 on page 9.96.
{) The lens of power 1 dioptre should be used as
bjestve because of its larger focal length and the lens
orto dioptre should be used as eyepiece because ofits
smaller focal length.
(i Here,
fe dietm=1000m; f,=— =01m=10
01D hep mem
baat 0
Ali ei
4D. ll
(iii) Light gathering = Area of the objective
capacity of a telescope
Q«D*
When aperture (D) is doubled, light gatheri
capacity increases 4 times. ee he
RP. of a telescope « D
When aperture (D) is dout <
eae ) bled, resolving power
or
Problem 7 r
rroblem 31. (a) The image of the objective in the eye-
piece is known as the ‘eye-ring”. Wh
Bs en mt sya Wi tae pat
Seba fe mg
bertfite dancer fan edioesefoesi
(c) The angular magni ee
Deny naif fa tape 0 Wh
slit ict fc
Warping ej a a a ge
Westie” The amc oe pant Gna
mn inert
Eyepiece
solution. () Bye-ring, The image f the objecting
eye piece is known as the ‘eye-ring’. All the rays foo
titmcted by the objective g0 through te
eyering, Therefore itis an ideal position for our
sree ng, It we place out eyes f00 close we
eyerplece, we shall not colle much of the light
eye duce our field of view. If we postion ou eye =
the evering and the area of the pupil of pale,
eater or equal to the area of the eyering, our eyes eS
errata he light refracted by the objective The nay
Iocation of the eyering depends on the rune
atween the objective and the eyepiece and the a
length of the eyepiece. "
(0) We first determine the location of the ever
‘As eyeing is the image of the objective in te
eyepiece, therefore,
object
4,=-Up+ f)
Let image (eye-ring) distance = 7,
As eet
% hth f
or a ee
% hf f+h kor h
or
at
Arr
Now Diameter of objective AB _| 14
Diameter of eyering ab 0,
Figen &
rn ,
fut angular magnification of the telescope ©
normal adjustment, m= #0
Hence the angular magnification,
Diameter of objective
Diameter of eyering
(© Angular magnification, m=300
Diameter of eye 3me
of eye-ring =Diameter of pup!!=3™
Diameter
ter of objective = mx Diameter of eyet"®
=300 3 m
; nm = 90 em.
ah rable 32. The objective of telescope A
mes that ofthe objective of telescope
(@) How much
compared to B ?
(©) Show that
eal, tha the range we
0 Sit 18 of A is three times the PH
bright Ho fr auny a star of some stuns 4
potted by the telescope.)
of telescope B.
greater amount of light is gat! RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
cronses the brightness of the background of the objective should be 3d,
\ oe
«imp y Oe waded eye. Thus i facitates
, ob ed eee al 6 nara of he cv
. i cen carly INCERT) i, are totally internally reflected
‘and cannot emerge out of water surface. The light fon
the bulb S comes out through a circular patch of radius
given by
htani,
Area of the patch,
2
nr? = ah tani
= 3.14%(0.80)? x2m?
7
S2atmP aren’,
9.6. A prism is.
Parallel beam 9
angle of minin
rofracive ite
angle of
(refractive
active index 1
devi -33), predict mt
ation of « paraliel bed ee oe new angle of
indor A
Made of sass of unknown refatie 8g
of ht is incident on a face of the PT” iy
index opps ks Mansured to be 07.8 a ith
he material ofthe prism. ? To Fy
the prism is 60°, fi
If the pris aced i”
if mis place RAY OPTICS ANE
S AND OPTICAL
ICAL INSTRUMENTS: 9433
prism is placed in air
By = 40%, A= 60
lex of the prism material is
wr ae
ans Whe the
Refractive ind
Ay
sin 50° 0.7660
sin 30° ~ 05000 "9?
ynen the prism is placed in router
in 48
Fig, 9.211
(@) For convex lens :u=+ 12cm, f =+20em
to the right
4g Bono sin“? (0.5759) = 35°10"
w+ (0.5759) = 35°10" “Thus the beam converges at a point 7.5 em
of the lens.
8, = 10°20.
S92. Doublecomcex lenses are to be manufactured from &
Tudex 1.55, with both faces ofthe same radius Now
b What is the radius of curvat
of te lens is to be 20 cm ?
55, f = 20cm
u=+ tem, f=-1eem
aa -3+4
16°28 8
ture required if the
[CBSE OD 14C, 17) Mee
“Thus the beam converges at point 48 cm to the right of
the lens.
9.9, An object of siz
concave lens of focal lengt
by the lens. What happens if
se 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of @
“yom. Describe the image produced
ifthe object is moved further away
from the lens
fans. Here h,=3cm, u=-iom, f=—2lcm, 0?
For a lens,
2m = 22.0 cm.
to apoint P.A lens is placed
12em from Pp, At what, point of
a) a comvex lens of focal napus eae
the lens acts as a
y= -Sdem
sates that the image is virtual
* from the lens on the same side as
erect
the object.
As 9134
Size of image if oo
aeleheia
A sg inet
me jens (but Never
ie, the image sims
the object is moved away FO
rine the focus of te le
ressively diminishes
‘a combination of
beyond it) and progr Woe
of feng
iength
9.10. What is the focal re ens of foal
x oa gh 30 em ed COMES gn
20cm? Ts the system a conoerging oF 4 divers
thickness ofthe lenses fey
(convex
Ans. Here, fy = + 30em a
pea {concave lens)
Focal length of the combination is given PY
ade at
eg Cy
or f=-60em
The negative value of indicates that the combination
behaves as a diverging lens.
9.11. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens
of focal length 200m and an eyepiece of focal length 625 0”
separated by a distance of 15 cr. Hote far from the objective
‘should an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at
(i) the least distance of distinct vision (25 cmd, (i) infinity ?
What is the magnifying power ofthe microscope in each case ?
[CBSE OD 08}
Ans. Here fy=20em, f,=6.
(i) When the final image is obtained at the last distance of
distinct vision
2, =-25em
| Now distance between objective and eyepiece
=15om
Distance of the image from objective is
} +, Distance of object from objective = 2.5 cm
or
pistance bet
itself,
or nS
a
te final image 8 formed a infty
(ay hen te fists
Here % 7 oe }
as an, fe “
a= f,=- 625m ws
w2-Se a
Sbjective and eyepiece =
ween
ance of te objective fom the image formed
Also
675
_ The distance of the object from objective
Magnifying power,
m= my +0 = EG 5
» 2
