Hardware

Definition of hardware
• Computer hardware is the electronic and physical part
of the computer system.
• All parts of the computer which we can touch and see
 Types devices:
• Input:-
1:keybord
2:mouse
3:joystick
4:scanner
5:camera
• Output:
• Led/lcd/monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Projector
• Headphone
Computer software
• Computer software are the programs, which command the computer
to do any work.
Three types of software:-
1:Application software:-ms office, vlc media, etc:-
install according to requirement.
2:System software:- Recycling bin ,explore, control panel,
my computer etc.:-by default install with operating system.
3:Utility software :- It is used to help, to analyze, to
configure, to optimize or to maintain a computer. Ex:-
anti-virus AVG……
Computer:
• C:Common
• O:Operated
• M: Machine
• P:Particularly
• U:Used in
• T:Technical
• E:Educational
• R:Research
Definition of computer
• A computer is a digital electronic machine that accepts input ,after
processing on it ,it provides us output .
Components of computer:-
1:Hardware
2:software
Parts of computer:-
• Motherboard: it is backbone of the computer:-main part of computer
• Microprocessor(CPU):central processing unit
• RAM(Random access memory).
• Hard disk: permanent save data:- store of computer
• SMPS: switch mode power supply: 24 pin connector(ATX connector) 20 pin +4 pin
with cabinet.
• DVD(Digital versatile disc) or BD (Blue ray disc) Drive.
• Monitor:- LCD-(Liquid crystal display), LED-( light emitting diode)
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• UPS(Universal power supply).
 Processor
It is the brain of computer.
Name: microprocessor, CPU , Processor:
Definition:-
The microprocessor requires information to process the data.
It takes arithmetical and logical inputs and do process, after processing
it gives us output.
Working of processor:-
•

Central processing unit

Input(user) Arithmetic &logical

instruction
Cu: Control unit

Memory unit

ram rom
Cache
memory hard disk
storage
Factor of processor

1:- Clock speed:-It is also known as clock rate and processor speed.
Processor display output on the screen this speed depend on clock rate.
Clock speed represents how many cycle per second it can execute
instruction.
Hz
1000 Hz= 1 kilo Hz(KHz)
1000 KHz= 1 Mega HZ( MHz)
1000 MHz= 1 Giga Hz(GHz)
2:- FSB: Front side bus: FSB refers to the bus that connect the CPU to
the system memory. It is also known as system bus and memory bus.
• Intel turbo boost technology:-it is one of the features that intel has
built into latest-generation intel micro architecture(codename
nehalem). It automatically allows processor cores to run faster than
the base operating frequency if it’s operating below power, current
and temperature specified limits.
• Virtualization:- it is a technology used to run multiple virtual machine
on a single physical machine. Each virtual machine running on a single
physical machine sharing the resources of the same machine.
Types of processor:-
• INTEL
• AMD
 Microprocessor socket
LIF ZIF
Low insertion force Zero insertion force

LGA PGA
land grid array Pin grid array
1: Socket PGA 370( pin grid array)
• Socket 370 supports the microprocessor that have 370 pins.
• This pin arrange in six rows.
• This socket supports Celeron 2 and Pentium microprocessor.
2: socket PGA 478
1:Socket LGA775(land grid array)

• 2: LGA1156
• 3:LGA1155
• 4:LGA 1366
Troubleshooting processor problem:-
• Troubleshooting microprocessor solve the problems that arise due to
the improper functioning of the microprocessor.
• The general problem that arise due from the microprocessor are
overheating and slow processing.
Troubleshooting overheating issues
• 1:check that the processor fan is installed and functioning properly.
• 2: ensure that the heat compound and thermal paste is properly in
contact with the processor and the heat sink assembly and is not
dried up.
• Overclocking(BIOS). Restore the bios settings to default setting.
Troubleshooting slow processing and hanging
issue
• 1:- clean the system by the help of hand blower.
• 2:- use a thin layer of heat sink compound on the top of the
processor.
• 3:- check whether the microprocessor is compatible with the
motherboard by referring to the manual.
• 4: check the cpu fan whether it’s properly rotating at its
recommended speed. Clean the fan
• 5:- Check if the microprocessor supports the application that are
running.
Memory:-
• Memory is one the function of the brain that enables to store and
remember the past events.
• Similarly, in computer the term memory refers to a chip that stores
data. It also enables us to retrieve the store data.
• The processor retrieves information stored in the memory for
processing data.
memory specification:

• Number of pins.
• Memory frequency
• Single channel or dual channel memory
1:-Number of pins:-
• Each RAM has certain number of pins or connectors using which Ram
communicates with the processor through ram slots.
2:- Memory frequency(FSB):- FSB is used to describe the data bus.. Cpu
frequency is set as a multiple of FSB.
For example:- cpu of 3.2mhz may have a fsb of 1066 mhz.
The processor FSB and memory must work at the same frequency.
3: single channel and dual channel:-
Types of memory:-
• Two types of memory:
1: volatile memory:- store data in temporary base.
ram(random access memory)
2: non-volatile memory :- store data in permanent base.
Eg:- hard disk,sd card, pen drive, cd etc.

Primary memory:- cache memory, ram, rom

Secondary memory:- Hard disk
Classification of memory:-
• 1: physical memory:-
ram(random access memory): it is volatile memory where you can
read and write data.
rom(read only memory):
PROM(programmable read only memory)
EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory)
EEPROM(electrical erasable programmable read only memory)
• 2:flash memory
• 3: cache memory
• PROM:-stores program permanently and it is a non –volatile.
• EPROM:-programs can be erased from this memory using UV rays.
• EEPROM: A small and fast memory placed between the cpu and main
memory.
Flash memory:-
• Flash memory electrical non-volatile computer storage media.
• Flash memory is the high-density device. It is fast in reading and
writing data.
• The block size can range from 256 bytes to 16kb.
• Eg:- sd card, memory card, pen drive etc.
Cache memory:- cache memory is a small and fast memory which is
placed between the cpu and main memory. It is accessed at a very high
speed than the system memory.

180 nano second

cache controller
cpu Main memory

Cache memory
45 nano second
Small in size
Very fast speed
Different type of cache memory:
• L1 cache:-
• L2 cache:-
• L3cache:-

L1 and L2:- both are internal memory of cpu.

L3: external memory this connect on motherboard.
RAM: random access memory.
• Ram is the main memory of the computer. It holds the data until the
system is turned off. Once the system is switched off, the data is lost.
As a result , it is known as the temporary data storage area.
Types of RAM:-
• Two types of ram:-
1: static ram
2: dynamic ram
 Static ram(SRAM) Dynamic ram(DRAM)
• 1: it is a fast ram • It is a slow ram.
• 2:- it use as a cache memory. • 2: it use as a main memory.
• 3: it is uses transistors circuit. • 3: its uses capacitor to store data
1 bit info store- 5 to 6 transistors. 1 bit info store – 1 capacitor
4: static ram has no refreshment 4: dynamic ram has refreshment
service. service.
5: more complex, more power, more 5: simple complex, low power, less
space space.
Types of DRAM:-
• 1: SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory)
• 2:RDRAM(rambus dynamic RAM)
• 3:DDR1 (dual data rate)
• 4:DDR2
• 5:DDR3
• 6: DDR4
RAM Models:-
• SIMM RIMM DIMM SO-DIMM
Single inline rambus inline dual inline small outline
memory modual memory module mm dual inline mm
sd ram RD RAM ddr(1 to 4) ddr(1 to 4)
One side pins two side pins both side pins Laptop
SDR(single data rate) desktop dual data rate
1 signal per clock cycle video card 2 signal per clock cycle
32 bit or 64 bit graphic card 64 bit or 128 bit
DRAM Pins Standards Voltage
DC
DDR 1 184 200,266,333,400 2.5/2.6 Volt

DDR2 240 400,533,667,800,1066 1.8 Volt

DDR3 240 800,1066,1333,1600,1866,2133 1.35/1.5 Volt

DDR4 288 1600,1866,2133,2400,2666,2933,3200 1.2 Volt

DDR5 288 3200,3600,4000,4800,5000,5120,5333,5600 1.1 Volt

,6400
Motherboard:-
• Mother is the most important components of a system.
• It is a backbone of computer.
• It is a printed circuit board (PCB) where all components of a system are connected.
eg: - cpu , ram, socket ,slot , connectors etc.

Types of Motherboard:-
1: integrated:- motherboard which have all the ports for connecting various device on
board are known as integrated MB. All the latest desktop , server MB, laptop MB.
2: Non-integrated:- motherboard which have do not support connected devices are
known as non- integrated MB. Oldest desktop and server device are known as non-
integrated MB.
Classification of mother board:-
• 1: desktop MB
• 2: server MB
• 3: laptop MB: L shape.
Chipset:- it is a group of integrated circuit.
• 1:North bridge chip:- north bridge directly connected to cpu.
• 2: South bridge chip: south bridge not directly connect to cpu . SB
bridge send data firstly to NB then NB data send to cpu.
 Cpu
processor

RAM
memory
NB

SB SATA/IDE
usb

Peripherial devices audio

Pci slot
Components of a motherboard:-
• Pannel connection(Parallel ports):- 25 pin connector and it is use for connect printer and scanner.
• ATX power connector:- 20 and 24 pin connector and it use for power supply to motherboard.
• Cpu socket(processor):-attach processor
• Mouse: attach on mother board
• Keyboard: attach on motherboard
• Serial ports:- projector attach on serial port and 9 pin connector
• VGA port:- VGA cable attach and 15 pin connector
• Usb port:-pendrive
• Lan cable port(rj-45 connector):-internet or Ethernet cable attach .it is use for connect two system
communicate each other.
• Audio ports:
• CMOS battery:- (complementary metal oxide semi-connector):- update date and time.
• Floppy ports:-attach floppy disk:-34 pin connector
• PCI slots:-peripheral component interconnect . It use to attach sound card,
video card, Lan card, extra modem etc.
• AGP ports:- accelerated graphic port. It use to attach graphic card, high
definition gaming card.
• Heat sink: it call fan. It use for cooling the cpu and MB.
• Ram slots: attach RAM
• IDE connectors:- integrated device electronic- 40 pin connector
• Southbridge :- external port attach with south bridge chip
• Northbridge:- internal part attach with north bridge chip
• Sata connectors:- 7 pin connector=attach sata hard disk with sata cable
• Fornt panel:-computer on or off cable attach on front panel port.
• Bios chip:-basic input output system.
• HDMI port: High definition multimedia interface.15 pin connector.
SMPS: switched mode power supply
• It is an electrical device that provides power to electronic devices and
circuits. To convert the normal AC(alternate current) current to lower
DC(direct current) current.
• Two types of SMPS- AT and ATX
• It measure in watts.
AC(alternate current):- according to requirement change (low to high).
Eg:-use home
DC(Direct current)- Direct current does not change. It is same.
Normal smps voltage up to 300 and 400 watts.
High smps voltage up to 550 to 1300 watts.
• Out voltage of smps:
• 1: black- 0 v: it is a ground voltage and is also known as earth.
• 2:-gray: 5v:-
• 3:orange 3.3v:-DIMM , PCI/AGP
• 4:Red: 5v:- required by the disk drive logic, voltage regulators. This is the basic
supply voltage for nearly all electronic components
• 5:Violet: 5v
• 6:Green: 5v
• 7:Yellow: 12 v:- used by motors in the system, from drive motor to cooling fans.
• 8:blue:- -12 v:- required by some serial ports.
• 9: white: -5v:- required by some older floppy controllers and ISA bus cards.
• PG (power good)signal (Grey )(+5v ):-provides supply proper level to
motherboard.
• Ps_on(power supply)(green, +5v):-control the power supply and is a
part of ATX standard.
That indicate when to turn o
or off
 SB(stand by) (violet, +5v):- it is always on when the ac power input is
active, even if the system is turned off.
Different connectors of smps:-
• 1: 20+4 pins ATX connector.
• 2: 24+4 ATX connector.
• 3: Molex connector 4 pins.
• 4: SATA power connector 15 pins
• 5: Mini Molex ( Floppy Drive) 4 pins
How to check SMPS is properly working or not
• Fan
• Green or black.
Manu factor smps:
• Corsair
• Intex
• Zebronic
• HP
• Gigabyte
• Cooler master
Hard disk drive:

It introduce 1956 by IBM

• it is a storage device.
• It is all small and big files or data to store in hard disk.
• It is a permanent storage device(non volatile memory)
• It is a secondary device.
Types of hard disk:-

• 1 internal hard disk (ide AND SATA)

• 2: external hard disk

• TYPES OF HARD DISK

• PATA(parallel advance technology attachment)
• SATA(serial advance technology attachment)
• Flash HDD (SDD)
• Scsi
PATA:-
• 1: it introduce in 1986 by western digital.
• 2: it is also called IDE(integrated drive electronic)
• It is 40 pin connector and send 8 bit data in one time
• These drives are also called pata( parallel ata) drives as it uses parallel
transmission to the system.
• The ATA transfer data between the hard disk and system.
SATA:-
• Serial ATA uses serial transmission with system and transfer data 1 bit
at a time .
• SATA HDD uses a smaller 7 pin wire to connect to the system.
• Its power cable has 15 pins.
• You can connect more than one hard disk by connecting them to
different SATA controller on the MB using separate port.
• SATA cable connect only SATA hard disk.
Types of SATA:-
• SATA 1.5 g bit/s:- it is a 1st generation of SATA interface. It is also know
as sata1 or sata/150, which a data transfer rate of 1.5 g bit/s.
• SATA 3.0 G bit/s:-it is a 2nd generation of sata devices. SATA /150
faster the pata/133. SATA/300 has increased the data transfer rate
from 150 mb/s to 300 mb/s.
• SATA 6.0 G bit/s: it is a 3rd generation serial ata interface. SATA 6.0
increased its data transfer rate to 600 mb/s.
Characteristics of hard disk:-
• 1: Capacity.
• 2: interface, performance:-
• 3:RPM(Round per minute )
Hard disk minimum rpm 5400.
SSD(Solid state drive)
• A type of flash HDD.
• Read /write method is electrically .
• Costly than PATA&SATA HDD.
• Faster than PATA&SATA HDD.
• Uses flash chips.
• Uses manual interface as well as SATA interface.
Optical disc drive(ODD):-
• That type of storage media which read /write data by lesser light.

different disk
1: CD Drive
2: DVD Drive
3: BD Drive.
CD(Compact disc):-
• Compact disc are optical storage devices used to store and distribute
various forms of data such as software, music and movies.
• The cd holds up to 700 MB of data
• The data stores on a cd can last for longer period.
• A CD drive is required to read and write data from a CD.
different types of CD drive.

CD - Rom drive:-cd rom drive read data from a cd.

CD-R/W drive:-cd –R/W drive can read , write and also
rewrite data.
The original speed of the cd drive is 150 KBps.
 DVD(digital versatile disc):-
DVD is used to store music, video ,games and multimedia applications.
• The storage capacity of DVD is 4.7 GB , Almost seven times that of a
CD and dual-layer DVD stores 8.5 GB.
• DVD drive read and write data from DVD and CD.
• Its speed is 1.39 MBps
Types OF DVD Drive.
DVD Rom
DVD R/W
Combo Drive.
Blu-ray disc:-

• Blu-ray disc is the name of a next generation optical disk format, BD is

devolved by blue - ray association , consumer electronics and media
manufactures.
• Blu-ray disc enables you to record up to 25gb of data, up to 2 hours of
high definition video on a single sided, which is almost six times the
capacity of a DVD.
• The disc has single and doubled layered format.
• The single layered BD has the capacity to store 25 GB of data
• The doubled layered BD has the capacity to store 50 Gb of data.
• The rewritable Blu-ray disc has data transfer rate of 4.5 MBps .
keyboard
• Input device
• Function f1 to f12
• Numeric keys
• Alphabet keys
• Special keys
• Ctrl +
• Alt+
• Shift
Arrows keys:- 4 arrows keys.
Definition of keyboard:-
• Keyboard is input device. Input the device through which the user enter
data into a computer.
• Why we use keyboard.
Ans : To enter data into a computer we use keyboard.
Ans : To communication with the computer we use keyboard.
Right side part of computer:-
1:-Numeric keypad:- number or digits.
2: arrow keys or direction key
3: insert ,delete, home, end, page up, page down, print screen , scroll lock,
pause break
Types of keyboard:-
• 101-key
• 102 key
• 104 key:-Standard keyboard
• 112 key :-Multimedia keyboard.
Keyboard interface:
• Wire
• wireless
monitor
• A monitor is like television that display text and graphics on the screen.
• It is a out put device.
• It is called visual display unit.

Types of monitor
1: CRT:- (cathode ray tube) monitor
2:LCD :- ( liquid crystal display)
3:TFT(thin film transistor)
4: LED( Light emitting diode)
CRT LCD
• CRT is a desktop/pc monitor that • A LCD is a desktop/pc monitor that
contain a CRT. uses a liquid crystal display to
• A cathode ray tube is a large, produce images.
sealed glass tube. • These monitor produces sharp,
• CRT is the vacuum tube. flicker-free images.
• Phosphors screen deflection • LCD is a component is a liquid
plates. crystal.
• CRT large in size. • LCD thin in size.
• Heavier • Lighter
• High power consumes. • Low power consume.
TFT LED
• TFT means thin film transistor . • LED light emitting diode.
• This is a type of LCD with a thin • It look like LCD.
film transistor attachment to • This display also reduces power
each pixel. consumption.
• TFT provided the best resolution • The led works longer the LCD.
and images quality
• Led display is better than other
• It is light in weight and thin in display.
size.
• Led is a semi conductor device.
• It is most expensive.
Connector:-
VGA( VEDIO GRAPHICS ARRAY)
DVI (DIGITAL VISUAL DISPLAY)
HDMI( HIGH DEFINATION MULTI-MEDIA INTERFACE)
BIOS:- Basic input output system
• 1: post(power on self test):-it is built –in diagnostic program that checks
whether the computer has all of the parts and functioning properly, such as
memory and keyboard.
• 2:bootstrap loader:-find out operating system and load on computer.
• 3: setup utility program:-NVRAM(non-volatile random access memory)is
used to store information about the computer system.
During installation of a system, the user runs BIOS setup program and
enter correct parameter.
• 4: Bios driver:- are collection of program store in one or more EEPROM or
EPROM chips, depending on the computer design, on the motherboard.
firmware
• Firmware is a latest version of bios.
• UEFI(unified extensible firmware interface):- is an advance interface
standard of firmware for operating system and is meant to replace
the standard BIOS.
Opening the hardware diagnostics UEFI menu
• 1= turn on the computer
• 2= press the escape key till the start-up menu appears
starup menu
F1 system info.
f2 sys diagnostics
f9 boot device options
f10 bios setup
f11 system recovery
Printer:-
• 1: printer is a output device.
• 2: printer softcopy convert to hard copy.
Definition:
Printer is an electro-mechanical device which converts text and
graphical documents from an electronic form to a physical form.

The quality of printer is identified by features like, color quality, speed

of printing, resolution etc.
Types of printer:
• 1: impact printer
• 2: non-impact printer

impact printer:-impact printer is a physical contact between printer

head , ribbon or cartridges and paper.
1:-Character printer- Dot matrix
2:-Lines printer
Dot matrix printer:-
• Which print text on the paper by using tiny dot’s to form desired
characters.
• It uses an array of metal pins known as print head to strike on inked
printer ribbon and produce dots on paper.
• It prints with a speed of 100 to 600 characters per second.
• The number of pins used in print heads varies from 9 to 24.
• It can print only black and white.
Lines printer:-
• Line printer print line at a time, use a special mechanism that can
print a whole line at once.
• They can print the range of 1200 to 6000 lines per minute.
• Drum, chain and band printer are line at a time printers.
Non –impact printer:-there is no physical contact
between the print head, cartridges and paper.
• 1: ink jet printer:- dot matrix, character printer
• 2: laser printer
Ink jet printer:-
• Inkjet printer work in the same as dot matrix printers,
• The dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink
• Inkjet printer form characters on paper by spraying ink form nozzles
through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into
characters at the rate of approximately 250 character per second
• The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly.
• Inkjet printer can print in colors .
• Ink jet cartridge per pages costs is much higher than that of a laser
printer.
Laser jet printer:-
• This printer work link a photocopy machine.
• Using patterns of small dots , a laser beam transfer info. Form the
computer to a positively charged drum.
• The toner(ink power) detaches from all those areas of drum that
becomes neutralized.
• As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper ,
printing the letter or other graphics on the paper.
• It print hole page at a time.
• It can printer colour or black and white.
Multifunction printer:-
• It is also known as an all-in one printer.
• This is a combination of various functionalities like printer, scanner,
photo copier, fax etc.
• It is suitable for small Business or SOHO(Small office/home office).
segment
 Virtual printer
• A virtual printer is a simulated device whose user interface and API
(APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE)are similar to a printer driver, but this
device is not connected with a physical printer.
• When a documents is “printed” by a virtual printer, it processes the image
of its pages resulting in a file being produced or the images being
transmitted virtually.
• Example of virtual printer:
• Microsoft XPS documents writer
• Cute pdf writer
• Nova pdf
• Print &share
Thermal printer:-a thermal printer is the one that
uses heat to transfer an impression onto paper.
• Thermal wax transfer:-thermal wax print head melts wax-based ink
form the transfer ribbon onto the paper. After cooling, the wax is
permanent.
• Direct thermal: where a printer prints the images by burring dots
onto a coated paper when the paper passes over a line of heating
elements. early fax machines used direct thermal printing.
Scanner:-
• It is input device.
• It convert hardcopy to softcopy.
Types of scanner:-
• 1: standard scanner
• Flatbed scanner:-
• Sheet-fed scanner:-
• 2: specialized scanner
• 3: handheld scanner
• 4: scanning apps
Web cam
• A webcam is a video camera that streams images to a computer or
another device.
• A webcam may be integrated with laptop or a desktop or it may be an
external stand-alone device that is connected to the laptop or pc with
a USB cable.
• Video cameras that transmit images via Ethernet or wi fi are usually
categorized as network or ip camera rather than web camera.
Application of webcams include:-
• Video calling and conferencing.
• Video surveillance and monitoring of childcare center, buildings,
home, office, malls, banks etc.
• Recording of traffic vehicular movement on roads and in parking
areas.
• Video clip and still image recording
• Input device for assisting user control in some application and games
• Recording of night sky in astro photography.
Features of webcams:-
• The quality of output of webcams depends on the lens of the camera
and the resolution of the images produced.
• Some integrated webcams have dual camera, one for video calling
and the other for still photographs.
• External webcams are better suited for capturing high –quality images
• Ip camera usually produce better quality images than webcams and
are more expensive than webcams too.
• Some external webcams have integrated microphone.
Types of web cams

• Integrated
• Stand alone