1. Write a short noise on the different digital modulation 3.

n 3. Summerize the terms FSK Bit Rate, Baud and Bandwidth.

techniques. Ans:
Ans:
Fsk Bit-Rate
Digital-to-Analog signals is the next conversion we will discuss FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a digital modulation technique
in this chapter. These techniques are also called as Digital that transmits data by shifting the carrier frequency between
Modulation techniques. two or more discrete frequencies. The bitrate of FSK depends
Digital Modulation provides more information capacity, high on factors such as the number of frequencies used, frequency
data security, and quicker system availability with great- separation, and symbol duration. For binary FSK (two
quality communication. Hence, digital modulation frequencies), the bitrate is equal to the baud rate, which is
techniques have a greater demand, for their capacity to the number of symbols transmitted per second.
convey larger amounts of data than analog modulation Bitrate = baud rate x log2(M)
techniques.
There are many types of digital modulation techniques and Fsk Baud-Rate
also their combinations, depending upon the need. Of them In FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), baud rate refers to the
all, we will discuss the prominent ones. number of symbol changes per second. A symbol is a specific
ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying signal element that represents one or more bits of
The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the information.
input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of In FSK, each symbol is represented by a specific frequency,
positive and negative, depending upon the carrier frequency. and the baud rate is determined by the number of symbol
FSK – Frequency Shift Keying changes per second. The baud rate is also sometimes
The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, referred to as the symbol rate.
depending upon the input data applied.
PSK – Phase Shift Keying Fsk bandwidth
The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending on the In FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), bandwidth refers to the
input. These are mainly of two types, namely Binary Phase range of frequencies that are required to transmit the FSK
Shift Keying (BPSK)and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), signal.
according to the number of phase shifts. The other one is FSK works by modulating the carrier frequency between two
Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK which changes the phase distinct frequencies to represent the two binary states (0 and
according to the previous value. 1). The difference between the two frequencies is known as
M-ary Encoding the frequency deviation, and the bandwidth of the FSK signal
M-ary Encoding techniques are the methods where more depends on the frequency deviation.
than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously on a single The bandwidth of an FSK signal can be calculated using
signal. This helps in the reduction of bandwidth. Carson's rule, which states that the bandwidth of an FSK
The types of M-ary techniques are − signal is equal to the sum of the frequency deviation and the
M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK highest frequency component of the modulating signal.

2. What is Amplitude Shift Keying ? 4. Define the block diagram of the FSK Receiver.
Ans: Ans:
In this data transmission, on the receiving end, two carrier
Amplitude Shift Keying ASK is a type of Amplitude Modulation frequencies are converted into 1 and 0 to get the original
which represents the binary data in the form of variations in binary data. This process is called as Frequency Shift Keying
the amplitude of a signal. Demodulator. A PLL can be used as a Frequency Shift Keying
Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary Demodulator,
signal when ASK modulated, gives a zero value for Low input
while it gives the carrier output for High input.
The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform
along with its input.

It is similar to the PLL demodulator for analog FM signals

except for the addition of a comparator to produce a
reconstructed digital output signal.
Let us consider that there are two frequencies, one frequency
(f1) is represented as “0” and other frequency (f2) is
represented as “1”. If the PLL remain is locked into the FSK
To find the process of obtaining this ASK modulated wave, let
signal at both f1 and f2; the VCO control voltage which is also
us learn about the working of the ASK modulator.
supplied to the comparator will be given as
 VC1 = (f1 – f0) / Kv and
VC2 = (f2 – f0) / Kv , respectively.
where
 Kv is the voltage to frequency transfer
coefficient of the VCO.
The difference between the two control voltage levels will be
Δ VC = (f2 – f1) / Kv.
The reference voltage for the comparator is derived from the
additional low pass filter and it is adjusted midway between
VC1 and VC2.
Therefore, for VC1 and VC2, comparator gives output ‘0’ and
‘1’, respectively.

5. Elaborate the Differential Phase Shifting Keying (DPSK).

Ans:
7. Significantly explain the phase shift keying in all aspects.
Definition : Ans:
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is a common type of
phase modulation that conveys data by changing the phase Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that
of the carrier wave.

In DPSK the phase of the modulated signal is shifted relative

to the previous signal element. The signal phase follows the
high or low state of the previous element.
DPSK does not need a synchronous (coherent) carrier at the
demodulator.
The input sequence of binary bits are modified such that the
next bit depends upon the previous bit.
Therefore, in the receiver, the previous received bits are used
to detect the present bit. is used to transmit digital data over a communication channel
by varying the phase of the carrier signal. In PSK, the phase of
the carrier signal is modulated to represent the digital
information. PSK is widely used in various communication
systems, including satellite communication, wireless
communication, and optical communication.
PSK Modulation Scheme:
In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is changed to represent
The following figure.1 shows the waveform of DPSK.
the digital data. There are different types of PSK modulation
schemes based on the number of phases used. The most
It can be seen from the above figure that, when the data bit
commonly used PSK modulation schemes are binary phase
is Low i.e., ‘0’, the phase of the signal is not reversed, and shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and
continued as it was. differential phase shift keying (DPSK).
When the data is High i.e., ‘1’, the phase of the signal is
reversed. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): In BPSK, there are two
If we observe the above waveform, we can say that the High
phases of the carrier signal, i.e., 0 and 180 degrees. The
state represents an M in the modulating signal and the Low binary 1 is represented by a 180-degree phase shift, and the
state represents a W in the modulating signal.
binary 0 is represented by a 0-degree phase shift.
6. Detail the elements of block diagram in the M-ary FSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): In QPSK, there are
system. four phases of the carrier signal, i.e., 0, 90, 180, and 270
degrees. Each pair of bits is represented by one of the four
phases. For example, 00 is represented by a 0-degree phase
shift, 01 is represented by a 90-degree phase shift, 10 is
represented by a 180-degree phase shift, and 11 is
represented by a 270-degree phase shift.

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK): In DPSK, the phase

difference between adjacent bits is used to represent the
digital information. The carrier phase is changed only when
there is a transition between the adjacent bits. The
advantage of DPSK is that it is less affected by the phase shift
caused by the transmission medium.
Advantages of PSK:
10. Explain the Transmitter and receiver in the QPSK.
1. PSK modulation provides higher data rates compared to Ans:
other modulation techniques like amplitude modulation (AM)
and frequency modulation (FM).
2. PSK modulation is less affected by noise, interference, and
attenuation, making it a reliable communication technique.
3. PSK modulation requires less bandwidth compared to
other modulation techniques, making it suitable for
communication systems with limited bandwidth.

Disadvantages of PSK:

1. PSK modulation is more complex compared to other

modulation techniques, making it more difficult to
implement and requiring more processing power.
2. PSK modulation is sensitive to phase errors, which can
cause errors in the received signal.

8. State the Non–Coherent Demodulation and Error

Performances in FSK.
Ans:

Non-coherent demodulation is a method used in frequency-

shift keying (FSK) to recover the original binary data from the
modulated signal without the need for a coherent reference
signal.
In non-coherent FSK demodulation, the receiver only needs
to know the two carrier frequencies that were used to
transmit the binary data. The receiver typically consists of a
bandpass filter that is tuned to each of the carrier frequencies.
The received signal is then passed through each of these
filters, and the output is compared to a fixed threshold. The
decision on whether the received symbol is a 0 or a 1 is based
on which filter output has the higher amplitude.
Since non-coherent demodulation does not require a
reference signal, it is simpler and less expensive than
coherent demodulation. However, it typically has lower
performance due to the loss of information that results from
the non-coherent processing. Non-coherent demodulation is
commonly used in applications where cost and complexity
are more important than absolute performance, such as in
low-power, low-data-rate wireless systems.
The error performance in frequency-shift keying (FSK)
depends on various factors such as the modulation index,
carrier frequency separation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and
channel bandwidth.
The bit error rate (BER) is commonly used to measure the
error performance of FSK systems. The BER is defined as the
ratio of the number of received bits that are in error to the
total number of received bits.
In FSK, as the modulation index increases, the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal also increases, which leads to a higher
probability of inter-symbol interference (ISI) and a higher BER.
Similarly, as the carrier frequency separation decreases, the
signals may overlap, leading to a higher probability of error.
The SNR is also a critical factor in determining the error
performance, with higher SNR values leading to lower BERs.
Different FSK modulation schemes, such as minimum-shift
keying (MSK), can be used to improve the error performance.
MSK has a constant envelope, which makes it less susceptible
to nonlinear distortion and improves its performance in
fading channels.