IoT Based Smart Grid Station

1. Problem Statement
Smart Grid is the ultimate option towards maintaining future utilities and improving
power consumption by reducing demand. Smart grids are based on communication
between the provider and consumer. The key Features of our Internet of things(IoT)
based Smart Grid are:
 It communicates the total consumption of units with real time bill calculations to
the consumer.
 Provides Electricity suppliers the information for system monitoring and
customer billing and in case of Electricity Theft.
 It Sends an alert to the Suppliers.

2. Aims & Objectives

The objectives of this work is to build a Smart Grid based on IoT networking..
The task breakdown could be defined by the following:
 The Smart Grid design needs to be capable enough that it automatically detects the theft
at the possible theft locations.
 Calculate electrical bills using the predefined tariff rates.
 Detect real-time values of current and voltages.
 Transmit obtained values of current and voltages to Cloud Database with help of GSM.
 Master Controller should obtain values from the Cloud Database and perform necessary
calculations with predefined computer code.
All these tasks are need to autonomous with a help of several slave controllers and one master
controller.
3. Literature Review

3.1 Smart Metering:

The basic concept of the smart grid is used simply to describe the convergence of all
production, infrastructure and request elements linked to a digital update of the electric
network with a reliable, stable, resilient and manageable system capable of providing two-
way communication and offering massive advantages in both power providers and buyers.
Smart grid consists of different elements and features like smart metering, energy saving,
antitheft etc. In many European countries this concept is not new; they use Smart meters to
give better services to the consumers. Smart machines are able to measure specific as well as
other relevant parameters. These meters focus on providing effective communications ports
for orders provided by the central access server to turn on or off, to accept requests for both
the gathering of the data needed, and also to inform any incidents as well as defects. Many
smart meters have such a functionality for connecting the In-Home Display (IHD) to
customers or buyers realization. Previously used smart meters also have feature of calculating
total cost of electricity and how many units are consumed. Many of them can also update data
every hour.
In many past papers research is done and brief review of the research and study of the paper
is given below with references.

 Throughout this article, a low-cost, real-time ARM-based power management

framework is implemented. It's also created as part of a dispersed method of
measuring the quantity of the primary power grid as well as offers the ability of
managing the entire power station. Incorporated Database Server enables the
collection of power 5 usage statics, voltage stability and the ability to sync load -
deflection systems. This same device is characterised by instant communication as
well as the combined effect of a smart metre and records seamless connectivity
enables remote and local direct connections. Within that direction, the energy usage of
power grid can be managed, leading to a significant reduction in utilization and price.
1

1
Didier Le Gall, “MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications,”
Communications ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 46–58, April 199
 Within this paper, individuals defined the current electronic energy measurement as a
continuous replacement of existing electro-mechanical meter technology, particularly
in China and India. Whilst 2004, the digital metre had begun to replace the
electromechanical metre in Singapore. There is no doubt that a digital wireless smart
meter would yield superior accessibility to the metre perusing activity. Bluetooth
module is selected as a franchise agreement result of this situation. Within
this document, designers implemented a prototype of the Wireless energy metre. The
energy viewer could indeed obtain the reading of energy usage from Bluetooth-based
energy metre wireless communication. 2
 The whole paper demonstrates the feasibility of the IoT energy metre based on the
PIC18F46k22 Microcontroller. The implemented developed system removes human
intervention in the servicing of electric power. The Customer has to pay for the use of
electric power on plan, throughout the scenario he cannot pay for any of it, the
transfer of electric power can indeed be switched off independently from cloud host.
The customer can check the energy usage of the units from the website page by giving
the IP address of the device. Theft detector linked to the utility grid will inform the
corporation aspect whenever the metre is tampered with the power supply and sent the
theft recognise details via the PLC router as well as the theft identified will be
showcased on the corporation side control panel. The Wi-Fi Department performs IoT
procedure by giving energy metre information to the web site that can be obtained
across an IP address. 3

 In this article, those who characterised as continuing to increase energy requirements,

limiting the capability of energy management, one-way interaction, and need for
connectivity of various expectations, information sharing regulation and greenhouse
gas emissions, leading to the emergence of an infrastructure investment grid: Smart
Grid. Smart 7 Meters is among the solutions proposed for Smart Grid. Throughout

2
Garrab, A.; Bouallegue, A.; Ben Abdallah”, "A new AMR approach for energy
saving in Smart Grids using Smart Meter and partial Power Line Communication”,
2012.

3
"B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang,
Y. X. Zuo and H. W. Kuek”, "Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy
meter", 2012.
 this article, an AMR method that allows good end-to-end implementation. It's also
designed for the low-power MSP430FE423A microcontroller energy meter and the
Communication Systems guidelines. The microcontroller contains the energy metre
module ESP430Cel. The objective of this paper is just to produce better retail prices
through the suggested communications networks. The whole approach is of
considerable interest to financial and low-carbon social system.4
3.2 Theft Detection:
Theft of electricity is an unlawful practise of attempting to steal electricity. This is an offence
and is liable to be punished by fine and/or imprisonment. It is part of non-technical damages.
As per the yearly Developing Markets Grid Connection: Viewpoint 2015 survey by the
Northern Team, LLC, as well as the country loses US$89.3 billion in annual through
electricity theft. The largest casualties had been in India ($16.2 hundred million),
accompanied by Brazil ($10.5 hundred million) as well as Russia ($5.1 hundred million).
Electricity loss occurs naturally and during operational phase of the electrical grid, however
the large amount of damages is mainly caused by stealing of electric power throughout the
power distribution system. Identification of power stealing is indeed a crucial problem across
the globe nowadays in order to maintain the dependability and then the more financially
viable procedure of electricity supply grids. However, the statistics of electricity theft are
quite tiny in the industrialised nations and, throughout relative terms, result to a significant
supply of generated energy that wasn't being charged.
3.3 Communication (GSM):
If ones Raspberry Pi requires to communicate with people if it is not within the Internet
connectivity target range, a digital cellular system could be used. Including smart phones, you
need to have a Local sim as well as a subscriber of any service. In many other apps, just
Message or data transmission with very little data capacity and low data transfer are required,
because you can resell an inexpensive Subscription "data only" card. Also on manufacturing
side, you need to have a Gsm technology, as well termed a GSM modem, that can be
connected to the Desktop Pc. Many other devices are using a sequential (RS-232) network
connectivity and even an old fashioned (extensive) Hayes command established only with
"AT" notation. The whole task is focusing upon this SIM800 device, which is very flexible

4
"B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang,
Y. X. Zuo and H. W. Kuek”, "Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy
meter", 2012.
and accessible in many modules. Unless a 4.3V power source is required, inspect that perhaps
the panel involves a voltage regulator so it can be operated by an outer 5V USB power
source. Yet GSM break-out panels are designed specifically for Raspberry Pi 40-pin top
corner, including the "RPI GSM Add-on V2.0" discovered on eBay. The above module
seems to be basic to use as it connects with either the Raspberry Pi UART RX/TX and can
also be transitioned on/off and reconfigure via GPIO I/O terminals. The Raspberry Pi is also
operated by its 5V Usb cable. Only attach the transmitter, insert the SIM card shackle, add
the subsystem into the GPIO packet, as well as connect the Usb port into the 5V/2A source.
Whenever the power button is turned for quite a while, the device will immediately begin and
communicate to ones GSM network.

4. Methodology of SDP

4.1 Theoretical Studies

The theoretical studies required for our SDP are as follow:
i. Understanding the importance of Smart Grid and theft control.
ii. Developing the knowledge of Smart Grid.
iii. Having basic knowledge of IoT based networking.

4.2 Experimental Set Up

IoT based Smart Grid consists of 3 major parts to achieve the objectives of our project
namely:
1. Smart Meter.

2. Theft Detection.

3. Communication.

The working principle of each are explained as follows:

Smart Metering:
Smart Meter innovation is becoming a hot topic for the long term of power systems. Since
Smart Meters are expensive to buy, we will be designing them ourselves to provide a much
economical solution. We will use; Power Analytics will be done on Arduino through
programming.

We will use; Arduino UNO, GSM Module, Current Transformer, Hall Effect Current
Sensor, Voltage Transformer, Rectifier with a Filter, Resistors, Buffer and a LCD Shield.
We will have two modules: Voltage Module and Current Module

Voltage Module: The voltage from the main supply will be stepped down using a
transformer which is passed through a rectifier with a filter to convert it into DC Voltage.
We will design a voltage divider using resistors to bring the voltage in 0-5V range. This
voltage is passed through a buffer to the ADC in port of Arduino.

 Current Module: We will connect the CT on one phase (live wire) and feed that
current to the Hall Effect Current Sensor.
 The current passing through will be equal to the analog voltage output of the sensor.
 This value is then fed to the ADC port of Arduino.

Power Analytics involve:

 Total Power Consumed (V*I).

 Total number of units consumed (kWh).

 Bill Calculation according to the Tariff of the user.

The data will be uploaded to the cloud using GSM Module. This data can be accessed by
the user/admin through signing in on our website.

Theft Detection:
The purpose of Smart Metering is to read real time values of current and voltages. These
values would later be used to calculate power utilized.

The values of current would be read from both the Smart Meters and then would be fed into
the Cloud Database.

The logical computing happening in the Raspberry Pi is that it is comparing the real time
values of both the smart meters and adding them up.

Raspberry Pi would be reading a value from the Smart Meter at the feeder line and then
would be reading individual values of the Smart Meters before the houses and would be
adding them all together.

If both the values come out to be equal, Raspberry Pi concludes there would be no theft,
if the values are not, theft is present in the system.

Communication:

If the Raspberry Pi is outside of the spectrum of just about any WLAN base station, an
Online connection is made from over GSM cellular modem. Below, this same RPi takes
on the role of a TCP customer using a custom panel relying on SIM800.
The server should be clearly displayed from either the World wide web as explained earlier
in this thread, whether using the router's dotted IP address or even the IP identifier offered
by no-IP.

Circuit Diagram:

The Proteus model of our Circuit is shown:

4.3 Method of Analysis

The diagram represents a Smart Meter installed along the transmission line with
residential loads. A transformer stepping down 11KV to 400 V is installed between the
feeder and main service line.
Block Diagram:

4.4 Result Expected

By using this we will be to achieve following results

 Smart Metering.
 Theft can be controlled and minimize.
 Smart two-way communication.

5. Utilization of Project Results

 Smart meters are used in smart Grid to monitor usage and theft control.
  Smart metres can be applied to a broad variety of devices and systems, enabling
organizations to increase ones energy consumption by computer system.
 While in case of utility companies, its most smart metres they had also attached to
their facilities, more and more information they can collect in ability to execute their
matrix more effectively.

6. Proposed project and society

1. Smart metering provides two-way communications and offers multiple benefits for
the both power suppliers and power consumers.
2. Theft of electricity is an illegal practise of manipulating and stealing electrical power.
This is an offense and is punishable by fine and/or imprisonment. It is part of non-
technical casualties. By using this system we can easily locate theft in power system.
 References

[1] Peter Hernon, Cheryl Metoyer-Duran, “Problem statements: An exploratory study of

their function, significance, and form”, Library & Information Science Research, vol.
15, no. 1, pp. 71–92. Jan. 1993.

[2] Didier Le Gall, “MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications,”
Communications ACM, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 46–58, April 199

[3] "Landi, C.; Dipt. di Ing. dell''Inf., Seconda Univ. di Napoli, Aversa, Italy; Merola, P.;
Ianniello, G", "ARM-based management system using smart meter and Web
server",2011.

[4] "Garrab, A.; Bouallegue, A.; Ben Abdallah”, "A new AMR approach for energy
saving in Smart Grids using Smart Meter and partial Power Line Communication”,
2012.

[5] "B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang,

Y. X. Zuo and H. W. Kuek”, "Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy
meter", 2012.

[6] “Darshan Iyer N, Dr. KA Radhakrishna Rao M Tech. student, Dept. of ECE, PES
College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka, India”, “IoT Based Energy Meter
Reading, Theft Detection and Disconnection using PLC modem and Power
optimization”, Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015.