SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - Biodegradable: food droppings, paper

products as well as vegetation

“Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management - Non-biodegradable: plastics, metals
Act of 2000”
- “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL 3. Organic waste
SOLID WASTE PROGRAM, CREATING THE - comes from plants or animal sources
NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS - food waste, fruit & vegetable peels
AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN
ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING 4. Recyclable waste
PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS - processjng used materials into new, useful
THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER products
PURPOSES.”
5. Hazardous type
● protection of the public health and - potentially threaten public health or the
environment environment
● maximize utilization of valuable resources - can be inflammable (can easily catch fire),
and encourage resource conservation & reactive (easily explode), corrosive (easily
recovery eat through metal), toxic (poisonous to
● guidelines & targets for solid waste human and animals)
avoidance and volume reduction thru
source reduction 6. Municipal sources of waste
● proper segregation, collection, transport, - includes trash or garbage from households,
storage, treatment and disposal of solid schools, offices, market places, restaurants
waste (no incineration) and other public places.
● promote national research and development
programs for improved SWM 7. Medical/Clinical sources of waste
● encourage greater private sector - normally refers to waste produced from
participation health care facilities, such as hospitals,
● retain primary enforcement and clinics, surgical theaters, veterinary
responsibility of SWM hospitals and labs.
● encourage cooperation and self-regulation - classified as hazard waste rather than
among waste generators general waste.
● institutionalize public participation
● strengthen the integration of ecological 8. Agricultural sources of waste
SWM - These include horticulture, fruit growing,
seed growing, livestock breeding, market
gardens and seedling nurseries.
Waste
- items we don't need and discard 9. End-of-life Automobiles

Types of Wastes: 10. Industrial sources of waste

1. Liquid type
- non-solid form 11. Construction/demolition sources of waste
- ex. wash water, liquids from industries and - Called demolition waste
waste detergents
12. Electronic sources of waste
2. Solid type - waste from electronic and electrical devices.
- any garbage that we make in our homes - also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste
and other places electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Sources of Solid Waste - being washed into water sources like
● Municipal (from households, schools, reservoirs and rivers
offices, market places, etc.) - eating fruits and vegetables that have been
● Medicinal/Clinical sources of waste (from grown in polluted soil
healty care facilities) - breathing in polluted dust or particles
● Agricultural sources of waste (from
agricultural activities)
● End-of-life automobiles Waste Management
● Industrial - simply means the collection, transport,
● Construction/demolition processing or disposal, managing and
● Electronic monitoring of waste materials to minimize its
consequences on humans and environment

Methods:
Characteristics of Solid Waste 1. Incineration (thermal treatment)
➔ Physical - this include the determination of - burning of waste
percent contents of various ingredients of - common in countries with limited landfill
the solid waste space
➔ Chemical - used primarily for combustion - it is great for treating waste with
and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but contamination and hazardous waste from
can also be used to estimate biological and factories, but the method produces too
chemical behaviors much carbon dioxide
- temp should not be less than 670 deg
celsius
- energy recovery/waste-to-energy - the
heat derived from incinerated refuse is a
useful resource
- refused-derived fuel - what is left after
unburnable or recyclable materials are
removed
- mass burn - to dump everything smaller
than a sofa into a giant furnace

Advantages:
➔ most hygienic method
➔ complete destruction of pathogens
➔ no odor trouble
➔ heat generated may be used for steam
➔ Biological - biodegradability power
➔ clinkers producedd may be used for road
construction
Health Risks of Human Wastes ➔ less space required
➢ contaminated lands and environments can ➔ adverse weather condition has no effect
caue problems, diseases, and disorder in
the human respiratory system and skin

● Toxic materias that pollute the soil can get

into the human body directly by:
- coming into contact with the skin
2. Sanitary Landfill Disadvantages
- a large piece of land away form living places ➔ Large land required.
where all the waste from a town is ➔ Proper dumping site may not be available.
deposited ➔ Odor problem.
- a site for the disposal of waste materials by ➔ Use of insecticides required.
burial and is the oldest form of waste ➔ Leachate should be collected regularly.
treatment ➔ Methane gas should be collected properly.
- done with layers of 1-2m ➔ Green house gas problem.
- covered with soil of 20cm thickness
- solid wate disposal is regulated and 3. Recycling
controlled - processing used materials (waste) into new,
useful products.
- This is done to reduce the use of raw
materials that would have been used.
- Recycling also uses less energy and is a
great way of controlling air, water and land
pollution.

Advantages:
➔ Simple method.
➔ No costly plant required.
➔ No residues or by products need to be 4. Composting
➔ disposed. - It is a process in which organic matter of
➔ Separation not required. solid waste is decomposed and converted
➔ Unused land can be used. to humus and mineral compounds.
➔ Methane gas can be used as fuel. - Compost is the end product of composting,
which used as fertilizer.
- Three methods of composting:
 a. composting by trenching ★ Pyrolysis
b. open windrow composting - Heating of the solid waste at very
c. mechanical composting high temp. in absence of air.
- Carried out at temp. between 500 ̊C
❖ Composting by trenching - 1000 ̊C.
- Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- - Gas, liquid and chars are the by
2m deep with spacing 2 m. products.
- Dry wastes are filled up to 15 cm. On top of
each layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of
animal dung is sprayed in semi liquid form.
- Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and
changed into brown colored odorless
powdery form known as humus.

❖ Open windrow composting

- Large materials like broken glass, stone,
plastic articles are removed.
- Remaining solid wastes is dumped on
ground in form of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
- The complete process may take 4- 6 week.

❖ Mechanical composting
- It requires small area compare to trenching
and open windrow composting.
- The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
- The operations involved are:

Structure of Municipal Solid Waste

Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Industrial gases, Waste waters, Recovery of
Management silver from photographic films.

➔ SHREDDING OR PULVERIZING
- involves in size reduction of organic wastes
before it goes for composting.
- reduces the overall volume by 40%.

Advantages:
➢ It will increase surface area
availability for bacterial activity
(decomposition).
➢ Facilitates easy handling of moisture
content and aeration.
Waste Minimization
● Prevention of waste being created is known ➔ COMPOSTING
as waste reduction which is an important - Aerobic composting is one of the cheapest
method of waste management. and easiest methods that are being
● The modern concepts based on the three available for MSW.
‘R’s are: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. - Three techniques:
● Methods of avoidance include reuse of 1. windrow composting
second hand products, designing products 2. Aerated static pile method
to be refillable oR reusable, repairing 3. In vessel method
broken items instead of buying new etc.
What you can do…

PROCESSES CARRIED OUT DURING ★ Buy biodegradable products.

THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ★ Store all liquid chemicals and waste in
➔ WASTE COLLECTION spill-proof containers.
- wastes can be collected in person ★ Eat organic foods that are grown without
with the help of vehicles pesticides.
- public can be given instruction to ★ Look out for fertilizer or pesticide free
dump their house wastes in one products when you go to the market.
place (near their street). ★ Don’t use pesticides if you can.
★ Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.
➔ SEGREGATION ★ Buy products that have little packaging.
- done to recover or divert non-degradable ★ Don’t dump motor oil on the ground.
wastes (electric items, plastics, tires, etc.)
and degradable items (wood, textiles etc.) to
its recycling plant and if possible, it can be
reused.

➔ RECYCLING
- The non-degradable and degradable wastes
can be recycled very economically in the
recycling plants.
- Some of the waste recycling techniques are:
Fly ash, Organic wastes, Slag and scrap,