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Ch1 The Origin and Structure of The Solar System and The Earth System (1st Part)

The document provides an overview of the origin and structure of the solar system and Earth. It describes how the universe began in the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago and formed the first elements. It then discusses the formation of the solar system from a solar nebula disk around the young sun and how the terrestrial and Jovian planets formed from this nebula through either catastrophic or evolutionary hypotheses.

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Nedal Magarang
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107 views21 pages

Ch1 The Origin and Structure of The Solar System and The Earth System (1st Part)

The document provides an overview of the origin and structure of the solar system and Earth. It describes how the universe began in the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago and formed the first elements. It then discusses the formation of the solar system from a solar nebula disk around the young sun and how the terrestrial and Jovian planets formed from this nebula through either catastrophic or evolutionary hypotheses.

Uploaded by

Nedal Magarang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EARTH SCIENCE

Chapter 1: The Origin & Structure of the


Solar System and the Earth System
The Universe is all of space and time
(spacetime) and its contents, which
includes planets, moons, minor planets,
stars, galaxies, and the contents of
intergalactic space and all matter and
energy.
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound
system of stars, stellar remnants,
interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
Derived from the Greek word galaxias,
literally “milky”, a reference to the Milky
Way.
A nebula (Latin for “fog”) is an
interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen,
helium and other ionized gases.
The universe began in the big bang. By
the time the universe was a few minutes
old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons
in your body had come into existence.
You are made of very old matter.
Evidences that Support the Big Bang Theory
• The expansion of the universe is supported by the
observation that galaxies are receding from us.

• The high amount of light elements like H, He and


Li. These elements were formed through the fusion
of protons and neutrons immediately after the Big
Bang.

• The detection of the cosmic microwave


background (CMB) radiation which is the residue
or heat leftover from the Big Bang.
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
1927
Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
was the first proponent of the theory. He
suggested the idea of the expanding
universe.

Georges H.J. Lemaitre


(1894–1966)
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
1929
Edwin Powell Hubble who established
the Hubble’s law which provided an
evidence that the universe was not static
but expanding.

Edwin Powell Hubble


(1889 – 1953)
The galaxy is not moving,
the space in between
them is expanding.

The Big Bang is the


expansion of space itself.
13, 820, 000,000 years
Or 13.8 B or 14 B years... That’s the age of the universe!
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?
GEOLOGIC TIMELINE
✘3.8 BYA- Life of Earth initially began with single-celled prokaryotic
cells.
✘2.8 BYA- Multicellular life evolved
✘570 MYA- life forms began to evolve
✘530 MYA- Early Arthropods evolved followed by the fish.
✘473-385 MYA- Land plants and forest evolved.
✘200 MYA- Early mammals emerged.
✘200,000 years ago- Homo Sapiens is believed to have evolved.
Hypotheses on the origins of the planets
CATASTROPHIC HYPOTHESES EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES
The planets formed from some The planets formed gradually and
improbable event such as the collision naturally as the sun formed.
of the sun and another star.
Comprehensive and explained so
many of scientific observations
Solar Nebula Theory
• Planets form in the rotating disks of gas and dust
around young stars.
• Bipolar flows from protostars were the first evidence
of such disks.
• When the sun became luminous enough, the
remaining gas and dust were blown away into space,
leaving the planets orbiting the sun.
Solar Nebula Theory
• Earth and the other planets of the solar system formed billions
of years ago as the sun condensed from a cloud of interstellar
gas and dust. If planet formation is a natural part of star
formation, most stars should have planets.
Two kinds of Planets
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS JOVIAN PLANETS
•Small, dense, rocky worlds with little •Large, low-density worlds with thick
to no atmosphere atmospheres and liquid or ice
interiors

•Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth •Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune


Two kinds of Planets
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS JOVIAN PLANETS
•They are quite close to the sun •Spread far from the sun
•Earth: most massive terrestrial planet •Jupiter: the most massive Jovian
•Densities like that of metal or rock planet (about 300 earth masses)
•The atmospheres are turbulent and
some may have great storms
•Small cores of heavy elements such
as metals surrounded by liquid.
•All have ring systems (Saturn: ice
particles, the rest: dark, rocky
particles)
Transition headline
Let’s start with the first set of slides
Cosmic Debris
• ASTEROIDS
- small, rocky worlds most of which orbit the sun in a
belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
- recognized as debris left over from a failure of a
planet to form
Cosmic Debris
• KUIPER BELT
- more than a thousand small, dark, icy bodies orbiting
the outer fringes of the solar system beyond Neptune
Cosmic Debris
• COMETS
- ice-rich bodies similar in size to asteroids.
- they have a “tail” due to the sun’s heat and radiation
pressure.
Cosmic Debris
• METEORS
- commonly called “shooting stars”
- small bits of rock and metal colliding with Earth’s
atmosphere and bursting into incandescent vapor
• METEOROID
-before the fiery plunge
• METEORITE
-any part that survives its fiery passage to the Earth’s
surface.

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