PROGRAMMING

Lecture 4

Sushil Paudel

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 LAST WEEK

• Conditional Statement – If, If Else, If-ElseIf ladder

• Conditional Statement – Switch

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 TODAY’S TOPIC
• Control Statement Loop

• Types of Loop: For, While and Do-While

• Break and Continue

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REPEAT

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 CONTROL STATEMENT - LOOPS

• In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions

repeatedly.

• Loop is used in programming to repeat a specific block of code until certain

condition is met (test expression is false).

• Loops are what makes computers interesting machines. Imagine you need to print a
sentence 50 times on your screen.

• Well, you can do it by using print statement 50 times (without using loops).

• How about you need to print a sentence one million times?

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LOOP

6
 TYPES OF LOOPS

There are three types of loops in java.

• for loop

• while loop

• do-while loop

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 FOR LOOP

• The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the
number of iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.

• There are two types of for loops in java.

• Simple For Loop

• For-each or Enhanced For Loop

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 SIMPLE FOR LOOP

for(initialization; condition; incr/decr){

//statement or code to be executed

• Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts.

• Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of the
loop. It continues execution until the condition is false.

• Statement: Codes which are executed till the conditions are true

• Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is an optional condition.

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 EXAMPLE

public class ForExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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 OUTPUT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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 EXAMPLE

public class ForExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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 OUTPUT
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

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 FOR-EACH LOOP

• There is also a "for-each" loop, which is used exclusively to loop through

elements in an array:

Syntax

for (type variableName : arrayName) {

// code block to be executed

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 FOR EACH LOOP EXAMPLE

public class ForEachExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
for (String car : cars) {
System.out.println(car);
}
}
}

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USABLE VS REUSABLE

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 WHILE LOOP

A while loop statement in Java programming language repeatedly executes a target

statement as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax

while(Boolean_expression) {

// Statements

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 WHILE LOOP EXAMPLE

public class WhileTest {

public static void main(String args[]) {
int x = 10;
while (x < 20) {
System.out.println("value of x : " + x);
x++;
}
}
}

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 OUTPUT

value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
value of x : 16
value of x : 17
value of x : 18
value of x : 19

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READ DOCUMENTATION

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 DO WHILE LOOP

• The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after
loop body.

• do while loop in Java is similar to while loop except that the condition is checked
after the statements are executed, so do while loop guarantees the loop execution
at least once.

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 DO WHILE SYNTAX

do{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);

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 DO WHILE EXAMPLE

public class DoWhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i <= 10);
}
}

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 OUTPUT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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 DO WHILE EXAMPLE

public class DoWhileExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 99;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i <= 10);
}
}

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 OUTPUT

99

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WHILE VS DO WHILE

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 BREAK IN LOOP

• The break statement is also be used to jump out of a loop.

• When the break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately
terminated and the program control resumes at the next statement following the
loop.

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 BREAK IN LOOP EXAMPLE

public class BreakExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 4) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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 OUTPUT

1
2

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BREAK

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 CONTINUE
• Continue statement is mostly used inside loops.

• Whenever it is encountered inside a loop, control directly jumps to the beginning of

the loop for next iteration, skipping the execution of statements inside loop’s body
for the current iteration.

• This is particularly useful when you want to continue the loop but do not want the
rest of the statements(after continue statement) in loop body to execute for that
particular iteration.

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 EXAMPLE

public class ContinueExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
continue;//it will skip the rest statement
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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 OUTPUT
1

3
4

9
10

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CONTINUE

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HEY, SOMEONE STOP THE LOOP!

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END OF LECTURE 5

Any questions?

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