Exam material:

- modal verbs of deduction

- vocabulary
- conditionals - zero, 1st., 2nd., 3rd., mixed
- all tenses - Present simple, continuous, present perfect simple and continuous, past
simple and continuous, past perfect simple and continuous, future in the past
- phrasal verbs
- verb patterns
- irregular verbs
1.0 Tenses
Affirmative/Negative/Ques-
tense Use Signal Words
tion
Simple A: He speaks. • action in the present tak- always, every …,
Present N: He does not speak. ing place regularly, never, normally,
Q: Does he speak? never or several times often, seldom,
• facts sometimes, usu-
• actions taking place one ally
after another if sentences type
• action set by a timetable I (If I talk, …)
or schedule

Present Pro- A: He is speaking. • action taking place in at the moment,

gressive N: He is not speaking. the moment of speaking just, just now,
Q: Is he speaking? • action taking place only Listen!, Look!,
for a limited period of now, right now
time
• action arranged for the
future

Simple Past A: He spoke. • action in the past taking yesterday, 2 min-

N: He did not speak. place once, never or sev- utes ago, in 1990,
Q: Did he speak? eral times the other day, last
• actions taking place one Friday
after another if sentence type II
• action taking place in the (If I talked, …)
middle of another action

Past Progres- A: He was speaking. • action going on at a cer- while, as long as

sive N: He was not speaking. tain time in the past
Q: Was he speaking? • actions taking place at the
same time
• action in the past that is
interrupted by another ac-
tion
 Present Per- A: He has spoken. • putting emphasis on the already, ever,
fect Simple N: He has not spoken. result just, never, not
Q: Has he spoken? • action that is still going yet, so far, till
on now, up to now
• action that stopped re-
cently
• finished action that has an
influence on the present
• action that has taken
place once, never or sev-
eral times before the mo-
ment of speaking

Present Per- A: He has been speaking. • putting emphasis on the all day, for 4
fect Progres- N: He has not been speaking. course or duration (not years, since 1993,
sive Q: Has he been speaking? the result) how long?, the
• action that recently whole week
stopped or is still going
on
• finished action that influ-
enced the present

Past Perfect A: He had spoken. • action taking place before already, just,
Simple N: He had not spoken. a certain time in the past never, not yet,
Q: Had he spoken? • sometimes interchange- once, until that
able with past perfect day
progressive if sentence type
• putting emphasis only on III (If I had
the fact (not the duration) talked, …)

Past Perfect A: He had been speaking. • action taking place before for, since, the
Progressive N: He had not been speaking. a certain time in the past whole day, all
Q: Had he been speaking? • sometimes interchange- day
able with past perfect
simple
• putting emphasis on the
duration or course of an
action

manjka zero pa third

2.0 Modal verbs of deduction

od KLAVDIJE!
ability = can, be able to, could/was able to
obligation = must, have to, had to
absence of obligation = don't have to, needn't, didn't have to, needn't have and didn't need
must: 100% sure something is true, you express your opinion
have to: somebody else's opinion
prohibition = mustn't, may not, is/are, not to and can't
permission = can, may, might, could, was/were allowed to
necessity = need to
advice = should, ought to, had better, ought not to
requests, offers, suggestions = can, would/will, shall, should

certainty, possibility, probability:

0% 50% 100%
can't, may, might, must
could
can't have - II - have - II - have

For the present/future:

The present infinitive: must, can't + the infinitive (She must be at home.)
The continuous infinitive: must/could/can't/might + be + -ing (He might be working now.)

For the past:

The perfect infinitive: must/can't/might + have + the past participle (She might have done it.)
The continuous infinitive: must/can't/might + have + been + -ing (She might have been trying.)

should have -> I should have listened to your advice.

ought to have -> He ought to have cooked dinner.

3.0 Verb patterns

3.1 Verbs followed by a to-infinitive
Some verbs can be followed immediately by a to-infinitive:

afford demand like pretend

agree fail love promise

arrange forget manage refuse

ask hate mean (= intend) remember

begin help need start

choose hope offer try

 continue intend plan want

decide learn prefer

I can’t afford to go on holiday.

It began to rain.
She hopes to go to university next year.
My mother never learnt to swim.
Did you remember to ring Nigel?

3.2 Verbs followed by -ing

-ing but not to-infinitive

admit deny finish mind

avoid dislike give up miss

(can’t) help enjoy imagine practise

(can’t) stand fancy involve put off

consider feel like keep (on) risk

I always enjoy cooking.

Not: I always enjoy to cook.
We haven’t finished eating yet.
Not: We haven’t finished to eat.
She keeps changing her mind about the wedding.

New subject before -ing

Some of these verbs (e.g. can’t stand, dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss, put off and risk) can be
used with a new subject before the -ing form (underlined in the examples below). If the new subject
is a pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them):
We just couldn’t imagine Gerry singing in public.
Do you mind me being here while you’re working?
I don’t want to risk him losing his job.

3.3 Verbs followed by a to-infinitive or -ing

Hate, like, love, prefer
Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in mean-
ing is often small. The -ing form emphasises the verb itself. The to-infinitive puts the emphasis
more on the preference for, or the results of, the action.
Compare

-ing form to-infinitive

I love cooking Indian food. (empha-

I like to drink juice in the morning, and tea at lunchtime.
sis on the process itself and enjoy-
(emphasis more on the preference or habit)
ment of it)

She hates cleaning her room. (em-

I hate to be the only person to disagree. (emphasis more
phasis on the process itself and no
on the result: I would prefer not to be in that situation.)
enjoyment of it)

Most people prefer watching a film We prefer to drive during the day whenever we can. (em-
at the cinema rather than on TV. phasis more on the result and on the habit or preference.
(emphasis on the process itself and The speaker doesn’t necessarily enjoy the process of
enjoyment of it) driving at any time of day.)

Hate, like, love, prefer with would or should

When hate, like, love and prefer are used with would or should, only the to-infinitive is used, not
the -ing form:
She’d love to get a job nearer home.
Not: She’d love getting a job nearer home.
Would you like to have dinner with us on Friday?
To-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning
Some verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive or the -ing form, but with a change in meaning:

go on need remember try

mean regret stop want

Compare

-ing form to-infinitive

Working in London means leaving

I didn’t mean to make you cry. (I didn’t intend
home at 6.30. (Because I work in Lon-
to make you cry.)
don, this is the result or consequence.)

He went on singing after everyone She recited a poem, then went on to sing a
else had finished. (He continued lovely folk song. (She recited the poem first,
singing without stopping.) then she sang the song.)

I tried searching the web and finally I tried to email Simon but it bounced back. (I
 found an address for him. (I searched
tried/attempted to email him but I did not suc-
the web to see what information I
ceed.)
could find.)

We stopped to buy some water at the mo-

She stopped crying as soon as she
torway service area. (We were travelling and
saw her mother. (She was crying, and
we stopped for a short time in order to buy
then she didn’t cry anymore.)
some water.)

3.4 Verbs followed by an infinitive without to

Let, make
Let and make are followed by an infinitive without to in active voice sentences. They always have
an object (underlined) before the infinitive:
Let me show you this DVD I’ve got.
They made us wait while they checked our documents.
Not: They made us to wait …

Help
Help can be followed by an infinitive without to or a to-infinitive:
She helped me find a direction in life.
Everyone can help to reduce carbon emissions by using public transport.

3.5 Verbs followed by -ing or an infinitive without to

A group of verbs connected with feeling, hearing and seeing can be used with -ing or with an infini-
tive without to:

feel notice see

hear overhear watch

When they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in progress. When they are
used with an infinitive without to, they emphasise the action or event seen as a whole, or as com-
pleted.
Compare

-ing infinitive without to

She heard people shouting in the street below and I heard someone shout ‘Help!’, so I ran
looked out of the window. (emphasises that the to the river. (emphasises the whole event:
shouting probably continued or was repeated) the person probably shouted only once)

Emily saw Philip run out of Sandra’s of-

A police officer saw him running along the street.
fice. (emphasises the whole event from
(emphasises the running as it was happening)
start to finish)
3.6 Verbs followed by a direct object and a to-infinitive
Some verbs are used with a direct object (underlined) followed by a to-infinitive. These verbs in-
clude:

advise hate like persuade request

ask help love prefer teach

challenge instruct need recommend tell

choose intend order remind want

forbid invite

I advised him to get a job as soon as possible.

Did Martin teach Gary to play squash?
They want me to go to Germany with them.

4.0 Phrasal verbs

2-word phrases: VERB + PARTICLE
3-word phrases: VERB + ADVERB + PREPOSITION
- literal or idiomatic
- 4 types
- TYPE 1: verb + particle (no object) = INTRANSITIVE
He put on his coat and went out. (literal)
I didn't put enough wood on the fire and it went out. (idiomatic meaning)
- TYPE 2: verb + particle + object
I put up the picture. (literal)
I put up my sister for the night. (idiomatic)
- TYPE 3: verb + particle + object
She came across the room. (literal)
She came across an old friend while she was shopping. (idiomatic)
- TYPE 4: verb + particle + particle= A THREE-PART VERB
nearly always idiomatic
I get along very well with my boss.
I am looking forward to it.
5.0 Conditionals
Conditional IF-clause Main Clause USE
TYPE 0 If + Present Simple Present Simple - scientific truths
- general truths
If metal gets hot, it expands.
If you burn yourself, it hurts. - laws of nature
TYPE 1 If + any present form future imperative, - real situations
might, must, should,
may, can + bare infini-
tive

If it rains, we will stay at home.

TYPE 2 If + Past Tense would, could, might + - imaginary situation

bare infinitive in the present or fu-
ture
If I were you, I would tell her the - advice
truth.

If I had money, I would travel round

the world.

If he were here, he could help me.

TYPE 3 If + Past Perfect S./C. would, could, might, - imaginary situation

should + have + past in the past
participle - expressing criticism
If he had worked he would have been
harder, promoted.

Mixed conditionals:
Type 3 + Type 2:
If she had accepted his proposal, she would be married now.

Type 2 + Type 3:
If I were rich, I would have bought a car yesterday.

REMEMBER:
• Do not use Future Tense (will/would) with a future meaning in if-clauses. (except polite requests)
• there is no comma if the main clause comes first (no comma before "if")
• ways of introducing conditionals:
- if
- unless
- providing/provided that
- only if
- as long as
- suppose/supposing
- in case
- when, even if, on condition that
• inversion in if-clauses
If he should ring, tell him to come home.
Should he ring, tell him to come home.
• "but for" replaces "if not" and is followed by a noun (formal speech)
• Time Clauses:
when, as soon as, until, before, after usually followed by a present tense, not by will

wishes about: form use

Present I wish + past simple an imaginary situation
Past I wish + past perfect I wish I had gone to
your party last week.
Future I wish + could I wish June could meet
me next week.
I wish + didn't have
I wish I didn't have to
get up early tomorrow.

• I wish + would ( annoying habits, something we would like to happen)

• if + only ( replaces I wish for emphasis; If only I knew the answer!)
• It's time I/you/we + a past tense (an imaginary situation; Sorry, but it's time we went home.)
• I'd rather (when you want somebody to do something)
• I'd prefer + to infinitive ( to say what somebody wants; I'd prefer to go by car.)
• I hope (used for wishes that are actually possible)