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Biotech

Biotechnology involves the application of biology and technology. Some key developments include: 1) In the 1970s, scientists began modifying plant and animal genes by cutting and splicing DNA using restriction enzymes and ligase, then introducing the spliced DNA into bacteria or other host cells. 2) Major milestones include the first transgenic mice and fruit flies in 1982, and the invention of polymerase chain reaction in 1983 which allowed rapid DNA sequencing. 3) The Human Genome Project in 1990-2003 worked to map all human genes and DNA sequences. This furthered fields like genomics and helped address ethical issues around genetic research.

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13 views2 pages

Biotech

Biotechnology involves the application of biology and technology. Some key developments include: 1) In the 1970s, scientists began modifying plant and animal genes by cutting and splicing DNA using restriction enzymes and ligase, then introducing the spliced DNA into bacteria or other host cells. 2) Major milestones include the first transgenic mice and fruit flies in 1982, and the invention of polymerase chain reaction in 1983 which allowed rapid DNA sequencing. 3) The Human Genome Project in 1990-2003 worked to map all human genes and DNA sequences. This furthered fields like genomics and helped address ethical issues around genetic research.

Uploaded by

Jadidah Saripada
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3 | Biotechnology - Cut with restriction enzyme

- Spliced into a plasmid (circular bacterial DNA)


Biotechnology using ligase
- came from the words biology and technology. - Plasmid reintroduced into a bacterium
- 1970s - Gene copied whenever the bacterium divides
- Modifications of plant and animal are parts of - Non-bacterial gene can be expressed in the
biotechnology. bacterium.
- does not only include the study of biology, but also  1977
the applications of chemistry and engineering - Rapid sequencing of DNA developed.
combined.  1982
- Transgenic mice and fruit flies produced.
Traditional Modern  1983
Bagoong Recombinant DNA - Polymerase chain reaction invented by Kary Mullis
Technology  1985
Bread Animal cloning - Genetic fingerprinting developed by Sir Alec
Tuba GMO Jeffreys
Patis Gene therapy
Beer Plant hybridization D. Medicine
Wine Antibody production  1989 - Cystic fibrosis gene cloned and sequenced
Cheese Recombinant drugs  1990 - Trials for gene therapy begin.
Stem cell therapy
Biopharming E. Agriculture
Table 1. Examples of Traditional and Modern  1994 - Genetically modified organisms for food.
Biotech.
Human Genome Project
Timeline of Genetic Engineering > 1990-2003 - The human genome worked out
A. The Beginnings
 1869 - DNA isolated. Goals of the human genome project
 1944 - DNA proved to be the hereditary  identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000
material. genes in human DNA
 1953 - DNA structure determined.  determine the sequences of the 3 billion
chemical base pairs that make up human DNA
B. Working with DNA  store this information in databases
 1961  improve tools for data analysis
- DNA can be split on heating and stuck back  transfer related technologies to the private sector
together again on cooling (reannealing)  address the ethical, legal, and social issues
- DNA hybridisation possible (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
 1962
- The first restriction endonucleases discovered Genomics
Molecular scissors. - A branch of biotechnology concerned with applying
 1963 the techniques of genetics and molecular biology to
- The genetic code worked out the genetic mapping and DNA sequencing of sets of
- Discovered to be a universal code genes or the complete genomes of selected
 1967 organisms, with organizing the results in databases,
- DNA ligase discovered Molecular glue and with applications of the data.
- Fragments of DNA can be stuck together. - Over 13700 genomes for different species have
been sequenced in 2015
C. Recombinant DNA technology - over 2400 Eukaryotes sequenced
 1973 - About 587 of these are animals
- DNA cloning carried out on bacteria - Over 7300 prokaryotes (bacteria and
- Gene identified archaea) have been sequenced.
What is Genetic Engineering?

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer


- reported the first genetically engineered
microorganism was reported in 1973

Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulating


genes.
Recombinant DNA - the resulting fusion of genes
(DNA) from two or more organisms
Restriction enzymes - proteins often isolated from
bacteria used in cutting DNA molecules.

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