otus ees 1 Is it possible for a beam of infrared radiation to contain greater total energy than a beam of ultraviolet radiation? Explain your answer. 2 A metal plate is illuminated with a light of given frequency. Which of the following determine whether the electrons are emitted or not? (@) Time of exposure to the light. (b) Thermal conductivity of the metal. {c)_The type of metal. (@)_ The intensity of light. (©) The area of the plate. Explain. 3 When a metal surface is illuminated with light of a given wavelength, not all of the photoelectrons are ejected at the same speed. Explain this phenomenon. 4 A monochromatic light of wavelength 4 and intensity / is incident on a metal surface. As a result, photoelectrons are ejected at a certain speed from the metal surface. Describe the effect of using (a) _a monochromatic light of wavelength : Zand intensity I (b) a monochromatic light of wavelength 4 and intensity 21 (©) _a monochromatic light of wavelength 22. Quautizohion of Clactomedi clic Radnation > Photmes, What is the energy (in eV) of a photon of wavelength 400 nm? 3.x 10 x 3.0 x 108 aoRsiGe + 1.60 x 10" = 6.63 x 103.0% 108 500x107, = 3.978 x 10 J ©A light source emits 4 x 10 photons per second per square centimetre. Find the intensity of the radiation if the frequency of light is 5 x 10% Hz. Solutio Qt Intensity, J = total energy of all photons per second per square centimetre 1 = (aumber of photons per second per square em) x Af =4x 108 x 6.63 x 10 x 5 x 10 = 1.326 x 10° J s! cm? ~ 1326 1073s? 10%cm? szex 102 a A cm lcm? Im? = 0.1326 J s* = 0.1326 Wm? Work Function and Thresreld Frequency . An electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 280 nm is incident on a metal surface, The emitted electrons have maximum kinetic energy of 1.25 x 10"? J each. Calculate the lowest frequency required to remove the electrons from the metal surface. Solution From Wf = Kemet W Mea Kt W he Wat Kyu = 280x102? 1.25 x 10 =585x10"F Lowest frequency = threshold frequency, /, -% 88510" ~ 6.63x 10-* = 8.82 x 10" Hz, ‘The maximum wavelength of light which can produce photoelectrons from iron is 275 nm. © TAKE NOTE ‘Electrons which are deeper «the metal would ‘be emitted with kinetic. eneray [655 thal) Kee THIS is because more energy required to rermowe the. ection, Atthe same te ‘ote inforal collisions occur as the election passes through the metal surface, causing it 70 tase ove eneegy. |(@)_Caleulate the energy of a photon of light of this wavelength. (b) What is the work function of iron? {D Ir tight of wavelength 220 nm is used to illuminate an Hoe w taoe in a vacuum, What is the maximum Kinetic energy of the photoelectrons? Solution (a) E= Man he threshold frequency Poa 6.63 x 103.0 10° 275% 10° = 723x109 = (6.63 x 10*)( au of ) 75x10? 7.23 x10P IT 6.63 x 103.0 x 10% = SSAA ASO - » Ox Iee 7.23 x10 L8i x10? FFor a certain cathode material in a photoelectric effect experiment, Rebactmrsheap Bedutun a stopping potential of 1.0 V for light of wavelength 750 nm, 2.0'V ina Potenttar for 500 nm and 3.0 V for 375 nm. Determine the work function for poi this material. wae OH The photoelectric threshold wavelength of a tungsten surface is 272 nm. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons ejected from the tungsten surface by radiation of frequency 1.26 x 10!* Hz. Express the answer in electron volts, = 1.0413 x 10 J 4 _ 1.0413 x 10-8 : 1.60% 10" = 0.65 eV A light of wavelength 200 nm falls on nickel with a work function of 5.1 eV. Find (a) the kinetic energy, in electron-volt (@V), of the most energetic photoelectrons emitted. (b) the stopping potential in volts (©) the maximum speed of the photoelectrons. (mass of electrons = 9.11 x 10" kg) ®Le @) 2=200x 107 m, W Using Wf = Kyat W if W ake w i 6.63 103.0% 108 Baio? I~ 5.10V = 9.945 x 10° J-5.1 eV 9.945 x 10- : | Cigxige) eV ~ Sev 12eV | ©) Kur =e% O Kac@ Sra SE | 2x1, 12%1,60%1 9.11 105 6.27 x 108 ms? Checkpoint 24.2 1 When radiation of wavelength 184 nm is incident on a metal surface as shown in the figure below, the milliammeter reading falls to zero at a reverse voltage of 1.32 V. Fee ‘What is the work function of the metal in electron-volt (eV)? Photons of x J each are directed onto a photocathode with a work function of y J. A collector, which consists of a plate, is placed close to the photocathode. Write down an expression for (a) the maximum speed of the photoelectrons emitted, in terms of x, y and m. {b)_ the stopping potential required to prevent photoelectrons emitted with maximum kinetic | —~ energy at an angle @ to the cathode from reaching the collector, in terms of e, x, y and 8. (m = mass of the photoelectron, e = charge of electron) The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the atom is 13.6 eV. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron when a 55 nm photon is absorbed by the atom. Silicon is illuminated with light of wavelength 220 nm and the stopping potential is found to be 0.85 V. Itis then illuminated with light of wavelength 160 nm and the stopping potential becomes 2.97 V. Find(a) . the value of the Planck's constant, fh. (b)_ the work function of silicon, in electron-volt (eV). (e = 1.60 x 10°? C and c = 3.0 x 10" ms") 5A graph of stopping potential V, against frequency for three different metals 1, 2 and 3 illuminated by light of different frequencies is as shown, vay : ; fy fo fy ———> it Explain why the gradient of the graph for each metal is the same. © Explain how the value of Planck's constant can be determined from the graph of maximum kinetic energy King, against radiation frequency, Wawe - Partila. Duality . The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is 2 x 10" m. Calculate its (a) velocity. (b) kinetic energy, in electron-volt (eV). (mass of electron = 9.11 x 10°" ke)____6.63x 10 O11 10792 10°) = 3.64 x 10° mst (b) Kinetic energy = } mi? 5 (.11 x 1021)(3.64 x 1057 04 x 108 J 14 x 10-8 6010 = 37.75 eV 5 Show that the formula for the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is approximately yu 1228 VK nm, where K’= kinetic energy in electron-volt (eV)A particle has kinetic energy £. Find the kinetic energy of the particle when its de Broglie wavelength is doubled. F Solution Using tape t P I If Ais doubled, p is halved. 1 an GOP Pp Using = Lt = OPE pep If pis halved, E decreases by + Hence, kinetic energy = 2 rene 1 Calculate the wavelength of (a) 20.15 kg ball travelling at 0.12 m s*. (b) a neutron of mass 1.67 x 10 kg travelling at 6.2 x 10'm s*, 2. Calculate the wavelength of an electron with a kinetic energy of 15 eV, (mass of electron = 9.11 x 10" kg) 3. Find the kinetic energy of a proton with a wavelength of 0.20 m. mass of proton = 1.67 x 107 ke) 4 A moving proton and a moving electron have equal wavelengths. Determine the ratio of the kinetic energy of the electron to that of a proton. (mass of electron = 9.11 x 10" kg, mass of proton = 1.67 x 10” kg) 5 What is the wavelength associated with electrons that have been accelerated through a potential difference of 28 kV in a vacuum? {Charge of electron = 1.60 x 10" C, mass of electron = 9.11 x 10 kg) 6 How many volts of potential difference is needed to accelerate an electron in order to obtain a wavelength of 0.12 nm? (mass of electron = 9.11 x 107! kg)AMPLE 24.12 ‘An electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of x m is directed F towards a diffraction grating, producing a diffraction pattern, Using the same diffraction grating, derive an expression for the potential difference V required to accelerate a beam of electrons in terms of the charge of electron, e, mass of electron, m, Planck’s F constant ft and x. ‘Solution (1) i (2) Substitute (2) into (1), a Becton Wiarseepe- I 1 In the Davisson-Germer experiment, the electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2500 kV in a vacuum, Determine (a) the de Broglie wavelength. (b)_ the momentum, (the kinetic energy of the electron. (mass of electron 1x 102" kg, charge of electron = 1.60 x 10 C, h = 6.63 x 10* J 5) 2 A microscopic object is observed using an optical microscope. The optical microscope uses visible light of wavelength 6 x 107 m. An electron microscope using electrons which have been accelerated through a potential difference of 4800 V is used to observe the same object, Compare the resolving power.A hydrogen atom absorbs a photon and as a result, an electron is excited from the ground state to the first excited state. The nth energy level of the hydrogen atom is given by E, the energy of the absorbed photon. Solution Energy of the absorbed photon = BE, COTTE ZATS An electron which is initially in the third excited state makes a transition to the ground state. What is the wavelength of the emitted photon? Solution 1 1 PEG pipebsetst sl see tetlea tia (Ne ay (ee = CBx10 3.0% 10) [c3.9(@) -¢ Bo(G)] x 1.60 x 10” 2.=9,75 x 10m EXAMPLE 24.15 k acacia Calculate the maximum and minimum wavelength in the Balmer TAKE NOTE! series. 5 KE, 6) mist be cteates i, ‘in joules to obtain the ~ Solution vale of 4 This is done by Leslie 8 ‘mullpiving (by U The Ee Fd fector 1,60 » 10+ In order for the wavelength A to be the maximum, £, = Ey. aes F east Ta “he % 1 A) _cas.6(4 = [email protected]) [c3.9@)-c3.0()] % 1.60 x 10° Aggy = 6.58 x 107m In order for the wavelength A to be the minimum, E, 1 pe 1 As A * "(6.63 x 103.0 10) [a 30 ()- 13.6(5)] j x 1.60 x 10-” Dag = 3.66 X 10m IWhich state i ne (@)_ orbital radius. (b) speed. (©) angular momentum. (@ centripetal acceleration, 3. Find the energy, in electron-volt (eV), of a hydrogen atom in the ground state. 4 Abydrogen atom is in the ground state, Find the longest wavelength that it will absorb. 5. Compute the wavelength of the fifth line in the Lyman series. the hydrogen atom corresponds to a radius of 0.8496 nm? ‘An electron is in the n= 3 orbit of a hydrogen atom. Calculate the Excttdtm Knergy and lowigetim sale ‘A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited to the energy level corresponding to n= 3. (a) Calculate the excitation energy. (>) Find the speed of the bombarding electron which would cause the excitation of the above hydrogen atom. (mass of electron = 9.11 10" kg) tion Excitation energy = E,- E, 13.6 (b) Kinetic energy 9.1 x 10 2.06 x 10° ms rm? = 12.1 « 1.60 10° 2(12.1)(1.60 10") ‘A gas of monoatomic hydrogen in the ground state is bombarded with a beam of electrons that have been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 12.1 V, Which spectral lines would you expect to observe? solution When the hydrogen atom absorb 12.1 e¥, it will be raised to energy level n = 3 from the ground state Therefore, when the atom returns to the ground state, the possible spectral lines are the first two Lyman lines and the first Balmer line. ee | Tyman fret ‘and second inesSeon + Aradiation of wavelength 80 nm ionised a hydrogen atom in the ground state Calculate the Velocity of the electron removed from the ground state (mass of electron = 9.11 x 10°" kg) (rs ot athe wavelength ofthe photon that would fonise a hydrogen atom in the = 2 state and give the ejected electron a kinetic energy of 8.2 eV. 3 Tind.the maximum wavelength of radiation which will jonise a hydrogen atom in the ground state X-Rays For each of the following, provide a suggestion as to how it can be achieved in an X-ray tube. (@) An increase in the intensity of X-rays {b) A deerease in the minimum wavelength of the X-ray spectrum. (a) Increase the current in the beam of electrons. (b) Tncrease the potential difference between the anode and the cathode. Checkpoint 24.7 1. The energy levels for the K, L and M shells of silver are as listed. © Kshell: -25.51 eV © L-shell: -3.56 eV © M-shell: 0.53 keV crear the wavelengths of the K, and K, peaks when electrons strike the silver target in an X-ray tube. 2 The graph shows the intensity against wavelength for X-rays produced from an X-ray tube. Intensity —> Wavelength ie 52x 10%m {@)_ Find the potential difference between the anode and cathode which would produce the above graph. (by. Sketch the X-ray spectrum obtained if the potential clference between the anode and | aethode is greater than the value in (a. Label the spectrum as Q- 3. Explain the following, (a) The continuous X-ray spectrum (b). The characteristic X-ray spectrum {The minimum wavelength of X-ays produced from an Yoray tube. 44 State the factor which determine the values of the wavelengths of Kgand Ky Land lp peaks. ) - ©Minirwun Wavelogh of X-Rays. The operating voltage of an X-ray tube is 96 KV with a beam current of 1 mA. If its efficiency is 0.9%, determine (a) the number of electrons hitting the target per second, (b)_ the X-ray energy produced per second (©) the heat energy dissipated per second. (@) the minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced. Solution Q_ne qo2 a" Oe cai: 1x10 x1 1.6010 () Electrical power supplied to the tube, P = VI (96 x 105)(1 x 10°) = 6.25 x 10% ‘X-ray energy produced per second (©) Heat energy dissipated per second @ Aya ts i eV 6.63 10°9G.0x10)_ (1.60 x 10#)(96x 10°) =1.29x10"'m Checkpoint 24.8 1 An Xsray tube produces a potential difference of 35 kV between the anode and cathode, Calculate the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced, 2. Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of 40 kV towards a target. As a result, 600 J of thermal energy is produced per second. However, only 1% of the energy supplied by the electrons is converted into X-rays, Find the average rate at which the electrons strike the target, 3 The beam of current of 10 mA is accelerated through a potential difference of 35 kV in an X-ray tube. Find @)__ the number of electrons colliding with the anode per second. (b) the electrical power supplied to the X-ray tube. (©) the energy in the form of X-rays produced each second if the ef is 0.8%. (@) the heat energy dissipated per second. X-Ray VPRaction In an X-ray spectrometer, a narrow beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.156 nm is directed onto a crystal. The detector picks up the first- order maximum at an angle of 45.2° from the beam axis, Find (@) the orientation of the lattice planes (b) the spacing of the lattice planes. Jency of the X-ray tubeSolution _ 1 @ S226 Photons ) Summary i (b) 0=22.6°, n= 1 (first order), A= 0.156 x 10° m zl i J : Using 2d sin @= nd i oN [Bundles of energy of light 4= J sin = 10,156 10" |_| Photoclectric effect: emission of electrons from a metal surface 2 sin 22.6° | illuminated by light. = 2.03 x 10" m " | Threshold frequency, f,: minimum frequency of the in: | an electron to escape from the metal surface. ‘A beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.065 nm reaches a erystal and produces a first-order di : 5 "| Stopping potential, V,: the reverse voltago applied to prevent action maximum at an angle of 18°. | i a ie ‘otoelectrons from reaching the anode in Calculate the spacing between the atomic planes. , | Fhotoeel eo eg ‘Solution = 0.065 x 104 m, n= 1, O= 18° | f= Planck’s constant Using 2d sin 0 = ni, | f= frequency goth ~2sin _ 10,065 107 =~ Qsin 18° = 1.05 x 107 m Where work function, W/= minimum amount of energy required for an Checkpoint 24.9 electron to escape the metal surface. Show that diffraction is not observed if the X-ray wavelength is more than twice the distance cd between two adjacent planes of atoms in a crystal. 2 Abeam of X-rays of wavelength 1.28 x 10° m is incident on a crystal. Given that the spacing between the lattice planes is 2.19 x 10° m, determine the range of orders of diffraction which is not possible. 3. Monochromatic X-rays impinge on a crystal in which the spacing of the atomic planes is 0.5010 nm. The first-order diffraction maximum occurs when the incident and reflected X-rays make an angle of 30.0° with the crystal planes. Find the wavelength of the X-rays. 4. X-rays of wavelength 0.126 nm are incident on a crystal whose atoms are in planes which are spaced 0.212 nm apart. At what angle must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is observed?Electron microscope uses an electron beam which has a wavelength many times smaller than that of light used in an optical microscope. Hence, the resolving power of an electron microscope is many times greater than that of an optical microscope. Bohr's first postulate: An electron of mass m and charge ¢ travelling with speed vin a circular orbit of radius r about a nucleus has an Bohr’s second postulate: When an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level n’ to a lower energy level n, the difference in ‘energy between the levels is radiated as a photon of frequency 7, i.e. Excitation energy: Energy required by an electron to break free from the ground state (= 1) to a higher level. lonisation energy: Energy required by an electron to break free from ‘the attraction of the nucleus.Characteristic spectrum consists of sharp peaks of high intensity at specific wavelength which are unique to every metal. Minimum wavelength of X-ray, Api, = Diffraction of X-rays using a crystal obeys Bragg’s equ: nd where n= 1, 2, 3.. | Asstudy of properties of structures of size smaller than several ~ hundreds of nanometre. = FOCUS ON EXAM 24 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. The intensity of the radiation used ina 2 Light with constant intensity is incident - photoelectric experiment is halved. | ona photocell which is connected to a ce Which of the following is the new | direct current voltage source. Which of ao graph obtained? the following graphs shows the variation : A c | of the current / through the photocell one v f M with the voltage V of the source? ( dae train CayRReRSERNEr AT ae 3. Light of frequency fis incident on the surface of a metal, If the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron is K and h is Planck’s constant, what is the threshold frequency of the metal? A If-K Cc K-if pa WK Koh D A transmitting station emits light of wavelength 4 at a power P. The rate of emission of photons is given by (h= Planck’s constant, ¢ = speed of light) Ah Pe A Pe Sra he Pa era he! ‘An experiment is performed to show the photoelectric effect. The frequency of the light is kept constant while the intensity is increased. Which quantity below will increase? A The momentum of the photoelectrons will increase. B The emission rate of the photoelectrons. C_ The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. D__ The minimum de Broglie wavelength of the photoelectrons. Caer In the photoelectric effect, the energy of the photon is used A. to release the electron from the lattice only. B as the kinetic energy of the electron only. C to release the electron from the lattice and as the kinetic energy of the electron. D by the electron to produce a new electron called photoelectron. ee 7 10 A semiconductor films become better electric conductors when illuminated with photons of energies greater than 1.20 eV, What is the corresponding maximum wavelength of the photon? A 3.51x10m B 4.18 x 10% m C 536% 10" m D = 106x10%m A photocell consists of a material of threshold frequency f., If the monochromatic light of the frequency 3f, is directed to the photocell, its stopping potential is a Sh c 2h e e Hh @ B My : Determine the de Broglie wavelength of an oxygen molecule in the air at room temperature, (mass of oxygen molecule = 5. room temperature = 20 °C, k= 138x102 IK) A 162% 10m B 3.93 x 10m C 261 x10" m D 293 10m 3x 10 ke, According to de Broglie, an electron of velocity v may behave like a wave of wavelength A. Which of the following graphs shows the variation of Awith v? A c 2 t f 'WL 12 If Z.is the wavelength of a particle with momentum p, which graph has a gradient equal to the Planck’s constant? A Cc B > ¢ a ¢ ie B D ° p 4 ae o % 6 Be AME In a photoelectric effect experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is irradiated on a metal surface to produce photoelectrons. If the stopping potential is 1.16 V, what is the threshold wavelength of the metal? A 937m. Cc 1010nm B 968nm =D 1210nm Which statement is true of de Broglie wavelength? A The wavelength of a photon is independent of its momentum. B The wavelength of an object in motion is directly proportional to its momentum. 15 16 C_ The velocity of an object is directly proportional to its mass. D The greater the kinetic energy of an electron, the shorter is the wavelength of the electron. Cinna Electron can be considered as waves because they A have mass. B can be diffracted. C move ina straight line. D__ have linear momentum. Et Actual In an X-ray tube, the characteristic line spectrum is produced when A an electron in the target atom undergoes a transition from outer orbit to the inner orbit. B_ the kinetic energy of an electron is converted into a photon during deceleration. the mass of an electron is converted into heat energy. an electron is knocked out from the target atom. In 1913, Neils Bohr suggested several postulates to explain the origin of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Which of the following is not true of the suggestion? ‘A. The energy of the atom is discrete. B The angular momentum of an orbiting electron is quantised. C The linear momentum of an orbiting electron may have any value. D The radiation energy emitted corresponds to the difference between two energy levels. Paks rem is17 What is the radius of the orbit corresponding to n = 4 of the hydrogen atom? (& = 8.85 & 10 Fmt, h = 6.63 10 Js, m=9.11 x 10% kg, € = 1.60 x 10” C) A 7.96 107 m B 8.50 x 10m C 941 x 10m D 635 10%m 18 Which of the following statement is not true of Bohr's atomic model? A Radiation is emitted when an electron orbits in the allowed orbits. B The angular momentum of an electron in the allowed orbit is an i h integer multiple of J. C The electron in the orbit nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy level. D_ The Coulomb force between the nucleus and electron maintains the electron in its orbits. Beers ix 19 The figure shows the energy levels of the hydrogen atoms. one ostey nas ev nag ——_________-181 ev 22 ——________ av a=. ——_______ - 1a ev Which transition produces radiation of wavelength 436 nm? A n=4ton=1 B n=4ton=2 C n=Ston=1 D n=5ton=2 20. ‘The figure shows some of the energy levels of an atom. & B 5 5 ‘The maximum number of the spectral lines produced by the transition of electrons from these four energy levels is a 2 &@# B4 D 6 em 21. Four energy levels of an atom and the line spectrum produced from the electron transitions between the energy levels are shown in the diagrams (a) and (b) below respectively. 5 5 5 @ ® Which transition produces P and Q lines? 2) Q A EB, EE, B EOL EE, Cc Boz ££, D Bo EE, | 22 Which energy-level diagram represents the energy levels of an atom? AC Enegy pemaacentiiey acmnient23. An X-ray tube emits X-rays of ‘minimum wavelength 2g, When the potential difference V is applied across the tube. If a graph of Ang against + is v plotted, the gradient is aoe oe % e e Bye D he e The penetration power of X-rays which is produced from an X-ray tube can be increased by ‘A. increasing the current which flows through the cathode. B increasing the potential difference between the anode and the cathode. C focusing the electron beam by using a collimator. D using an anode made of an element of large atomic number. ne pn 25 The graph shows a spectrum produced 27 by an X-ray tube. Intensity ones ‘Wavelonath If the accelerating voltage is raised, A. the value of Ajj, will decrease. B_ the value of Api, will increase. C the wavelength of the characteristic lines K, and K, will decrease. D__ the wavelength of the characteristic lines K, and K, will increase. aes In an X-ray tube, the minimum. wavelength produced is 4.0 x 10m. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode is decreased to half of the original value, the minimum wavelength becomes A 20x10" m B 4.0x10"%m C 80x10" m D 16x10m ema ‘The graph shows the X-ray spectra I and II produced by an X-ray tube when it is operated at two different voltages. FelaiveitenstyWhich statement explains why the minimum wavelength of spectrum IT is longer than that of spectrum I? A A lower voltage is used to produce spectrum IT. B_ A higher voltage is used to produce spectrum II. CA lighter element is used as the target material to produce spectrum IL DA heavier clement is used as the target material to produce spectrum 0. Pen 28 When a beam of X-ray of wavelength 3.10 x 10-m is directed at a glancing angle of 26.5° to a crystal, a second order diffraction is observed. What is the interplanar distance of the crystal? A 3.88 x 10" m B 695x 10m C 7.7610" m D = 139x 10% m 29 The minimum wavelength of the X-rays emitted from an X-ray tube depends on A. the material of the target. B__ the material of the filament. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS 1 The work function for Cesium is 2.14 eV. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from Cesium surface when illuminated by light of wavelength 565 nm, Sse 2 Ina photoelectric experiment, light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on a metallic surface with work function 23eV. C the current through the filament. i D_ the accelerating potential of the | X-ray tube, j ce M | 2OHOPAOAr 30. The diffraction of X-rays in crystals is shown in the diagram below. ‘The maximum diffraction occurs only when the angle a between the incident ray and the reflected ray is between 50.0° and 108.0° respectively. What are the possible values of the wavelength A of the X-ray and the interatomic spacing d of the crystal? 7 pease B 073 c Hi - D ee) E Caso (a) Determine the velocity of the most energetic electrons ejected from the surface. (6) Calculate the stopping potential. ERIC i 3. A light beam of wavelength 0.110 nm collides with an atom. After the collision, an electron is emitted with kinetic energy 180 eV. @ f(a) Calculate the energy absorbed by the atom. (b) Calculate the velocity of the electron emitted. (a) Explain de Broglie equation. (b) (i) Calculate the ratio of the kinetic energy of electron and the kinetic energy of proton if both of them have the same de Broglie wavelength. i) If the proton has de Broglie wavelength of 6.0 x 10° m, calculate the potential needed to accelerate it from rest to achieve this wavelength. (mass of proton = 1.6 x 10” kg mass of electron = 9.11 x 107! kg charge of electron = 1.60 x 10" C) Electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1500 V in a vacuum. Many electrons are found to emerge from a very thin crystal with a deflection of 2°. When the accelerating potential is halved, calculate (a) the ratio of the new electron speed to the initial speed. (b) the new wavelength of the electron. (©) the new angle of deflection. (charge of electron = 1.6 x 10-8 C, mass of electron = 9.11 x 107 kg, h= 6.63 x 10% Js) ‘The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is given by the equation Alenia = — 3S ev, where n=1, 2,3 (a) Calculate the energy of the electron in the ground state, State your answer in joule (J). An electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from energy level n= 5 to energy level n = 2 and emits a photon. @ (b) Find the energy emitted by the atom, in electron-volt (eV) (©) Determine the wavelength of the emitted photon, (d) State the series in which the line spectra due to the photon is located. 7 The figure shows three of the energy levels of a bydrogen atom. 28 ———_ -ossev neg casey neg <5 07 (a) What are the frequencies of radiation which are emitted resulting from transition between these levels? (6) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the emitted radiation lies. 8 (a) State the difference between the production of a continuous spectrum and a characteristic spectrum of X-rays. (b) Calculate the shortest wavelength of X-ray emitted by electron striking the surface of a 20 kV television picture tube. E me 9 (a) State the principle of the production of X-ray. (b) If the potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 25 kV, calculate (i) the speed of the electron that strike the target. (i) the minimum wavelength of aK@ 1 @ () © 2 @) (b) © State the two types of energy Determine the energy, in eV, that is possessed by an electron orbiting required to ionise it? the nucleus. (©) Anelectron with energy 1.90 x 10-8 J State and explain Bohr’s postulate collides with a hydrogen atom in for hydrogen atom. its ground state and the electron Determine the possible wavelengths is deflected. If the hydrogen atom of the emitted photons when an is excited with its electron in the electron makes a transition energy level n = 2, calculate the (from the third excited state to energy of the deflected electron the ground state. (The energy level for hydrogen atom (i) fom the fith ected state to is “236 oy, were nis an ntge) A hydrogen atom is excited with its electron in the energy level n = 5. ESSAY QUESTIONS (Define the stopping potential in photoelectric effect. Gi) State four most important results from a photoelectric effect experiment. The work function for cesium is 2.14 eV. (i) Calculate the maximum wavelength of light that ejects electron from a Cesium target. Gi) If light of wavelength 452 nm is illuminated on Cesium, calculate the maximum, kinetic energy of photoelectron. If this page of the question paper is illuminated by 120 W m of light with wavelength 550 nm, calculate (@_ the power received by an area 1.0 em? i) the number of photons striking each square centimeter per second. Laisa State de Broglie’s hypothesis and give the relationship between momentum p and wavelength A of a particle. In an electron diffraction experiment, an electron beam which is accelerated on a potential difference is incident normally on a very thin gold film. (@® If the voltage at the anode is increased, what happens to the circular rings? (i) If a particular ring of radius R is chosen and different values of accelerating 1 voltage V are recorded, sketch a graph of R against —. gi gray Bi Ww () A 60 kg marathon runner runs at a speed of 5.0 ms”. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the marathon runner. (i) Explain briefly the production of continuous and characteristic X-rays. na @.sranalaland 3 (a) State Bohr’s postulate for an atom. (b) The following diagram shows an electron of mass m and charge -e moving at speed ».in a circular orbit of radius r around a nucleus. If the force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus provides the centripetal acceleration of the electron, derive an expression for the radius of the nth orbit of the electron. (© Anelectron in a Bohr orbit has kinetic energy 8.64 x 10 J. Calculate the speed of the electron. Determine the allowed orbit. Calculate the radius of the orbit. Ea 4 (a) (i State the range of wavelengths for X-rays. (ii) Sketch a labelled diagram for a modern X-ray tube. (iii) Explain the difference between continuous spectrum and characteristic spectrum for X-rays. (b) The potential difference across an X-ray tube is 20 kV and the current flowing through the tube is 18 mA. Heat is generated at the rate of 258 W at the anode of the tube. (i) State a physical property of the substance used as the target metal. (ii) Calculate the speed of the electron just before hitting the anode. (iii) Determine the rate of change of electric energy to X-ray energy of the tube. State a reason for the small percentage of electric energy converted into X-ray energy. eSTPM_)-2078/28/020)@® ouantumpaysics Checkpoint 24.1 1. Itis possible. The amount of energy depends on. the frequency and the number of photons. A beam of lower frequency can have greater energy if it has more photons, 2. (©) Different metals have different threshold 4. (a) Using Af= K+ W frequencies, hee 3. Blectrons which are closer to the surface require pene oaee less energy to escape compared to the electrons When A= 220 x 10° mand V, = 0.85 V further from the surface. Hence, electrons closer to #G.0%10 the surface are emitted at greater speed. Dota = 1.60% 1070.85) + Cy 4, (@) Photoelectrons are ejected at greater speed. (©) More photoelectrons of the same speed are ee = 160% 10m and V,=2.97V ejected. 13.0% 108 es (©) No photoelectrons are emitted. TOOxIO7 ~ 160% 102.97) + 7...) @-() Checkpoint 24.2 S111 x 10h = 3.39% 10- ‘ ae ees 6.63 x10 Fs? 7 V+ W, where Kau = eY, (b) Substituting h = 6,63 x 10-™ J s* into (1), W=hf-ev, es a 6.63 10°93.0%109 _ 4 ggg = ar, BIDE WO J a= 0.60% 10-9085) + 7 = W=7.68x10-%5 = 6.63 109.051 a Oa 60 x 10°)(1.32) = 7.68% 10-9 = 8.70% 10-97 6X10 8.70% 10-" =48eV 1.60% 10 5. Fromif'=K,,.+W 4375 eV lev + 2. (@) Using Af= K+ y= (i) xeKaty ee Koa =¥~ 7 2. Gradient = Mau =2-Y =f : Ne ©) ve : cathode ina i ema! ¥ em golocor tenoss) Kou = eV, Frm, sin? = eV, (&— y) sin? @ = eV, O18 kgm st 6.6310 Pp 0018 68 x 10m © pen = (1.67 1096.2 10 ‘nen ane Lo -[(S2 109G.0x 10/1 (65x10) 60x10A, 6.63x10% Pp 1.0354x10™ =6.40x 10? m h PamK as 2, Using a = 6.63 x 10 17 x 10" ma. Vs i Im Ime = 6.63 x10 2067x107 0.2F 29 x 10°F kinetic energy h NimK For the electron, 2, = h Using a= 4 = Vink Vine™ 6.63 x10 =7.34x 10" m h 6. Using a ime R 2med (6.6310? 1. (a) Using a= VIXDAT 1015 1.60% 10 Checkpoint 24.5. > FOTO KL. 60x 100.12 x10 h VimeV™ Be 6.63 x 10 > NAOT 101.60 x 10-*)(2500 x 105) 77x10 m A _ 6.63x10™% ©) PRT a0 ee SI oa ig © R= ge 26.1110) 73991 h 8.53% 10 kgm 5 Pamev 6.6310 V29.11 x 1001.60 1074800) = 1.7710" m Since the wavelength of the electron microscope is L710" 1 P LDA ~ aqoug times that of visible Tight, the resolving power of the electron microscope is approximately 34 000 times that of an optical microscope. eft 1 n-(B)e ae eft FOLIO YI. 6x 10 O.8A9GX 10) 7 (8.85% 10-)(6.63 x 10™P 4.78 x10" m ie eee Vy ‘Germ 1.60% 10) = \ 4m8.85 x 10-)(4.78 x 1099.11 x 10), =7.27x10ms =n (©) Angular momentum = TE 66.6310) 2 =3.17x 10% 3st (@) Centripetal accelerationCheckpoint 24.7. 1. Energy involved in K, peak [3.56 ~ (-25.51)](1.60 x 10°) = 3.512 x 10" mensxto Nearer |p) * (60x10) =-13.6eV ~Ey)= FEB) Bw 0x 109) 3512x10™ Energy involved in K, peak = [0.53 ~ (-25.51)](1.60% 10") = 4.0 x 10-7 {[-3.4 = (-13.6)](1.60 x 10-9} Using £ = 2, 5.66 x 10° m in oar haa wavelength 2 to be the longest, = (6.63 1079(3.0 109) Ae _ (Gs1096.0%10) a a= Coa eIo da Foxe = 49710 f =1.22x107m he k a 2. (a) Using eV = s.4=4@-B) k x he pra He = 16.63% 109.0% 10) i 1 [-136( ) Che, (160x107 Y(S2x 10%) t CBXINIEOXIO & = 2390.625V i a " © a B96 (f +) pea 60x 10°) eae f 2. = 9.40% 10m r Checkpoint 24.6. aa 2 ' 1. fm = — Gonisation energy) wevelength t 2 Baxioee t } fm my =~ (E,— E,) 3. (a) The continuous X-ray spectrum is produced f | 5 ‘when the fast moving electrons from the L | vee : -E- 5) cathode are decelerated on hitting the target b j anode. Different electrons convert different i | 2 (BRIO OKI 9 — amounts of their kinetic energies into X-ray | aabe| — aoxie OB OKI" *} photons of different wavelengths, resulting in 8.25% 10'me the continuous spectrum. ; I ie (b) The characteristic X-ray spectrum isa result i 2. (EE) + KE. of the electrons from the cathode knocking r | ae he out inner shell electrons from the target, t E-E)FKE atoms. When the vacant shells are refilled Ea | = (6.63% 1093.0» 10%) by free electrons, X-ray photons of specific : | 136) 5 wavelengths are emitted. tr | [o-C-38) +82 lo ae, (© The minimum wavelength 2,,, occurs when all 2 =107x ee energy of the accelerated electron is converted i | 3. Energy of radiation = ionisation energy i ‘into an X-ray photon in a single collision, 4, Type of metal used as tanget. : Checks 24.8 aeons ~ (6.63%10*).0% 105) = O83 1079G.010) = 9 14x 10m 1 a= 5 OSORIO o-(-B9]ceoxo = 3.55% 10m nyoonrmpeeperreramen‘Since 99% of the energy supplied is thermal energy, electrical power supplied = 49 x 600 = 606.1 W { However, electrical power supplies = 17 = (9) t = A0HI0 “sos .108 toe 1x10 () P=0r = 5% 10(10x 109) =350W Ffcieney = X:Tt 1 0.2922n> 1 n> 3.422 Hence, diffraction of order equal to 4 and above are not possible. sin 2. Electrical thermal energy X-ray energy power supplied = produced per + per second second 3. d=0.5010x 10 m, @= 30.0%, 2 Using 2d sin @= nA, jx 2dsing _ 20.501 x10) sin 30° ieee eee emer at = 5.01 x10" m 4, 2=0.126% 10 m, d= 0.212 10 m,n Using 2dsin @= ni, eas (ee 126% 103) sin \2x0.212x 107, Checkpoint 24.10 _ 1, + Songer and lighter materials, + Motors on molecular scale, + Faster computers. + More efficient catalyst. ‘+ Higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. Focus on Exam 24 Objective Questions 1. D: Threshold frequency depends only on the frequency of radiation 2D 3 BKSA-WEW-M, a= it-K YK he - 5 an Pa + Rate of emission of photons = 2 == ‘5. B: The rate of incoming photons increases as the intensity increases. Hence, the ate of emission of photoelectrons increases. N= Ky W = 6:63 103.0% 108 Aaa = T3060 % 10 04% 106m V, = W3f.) — hf, = 2hf,(6.63 x 103.0% 10°(500% 10°) = GRTRIT*YE.O% 1D) ~ (1.60 10) (16) S00% 10) y= 9.37 107 m =937 nm h 1B D:A= VameK where m = mass of electron = charge of electron K = kinetic energy of electron. 14, B: Only waves can be diffracted. 1A 16. C: Linear momentum of an orbiting electron can only take up certain values. 18, A: Radiation is emitted when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level he _ 6.63 103.0% 10" asx 107 56% 10-3 4.56% 10-8 Tex 285 eV n= 59 n=2-054— (3.39) = 285 eV 9. DE 2. vs e By Ee « 2. b: Er @ oi ts f a 22, Az Difeenc in eer been ees decree an incresen, 2 ae 2» ; -#) 25. A: From ag = Sy dees when Viernes If Vis halved, 4,,,, is doubled. fe 1 aap he D Since Ap, for spectrum > Aygfor spectrum I, Vor spectrum II is lower, than V for spectrum I 28. Bs 2d sin O= wh 2d sin 26.5° = 2.10 10%), d= 695 x10" m 27, A: From =[Ssxarneox109), 565 x 107 6.02x 107 eV t PO rere acre= (6.63% 10-93.0% 10) 5S BDH IT = 74x10] = {20-4x10%) Yow = VOTO (©) e¥,= privy, = 14K 10S 24x10 1.60% 107 3. (a) Energy absorbed by atom = energy of photon ~ K.E. of electron he 180 [fe 63x 10°*9(3.0 x 10" 0.110% 10° -11 x 10'eV. ~ 2.3)(1.60 10) .03 x 10° m st 0.463 1 rane 80eV [2(180)(1.60 x 10") 9.11 x10 7.95x 10° ms? 4. (a) The wavelength of waves associated with a pate in moon given by = wher 2.= wavelength of particle, k= Planck's constant and p= momentum of particle. © @ Using =p me = OOP =F = 1833.15 Gi) Electric potential energy = Kinetic energy ie Se Wee rave * acs 2 pe (0) Using = Fe 663%10% 4.48 x 10m (© From nA = 2d sin 6, sin Be 2 ! i 1 ie From = 2meV = (13.6)(1.60.x 10) = 2.176 x 10-8 = 136_(_13.6 BH 8-(-BS) © © E=(2.856)(1.60 x 10-%) he _ ye Beaas7x10 = (6.63 x 10°99(3.0% 105) 4.57x10°9 (@) Balmer series 1. @ f= By- Ba f= Fromn=5 ton =3, )1(1.60 x 10" 63x10 .32 x 104 Hz, From n= 4 ton = 3, i = £0.85 ~(-1.5)](1.60% 10-") / a 66310 = 1.57x 10" Hz Fromn=5ton=4, 856 eV 57x 10 = 4.35107 m54 — (-0.85)].60x 10") 6:63 x 10™ = 7.48 x 103 Hz (b) Infrared 8. (a) Continuous spectrum is produced when fast electron from the cathode are decelerated on impact with the target. The decrease in energy of decelerated electrons is radiated as photons in the continuous spectrum, Characteristic x-ray is produced when a vacancy in the inner shell of the target atom is filled by an electron from a higher shell. The difference in energy of the electron is radiated as a characteristic x-ray photon. ©) eva = (6.63 x 10-¥Y3.0% 108) (1.60% 10)(20x 10°) 22% 107m 9. (@) X-ray is produced when fast electrons are decelerated on collision with a heavy metal. ©) @ dme=er : = ve vet i PL 60x10 HASH IO) STs10™ 37x 10'ms" he _ (6.63% 1093.0 10" Gi) dase 27 60><10P\2SX 10) = 49710" m 10. (a) Kinetic energy and electric potential energy. (©) An electron of mass m and charge e travelling with speed v in a circular orbit of radius r about nucleus has an angular momentum sven by 1-= mr, = ‘When an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level nto a lower energy level nthe difference in energy between the levels s radiated as a photon of frequency f, Pos ie Wf=8,-E, 0 @ t=he-H=E( =136(41 1 ira) Es 13.6 (2 4) CBX GOIN TF x (1.60 x 10") 4=9.75x10%m @ Lonisation energy Essay Questions 1. @) @ Minimum reverse potential required to (©) @ Power pean @ 13.6 ( (a1) ) CBX H\EOXION\E > (1.60x 10°") A= 1.10% 10m oz (©) Excitation energy = ~ E, I 49 0.2eV 0.2 * 1.6 10 J 632 10° J Energy of the deflected electron 1,90 10 — 1.632 x 10 } = 2.68 x 10°F stop all photoelectrons from reaching the anode, + Minimum frequency (threshold frequency) of the electromagnetic radiation isrequired > to eject electrons from a metal surface. + Photoelectrons are emitted instantaneously. + Photoelectric current increases when the intensity of electromagnetic radiation + Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron depends on the frequency of incident electromagnetic radiation and not the intensity of the radiation. he &) @ Ww = fig, =e = (6.63% 10°9.0%105) 72.14.6010) 81x 107m he y= 6.63% 1093.0% 108) (8) Ko =~ Y= (452 x 1079.60 x10" - ~2.14= 0.610 eV prepares maepgg - he a Gi) Power = v(t) r y= l.0120{550 x 10 2 6.63% 10" B.0x 107 - 32x 10 photons s* | k2. (a) A particle moving with a velocity v behaves as awave of wavelength 2, where f= Plank’s constant (b) () When the voltage increases, 2 decreases and the radii of the circular rings ~~ decreases, ai) 3 4 pats | °O Ww : ‘Velocity of electron, v after experiencing 4 acceleration through a voltage ¥ is / mt = ev fier de Broglie’s wavelength, ae ee IF 6is small, sin @~ @ rad Using Brage’s equation, 2d sin 0 = n2. 2d 0=n2 420) = nr Since Bis small, 20rad = tan 20=4 hk From dQ) = nA and 2= meV pede ntealie aN2meV VV + The experimental result is in agreement with de Broglie’s hypothesis. © @A= G)_ Continuous X-ray spectrum is produced ‘when fast electrons are decelerated during collisions with @ heavy metal. X-rays of various wavelength are produced due a to the fraction of kinetic energy of the electrons which is converted into a photon Xray is random in nature Characteristic X-ray spectrum is produced when an eleeton from the inner shell of the target atom is ejected from the inner shell toa higher shell drops back to the inner shel. The difference of ths energy between the shells emitted as a photon of characteristic X-ray 3. (@) + Anlectron can only orbit the nucleus in discrete allowed orbits such that angular momentum of the electron = n() where is Planck's constant and n = 1, 2,3, + When an electron drops from higher energy level B,,t0 a lower energy level Fy the difference in energy ofthe electron is, radiated ata photon of frequency f EL-E= If (b) Angular momentum = nA) wo) meee =e A) Centripetal force = a a ee) Substitute (2 into (1), ne (em) re radius ofthe nth orbit 7, melt me © @ Kinetic energy = 4 my? y= [EO], 9.1110 = 4.36 x 10'ms* Gi) Total energy of the electron in the nth orbit, H, = K, the kinetic energy, 13.6 __, - - BS =-s.64x 10 n = 4{C3.90.60% 10) 8.6410"G) (sir) 5(6.63 x10) AOA x 10 Y4-36X10) = 1.33% 10m 4. (@) @ Soft X-rays are X-rays with lower frequencies whereas hard X-rays are X-rays with higher frequencies. wi Intensiy (ii) Using mvr = Man (iil) The X-ray spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum and a characteristic line spectrum, In continuous spectrum, the intensity varies smoothly with wavelength by reaching a maximum value as the wavelength increases and then falls as the wavelength increases further. ‘The characteristic line spectrum consists of sharp peaks of high intensity at specific wavelength. (©) @ The substance has a high melting point to prevent it from melting easily, i) Electric potential energy = Kinetic energy '2(1.60 x 107)(20000) 9.1 84x10'ms* Gi) Input power, Pap Rate of change of electric energy to X-ray energy = 360-258 = 1023s ‘Most of electric energy is converted into heat energy.