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Estimating Assignment Final

This document provides a bill of quantities (BQ) for a single-story bungalow construction project. The BQ includes rates for various work items below the lowest floor including excavation, hardcore filling, damp proofing, and reinforced concrete works for pad footings, column stumps, beams, slabs, and other floor elements. The rates are provided based on the unit of measurement (e.g. cubic meter, square meter) along with the quantities required to calculate the total amount for each work item. Factors that influence the build-up rates like labor, materials, and equipment usage are also briefly discussed.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

142 views

Estimating Assignment Final

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sheenberg

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You are on page 1/ 78

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR)

LEE KONG CHIAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE (LKCFES)

UEBQ 2153 ESTIMATING

GROUP ASSIGNMENT 1

No. NAME STUDENT ID COURSE

1. JALEN PHOON CHIN YU 1905533 QS

2. LEE MUN HONG 1900560 QS

3. RYAN KHOO 1900495 QS

4. SIA LIANG CHUAN 1802053 QS

5. SIW JING NI 1802589 QS

6. VIVIAN TIANG WEN JING 1804392 QS

Total Marks

TOTAL /80
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
Question 1 :
Introduction 3

BQ With Rates 4-16

Build Up rates 17-63

Conclusion 64

Appendix 65-67

Question 2 68-71

Question 3 72-75

Reference 76-78
Introduction
The project we have found to be applied into this assignment is a project about a
single-story bungalow. The information we have collected about this project is the
Bill of Quantities (BQ). The information, which is unobtainable are the tendering
documents, contract documents, etc. The dimension of the components and the
works included in this project which were shown in the BQ, are the excavation
works, works below lowest floor finishes, frames, roofs, walls, doors, windows,
floors, ceilings and plumbing. Based on the BQ and the estimations, there are rates
of each work based on the assumptions and costs of labor during each process,
starting from excavation for pad footings with depth not exceeding 1.50m deep,
until the application of the finishing coats onto the surface of the ceilings. Each of
the estimating calculation was assumptions-included and the assumptions were
consistent throughout the entire construction period. There are some works that
may have a slight alternation compared to the pre- construction designs when it
was being measured or constructed on the actual work, which they will be
measured as “Provisional Measurement”.
The build-up rate in the construction works shows how fast the parts of the
construction can be done, and it can be influenced by several factors as the rate was
based on some principles. Take the excavation works in the first step in a
construction, for instance, it will be affected primarily by the labors, construction
materials and the plants/machines. The factors changing the labor rates include the
different procuring way of a labor on the site, which was either in-house, supply
only, or supply and install. The rate of labor also depends on the skill efficiency of
the certain worker towards the works in a construction. Workers with higher skills
will result in higher cost per hour and that increases the total cost consumed during
the construction period. On the other hand, however, workers with higher skills
also usually have a higher output of productivity and the quality of finish, which in
the meantime, decreasing the time used on construction.
The second principle, which relates to the building material, comes with
various circumstances which need to be encountered. Some materials require extra
works than other materials after the delivery, unloading, stacking, handling and
protection costs, which increase the material cost in overall. For example, there are
bending works and binding works on the reinforcement bars, and there are mixing
works and formworks on the concrete installation. Some other components such as
slabs, windows, and doors will require higher skill level workers to execute out the
works, will also indirectly increase the cost used.
The third principle of the build-up rate, states that it also can be influenced
by the plants and machines used on the site. This is because the contractor may not
have the ownership on some plants, in result they will have extra payments for the
plants to execute certain construction works, to speed up the build-up rate. Some
of the plants and machines will have a shorter expected lifespan, hance the
contractor will have to take in consideration before conducting the works, because
when a plant needs maintenance and repairing, it decreases the build-up rate, and
it can slow down or delay the entire construction works.
In the BQ below in our assignment, we will show what are the components
needed in the project and the costs to be paid for each component after the
estimating calculations.
BQ With Rates
SHOW UNIT
Item BILL NO. 3 Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)
SINGLE STOREY BUNGALOW

Notes

A This Bill is to be read in conjunction with the Drawings, Standard

Specification of Material and Workmanship, and Preambles to All Trades
attached.

B The words "as described" where used in this Bill shall mean as
described in the above documents.

C The quantities in this Bill are for Contractor's guidance only and shall not
form part of the Contract; except for works where quantities measured as
"PROVISIONAL" are subject to remeasurement based on actual work
executed.

D Contractor shall fill in details any item or quantity not included in this Bill
but necessary for the satisfactory completion of the works as shown in
the Drawings.

E Contractor is deemed to have allowed elsewhere in the tender amount

items not described in this Bill but appear in the Drawings.

F The description in this Bill shall form an integral part of the Specification.
In case of discrepancy, difference or divergence between the Drawings
and the Specification, Contractor shall report to the Architect or Quantity
Surveyor for decision.

G Failure to bring to the Architect or Quantity Surveyor's attention any such

discrepancy, difference or divergence before acceptance of award shall
result in the same being resolved at no additional cost or time.

H This Bill is for one (1) no. of Bungalow Show Unit (Type 1) and one (1)
no. of Typical Bungalow (Type 1). Contractor is deemed to have allowed
for all additional works for non-typical units.

To Collection RM : -
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Excavation commencing from reduced level and get out, fill in and ram;
remove surplus excavated materials from site:-

1 Excavate for pad footings; not exceeding 1.50m deep. M3 14.95 2 29.90

2 Ditto; exceeding 1.50m but not exceeding 3.00m deep. M3 26.45 0.5 13.23

3 Excavate for ground beams; not exceeding 1.50m deep. M3 15.70 1 15.70

ground slab, apron slab

4 Excavate for thickenings; including forming sloping sides; not exceeding M3 15.70 30 471.00
1.50m deep.

Lean concrete (Grade 15) as described:-

5 50mm Blinding under pad footings. M2 66.02 2 132.04

Hardcore as described spread, levelled, blinded, watered and

consolidated:-

6 150mm (finished) Bed under ground slabs and thickenings. M2 9.26 171 1,583.46

7 150mm (finished) Bed under apron, terrace, car porch slabs and M2 9.26 98 907.48
driveway.

0.3mm Thick polythene sheet damp-proofing membrane; well lapped at

joints (measured nett - allow for laps):-

8 Under side of ground slabs and thickenings. M2 2.69 171 459.99

9 Under side of apron and terrace. M2 2.69 42 112.98

To Collection RM : 3,725.78
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) as described; filled into formwork

and well packed around rod reinforcement (formwork and steel measured
separately) in:-

1 Pad footings. M3 293.23 0.5 146.62

2 Column stumps. M3 293.23 0.5 146.62

3 Ground beams. M3 293.23 0.5 146.62

ground slab, apron slab,
4 Thickenings. M3 293.23 20 5,864.60

5 125mm Thick ground slabs. M2 89.84 7 628.88

6 100mm Thick ditto. M2 83.95 128 10,745.60

7 100mm Thick apron and terrace slabs. M2 83.95 33 2,770.35

Precast concrete (Grade 25) as described;

8 600mm x 600mm x 75mm Thick concrete slab with fibre mesh and M2 93.95 56 5,261.20
including 25mm gap fill with aggregate and sand. (Car Porch & Master
Bedroom Terrace)

To Collection RM : 25,710.49
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Mild steel rod reinforcement to B.S. 4449 as described:-

Pad footings

1 10mm Diameter in links, stirrups and binders. Kg 4.23 9 38.07

Column stumps

2 10mm Diameter in links, stirrups and binders. Kg 4.23 28 118.44

Ground beams

3 6mm Diameter in links, stirrups and binders. Kg 4.28 10 42.80

High tensile steel rod reinforcement to B.S. 4449 as described in:-

Pad footings

4 12mm Diameter. Kg 4.23 26 109.98

Column stumps

5 12mm Diameter. Kg 4.23 30 126.90

Ground beams

6 16mm Diameter. Kg 4.10 36 147.60

7 10mm Ditto. Kg 4.23 14 59.22

Apron and Terrace Slabs (Starter bars)

8 10mm Diameter. Kg 4.23 91 384.93

To Collection RM : 1,027.94
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Mild steel fabric reinforcement to B.S. 4449:1969; well lapped at joints

including notching around obstruction (measured nett - allow for laps):-

Ground Slabs

1 B.R.C. Ref. No. A6. M2 24.30 142 3,450.60

ground slab only. Apron don’t have reinforcement
Thickenings

2 B.R.C. Ref. No. A6. M2 24.30 122 2,964.60

Apron and Terrace Slabs

3 B.R.C. Ref. No. A6. M2 24.30 49 1,190.70

Sawn formwork as described to:-

4 Sides of pad footings. M2 32.60 2 65.20

5 Sides of column stumps. M2 32.60 4 130.40

6 Sides of ground beams. M2 32.60 5 163.00

7 Sides of thickenings. M2 32.60 20 652.00

8 Edge of concrete; not exceeding 100mm high. M 17.49 28 489.72

9 Edge of concrete; exceeding 200mm but not exceeding 300mm high. M 20.02 58 1,161.16

10 -

To Collection RM : 10,267.38
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/1 ----------------- -

Page No. 3/2 ----------------- 3,725.78

Page No. 3/3 ----------------- 25,710.49

Page No. 3/4 ----------------- 1,027.94

Page No. 3/5 ----------------- 10,267.38

WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH RM 40,731.59

Total Carried To End of this Bill
Item WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/1 ----------------- -

Page No. 3/2 ----------------- 3,725.78

Page No. 3/3 ----------------- 25,710.49

Page No. 3/4 ----------------- 1,027.94

Page No. 3/5 ----------------- 10,267.38

WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH RM 40,731.59

Total Carried To End of this Bill

Item FRAME Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) as described; filled into formwork

and well packed around rod reinforcement (formwork and steel measured
separately) in:-

1 Columns. M3 293.23 2 586.46

2 Stiffeners. M3 293.23 0.5 146.62

Mild steel rod reinforcement to B.S. 4449 as described in:-

Columns

3 10mm Diameter in links, stirrups and binders. Kg 4.23 82 346.86

4 6mm Ditto. Kg 4.28 66 282.48

Stiffeners

5 6mm Diameter in links, stirrups and binders. Kg 4.28 19 81.32

High tensile steel rod reinforcement to B.S. 4449 as described in:-

Columns

6 12mm Diameter. Kg 4.23 359 1,518.57

Stiffeners

7 12mm Diameter. Kg 4.23 80 338.40

To Collection RM : 3,300.71
Item FRAME (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Sawn formwork as described to:-

1 Sides of columns. M2 32.60 49 1,597.40

2 Sides of stiffeners. M2 32.60 10 326.00

To Collection RM : 1,923.40

Item FRAME (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/7 ----------------- 3,300.71

Page No. 3/8 ----------------- 1,923.40

FRAME RM 5,224.11
Total Carried To End of this Bill

Item EXTERNAL WALLS Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Cement and sand bricks in cement mortar (1:3) with an approved

plasticiser as described; including 6mm diameter mild steel bonding ties
and damp proof course:-

1 Half brick walls (115mm thick); reinforced with and including course M2 32.45 60 1,947.00
reinforcement as described at every fourth course, well lapped.

Acotec Wall Panels

2 100mm Thick "Acotec" precast panel setting on and filled with "Acofix" M2 92.87 110 10,215.70
jointing compound to all joints, anchor bar and fixing accessories
inclusive of necessary starter bar, reinforcement and cement and sand
infill, all as per manufacturer's specification.

3 100mm Thick "Acotec" fire-rated precast panel setting on and filled with M2 114.61 5 573.05
"Acofix" jointing compound to all joints, anchor bar and fixing
accessories inclusive of necessary starter bar, reinforcement and cement
and sand infill, all as per manufacturer's specification. (To bath 2)

9mm Thick approved fibre cement board as described:-

1 To Box up (waterproof). M2 86.62 2 173.24

2 To exposed walls. M2 86.62 3 259.86

Galvanised iron gauge 26; soldered 25mm seams and 100mm joints:-

3 Flashing to cement board. (Exposed walls) M2 81.94 3 245.82

To Collection RM : 13,414.67
Item EXTERNAL WALLS (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Apply one coat of zinc

chromate primer and two finishing coats of "Nippon 9000" or approved
equivalent gloss enamel paint on steelwork:-

1 Exposed surfaces of flashing. M2 7.46 3 22.38

Prepare and apply one coat of "Nippon Vinilex 5100 Sealer" and two
finishing coats of "Nippon" Weatherbond or approved equivalent weather-
resisting acrylic paint externally on:-

2 Exposed surfaces of cement board. M2 7.50 2 15.00

Supply and install cement sand brick copings, complete with supporting
and all ancillary works; all as shown in the drawings:-

3 100mm x 100mm Thick protrude copings. M 21.59 6 129.54

4 150mm x 100mm Ditto. M 23.45 3 70.35

5 450mm x 100mm Ditto. M 33.07 4 132.28

6 600mm x 150mm Ditto. M 47.98 7 335.86

Supply and install approved lightweight copings, complete with

supporting and all ancillary works; all as shown in the drawings:-

7 100mm x 100mm Thick copings. M 21.59 24 518.16

8 150mm x 100mm Ditto. M 23.45 35 820.75

To Collection RM : 2,044.32

Item EXTERNAL WALLS (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Reinforced concrete copings (Grade 25) as described; including all

moulds, finishing fair on exposed faces; hoisting, fixing, bedding, jointing
and pointing in cement mortar (1:3) as described:-

1 100mm x 100mm Thick copings; including reinforcement. and all M 21.46 4 85.84
additional formwork.

To Collection RM : 85.84

Item EXTERNAL WALLS (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/17 ----------------- 13,414.67

Page No. 3/18 ----------------- 2,044.32

Page No. 3/19 ----------------- 85.84

EXTERNAL WALLS RM 15,544.83

Total Carried To End of This Bill
Item INTERNAL WALLS AND PARTITION Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Cement and sand bricks in cement mortar (1:3) with an approved

plasticiser as described; including 6mm diameter mild steel bonding ties
and damp proof course:-

1 Half brick walls (115mm thick); reinforced with and including course M2 32.45 5 162.25
reinforcement as described at every fourth course, well lapped.

2 Half brick walls (75mm thick), ditto. (box-up) M2 39.59 5 197.95

Acotec Wall Panels

3 100mm Thick "Acotec" precast panel setting on and filled with "Acofix" M2 92.87 96 8,915.52
jointing compound to all joints, anchor bar and fixing accessories
inclusive of necessary starter bar, reinforcement and cement and sand
infill, all as per manufacturer's specification.

4 100mm Thick "Acotec" fire-rated precast panel setting on and filled with M2 114.61 18 2,062.98
"Acofix" jointing compound to all joints, anchor bar and fixing
accessories inclusive of necessary starter bar, reinforcement and cement
and sand infill, all as per manufacturer's specification. (To bath 2)

9mm Thick approved fibre cement board as described:-

1 To walls. M2 86.62 35 3,031.70

INTERNAL WALLS AND PARTITION RM 14,370.40

Total Carried To End of This Bill

Item INTERNAL WALL FINISHES Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

Cement and sand (1:3) as described internal plastering; with an approved

plasticiser; finished with a steel trowel:-

1 19mm Plaster to walls, beams and columns. M2 19.01 19 361.19

"Aco Base and Aco Coat" or approved equivalent skimcoating; all in

accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, trowelled smooth:-

2 5mm Plaster to wall panels. M2 15.59 302 4,708.18

"E-mix" or approved equivalent skimcoating; all in accordance with the

manufacturer's instruction, trowelled smooth:-

3 5mm Plaster to cement boards. M2 15.59 35 545.65

400mm x 400mm "Acotiles" 127170008 Ice Grey Matt or approved

equivalent ceramic wall tiles of approved colour and patterns (at a P.C.
rate of RM2.85 per piece supplied and delivered to site) with PVC Strip to
edges; laid on and including cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and
jointing including pointing in coloured cement to the overall thickness
stated:-

4 20mm Tiling to walls and columns. (Kitchen) M2 54.92 5 274.60

300mm x 300mm "Acotiles" 12717009 Grey Matt & 127170012 Charcoal

Matt or approved equivalent ceramic wall tiles of approved colour and
patterns (at a P.C. rate of RM1.60 per piece supplied and delivered to
site) with PVC Strip to edges; laid on and including cement and sand
(1:3) screed; bedding and jointing including pointing in coloured cement
to the overall thickness stated:-

5 20mm Tiling to walls and columns. (Bath 1) M2 85.97 21 1,805.37

To Collection RM : 7,694.99
Tender Addendum No. 2
Item INTERNAL WALL FINISHES (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

300mm x 300mm "Acotiles" 127170008 Ice Grey Matt or approved

equivalent ceramic wall tiles of approved colour and patterns (at a P.C.
rate of RM1.60 per piece supplied and delivered to site) with PVC Strip to
edges; laid on and including cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and
jointing including pointing in coloured cement to the overall thickness
stated:-

1 20mm Tiling to walls and columns. (Bath 2 & 3) M2 85.97 35 3,008.95

Prepare and apply one coat of "Nippon Vinilex 5100 Sealer" and two
finishing coats of "Nippon Matex Pro" or approved equivalent emulsion
paint internally on:-

2 Plastered walls, beams and columns. M2 5.54 356 1,972.24

To Collection RM : 4,981.19
Tender Addendum No. 2
Item INTERNAL WALL FINISHES (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/27 7,694.99

Page No. 3/28 4,981.19

INTERNAL WALL FINISHES RM 12,676.18

Total Carried To End of This Bill

Item INTERNAL FLOOR FINISHES Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

600mm x 600mm "Acotiles" PB6600 or approved equivalent polished

porcelain floor tiles of approved colour and pattern (at a P.C. rate of
RM12.00 per piece supplied and delivered to site); laid on and including
cement and sand (1:3) screed and tiles adhesive; bedding and jointing
including pointing in coloured cement to the overall thickness stated:-

1 25mm Thick to floors. (Living and Dining) M2 104.60 50 5,230.00

2 75mm High drops. M 20.88 4 83.52

3 50mm High drops. M 19.26 1 19.26

400mm x 400mm "Acotiles" 127170008 Ice Grey Matt or approved

equivalent ceramic floor tiles of approved colour and pattern (at a P.C.
rate of RM2.85 per piece supplied and delivered to site); laid on and
including cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and jointing including
pointing in coloured cement to the overall thickness stated:-

4 25mm Thick to floors. (All Bedrooms) M2 166.70 56 9,335.20

5 75mm High drops. M 26.47 2 52.94

6 50mm High drops. M 22.68 3 68.04

400mm x 400mm "Acotiles" 127170009 Grey Matt or approved equivalent

ceramic floor tiles of approved colour and pattern (at a P.C. rate of
RM2.85 per piece supplied and delivered to site); laid on and including
cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and jointing including pointing in
coloured cement to the overall thickness stated:-

7 25mm Thick to floors. (Kitchen) M2 166.70 12 2,000.40

8 150mm High drops. M 37.84 1 37.84

To Collection RM : 16,827.20
Item INTERNAL FLOOR FINISHES (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

300mm x 300mm "Acotiles" 127170012 Charcoal Matt or approved

equivalent ceramic floor tiles of approved colour and pattern (at a P.C.
rate of RM1.60 per piece supplied and delivered to site); laid on and
including cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and jointing including
pointing in coloured cement to the overall thickness stated:-

1 25mm Thick to floors. (Bath 1) M2 85.97 4 343.88

2 25mm High drops. M 16.87 1 16.87

300mm x 300mm "Acotiles" 127170009 Grey Matt or approved equivalent

ceramic floor tiles of approved colour and pattern (at a P.C. rate of
RM1.60 per piece supplied and delivered to site); laid on and including
cement and sand (1:3) screed; bedding and jointing including pointing in
coloured cement to the overall thickness stated:-

3 25mm Thick to floors. (Bath 2 & 3) M2 85.97 7 601.79

4 25mm High drops. M 16.87 3 50.61

Prepare and clean surface, supply and apply two coats of "SikaTop Seal
107" or approved equivalent cementitious waterproofing coating, at the
rate of 1.0kg/m2 per coat, including all necessary angle fillet at edges;
laid all in accordance to the manufacturer's printed instruction and
specification including 5 years warranty for product and workmanship:-

5 Concrete surfaces of floor slabs. M2 5.26 11 57.86

5.26 24 126.24

5.26 4 21.04

To Collection RM : 1,218.29

Item INTERNAL FLOOR FINISHES (CONT'D) Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)

COLLECTION

Page No. 3/30 16,827.20

Page No. 3/31 1,218.29

INTERNAL FLOOR FINISHES RM 18,045.49

Total Carried To End of This Bill
Item INTERNAL CEILING FINISHES Unit Rate Qty. Amount (RM)
Prepare and apply two finishing coats of "Nippon Matex Pro" or approved
equivalent emulsion paint internally on:-

1 Surfaces of ceilings. M2 4.36 11 47.96

- -

INTERNAL CEILING FINISHES RM 47.96

Total Carried To End of This Bill
Build Up Rates
WORK BELOW LOWEST FLOOR FINISH
1. Excavate for pad footings; not exceeding 1.50m deep. – m3
Assumption:
Wages of general worker = RM40.00/day
Hours to excavate = 2 hours
Hours per day = 8 hours

Labour cost
To excavate
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM 10.00
Boards and struts, say = RM3.00
Total cost = RM13.00
15% profit and overhead = RM1.95
Price/m3 = RM14.95

2. Excavate for pad footings; exceeding 1.50m but not exceeding 3.00m deep. – m3
Assumption:
Hours to excavate = 4 hours

Labour cost
To excavate
General worker = 4 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM20.00
Boards and sturts, say = RM3.00
Total cost = RM23.00
15% profit and overhead = RM3.45
Price/m3 = RM26.45

3. Excavate for ground beams; not exceeding 1.50m deep – m3

Assumption:
Hours to excavate = 2 hours
Wastage = 5%

Labour cost
To excavate
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/ 8 hours) = RM10.00
Boards and sturts = RM3.00
Wastage 5% = RM0.65
Total cost = RM13.65
15% profit and overhead = RM2.05
Price/m3 = RM15.70
4. Excavate for thickenings; including forming sloping sides; not exceeding 1.50m deep.
– m3
Assumption:
Output for general workers = 2 hours
Wastage 5 %

Labour cost
To excavate
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/ 8 hours) = RM10.00
Boards and sturts = RM3.00
Wastage 5% = RM0.65
Total cost = RM13.65
15% profit and overhead = RM2.05
Price/m3 = RM15.70

5. Lean concrete (Grade 15) as described 50mm Blinding under pad footings – m2
Assumptions
Concrete Grade 15 = Concrete mix 1 : 2 : 4
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

Material cost
1 m3 cement = 30 bags x RM15.45 = RM463.50
2 m3 sand = 2m3 x RM32.00 = RM64.00
4 m3 aggregate = 4m3 x RM41.00 = RM164.00
Subtotal = RM691.50
50% for shrinkage, compaction, and wastage = RM345.75
Material cost for 7.00m3 = RM1037.25
Material cost/m3 = RM148.18
Material cost for m2 = RM148.18 x (50/1000) = RM7.41
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2.00 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM10.00
To transport and place
General worker = 8.00 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM40.00
Total cost = RM57.41
15% profit and overhead = RM8.61
Price/m2 = RM66.02

6. 150mm (finished) Bed underground slabs and thickenings. – m2

Assumption:
Wastage = 7.5%
Output for general worker = 1.05 hours
Labour cost
General worker = 1.05 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM5.25
Boards and struts = RM3.00
Wastage 5 % = RM0.15
Total = RM8.40
15% profit and overbed = RM1.26
Price/m2 = RM9.26

7. 150mm (finished) Bed under apron, terrace, car porch slabs and driveway – m2
Assumption:
Wastage = 7.5%
Output for general worker = 1.05 hours

Labour cost
General worker = 1.05 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM5.25
Boards and struts = RM3.00
Wastage 5 % = RM0.15
Total = RM8.40
15% profit and overbed = RM1.26
Price/m2 = RM9.26

8. 0.3mm thick polythene sheet damp-proofing membrane; well lapped at joints under
side of ground slabs and thickenings – m2
Assumption:
Price of polythene sheet = RM2.04/m2
Overlapping and wastage = 5%

Material cost
Polythene sheet = RM2.04
5% overlapping and wastage = RM0.10
Labour cost
Bricklayer = 0.02 hour x (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
General worker = 0.01 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.05
Total cost = RM2.34
15% profit and overhead = RM0.35
Price/m2 = RM2.69

9. 0.3mm thick polythene sheet damp-proofing membrane; well lapped at joints under
side of apron and terrace – m2
Assumption:
Price of polythene sheet = RM2.04/m2
Overlapping and wastage = 5%
Material cost
Polythene sheet = RM2.04
5% overlapping and wastage = RM0.10
Labour cost
Bricklayer = 0.02 hour x (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
General worker = 0.01 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.05
Total cost = RM2.34
15% profit and overhead = RM0.35
Price/m2 = RM2.69

10. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in pad footings – m3

Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
1m3 sand = RM32.00 x 1m3 = RM32.00
2m3 aggregate = RM41.00 x 2m3 = RM82.00
Subtotal = RM546.60
50% for shrinkage, compaction, and wastage = RM273.30
Material cost for 4.00m3 = RM819.90
Material cost/m3 = RM204.98
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2.00 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM10.00
To transport and place
General worker = 8.00 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM40.00
Total cost = RM254.98
15% profit and overhead = RM38.25
Price/m3 = RM293.23

11. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in column stumps – m3

Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

12. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in ground beams – m3

Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

13. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in thickenings – m3

14. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in 125mm thick ground slabs – m2
Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
1m3 sand = RM32.00 x 1m3 = RM32.00
2m3 aggregate = RM41.00 x 2m3 = RM82.00
Subtotal = RM546.60
50% for shrinkage, compaction, and wastage = RM273.30
Material cost for 4.00m3 = RM819.90
Material cost/m3 = RM204.98
Material cost/m2 = RM204.98 x (125mm/1000m) = RM25.62
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2.50 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM12.50
To transport and place
General worker = 8.00 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM40.00
Total cost = RM78.12
15% profit and overhead = RM11.72
Price/m2 = RM89.84
15. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in 100mm thick ground slabs – m2
Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

16. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in 100mm thick ground slabs – m2
Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

17. Precast concrete (Grade 25) of 600mm x 600mm x 75mm thick concrete slab with
fibre mesh and including 25mm gap fill with aggregate and sand. – m2
Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

18. 10mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in pad
footings - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 10 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

19. 10mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in column
stumps - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 10 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

20. 6mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in ground
beam - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 6 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,900.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

Rebar = RM2,900.00
5% wastage and spacer blocks = RM142.50
Tying wire = 5.00kg x RM4.00 = RM20.00
Labour cost for 1,000kg
To unload and arrange rebar
General worker = 1.50 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
To cut and bend rebar
Bar bender = 20 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM137.50
To fix rebar
Bad bender = 25 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM171.88
To install
Quotation from labour-only subcontractor = RM350.00
Total cost = RM3,729.38
15% profit and overhead = RM559.41
Total price for 1,000kg = RM4288.79
Price/kg = RM4288.79/1,000kg = RM4.28

21. 12mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in pad footings - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 12 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

Rebar = RM2,850
5% wastage and spacer blocks = RM142.50
Tying wire = 5.00kg x RM4.00 = RM20.00
Labour cost for 1,000kg
To unload and arrange rebar
General worker = 1.50 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
To cut and bend rebar
Bar bender = 20 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM137.50
To fix rebar
Bar bender = 25 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM171.88
To install
Quotation from labour-only subcontractor = RM350.00
Total cost = RM3,679.38
15% profit and overhead = RM551.91
Total price for 1,000kg = RM4,231.29
Price/kg = RM4231.29/1,000kg = RM4.23
22. 12mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in column stumps - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 12 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

23. 16mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in ground beam. - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 16 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,700.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

Rebar = RM2,700.00
5% wastage and spacer blocks = RM142.50
Tying wire = 5.00kg x RM4.00 = RM20.00
Labour cost for 1,000kg
To unload and arrange rebar
General worker = 1.50 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
To cut and bend rebar
Bar bender = 20 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM137.50
To fixed rebar
Bar bender = 25 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM171.88
To install
Quotation from labour-only subcontractor = RM350.00
Total cost = RM3,563.76
15% profit and overhead = RM534.56
Total price for 1,000kg = RM4098.32
Price/kg = RM4098.32/1,000kg = RM4.10

24. 10mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in ground beam - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 10 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

25. 10mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in apron and terrace slabs - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 10 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

26. B.R.C. Ref. No A6 in ground slabs – m2

Assumption:
Cost for 2.2m x 6.00m of BRC A6 = RM6.75/m2

Material cost
BRC A6 = RM6.75
Labour cost
To unload and arrange
General worker = 1.50 x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
To install
Labour – only subcontractor = 1 hour x (RM55/8 hours) = RM6.88
Total cost = RM21.13
15% profit and overbend = RM3.17
Price/m2 = RM24.30

27. B.R.C. Ref. No A6 in thickenings – m2

Assumption:
Cost for 2.2m x 6.00m of BRC A6 = RM6.75/m2

28. B.R.C. Ref. No A6 in apron and terrace slabs – m2

Assumption:
Cost for 2.2m x 6.00m of BRC A6 = RM6.75/m2

29. Formwork to sides of pad footings – m2

Assumptions:
2.40 x 1.20 x 12mm thick plywood = RM17.48/m2
Struts = 0.06m3/m2
Timber = RM960.00/tonne (1.40m3)
Nails = 0.35kg/m2
Cost of nails = RM4.50/kg
Wastage = 10%
1 carpenter is needed to prepare and fix the formwork = 1 hour
I general worker is needed to assist in preparing and fixing the formwork = 0.75 hour
1 general worker is needed to dismantle and keep the formwork = 0.75 hour
Number of usages of formwork = 5 times

31. Formwork to sides of ground beam– m2

32. Formwork to sides of thickenings – m2

33.
34. Formwork to edge of concrete; not exceeding 100mm high – m

Material cost
Plywood = RM17.48
0.06m3 struts = 0.06m3 x (RM960.00/1.40) = RM41.14
Subtotal = RM58.62
Cost for formwork for 1 time usage = RM58.62/5 times = RM11.72
0.35 kg nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Subtotal = RM13.30
10% wastage = RM1.33
Total cost/m2 = RM14.63
Total cost/m = RM14.63 x (100mm/ 1000mm) = Rm1.46
Labour cost
To prepare and fix
Carpenter = 1.00 hour × (RM50.00/8 hours) = RM6.25
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
To dismantle and keep
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
Total cost = RM15.21
15% price and overbend = RM2.28
Price/m = RM17.49

35. Formwork of concrete; exceeding 200mm but not exceeding 300mm high – m

Material cost
Plywood = RM17.48
0.06m3 struts = 0.06m3 x (RM960.00/1.40) = RM41.14
Subtotal = RM58.62
Cost for formwork for 1 time usage = RM58.62/5 times = RM11.72
0.35 kg nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Subtotal = RM13.30
10% wastage = RM1.33
Total cost/m2 = RM14.63
Total cost/m = RM14.63 x (250mm/ 1000mm) = Rm3.66
Labour cost
To prepare and fix
Carpenter = 1.00 hour × (RM50.00/8 hours) = RM6.25
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
To dismantle and keep
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
Total cost = RM17.41
15% price and overbend = RM2.61
Price/m = RM20.02

FRAME
1. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in columns – m3
Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

2. Vibrated reinforced concrete (Grade 25) in stiffeners – m3

Assumption:
Reinforced concrete Grade 25 = Concrete mix 1 : 1 : 2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32.00/m3
Cost for aggregate = RM41.00/m3

3. 10mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in
columns - kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 10 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

4. 6mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in columns
- kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 6 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,900.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

5. 6mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement in links, stirrups, and binders in stiffeners
- kg
Assumptions:
Cost for 6 mm Diameter mild steel rod reinforcement = RM2,900.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne

Material cost for 1,000kg

6. 12mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in columns - kg

Material cost for 1,000kg

7. 12mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement in stiffeners - kg

Assumptions:
Cost for 12 mm Diameter high tensile steel rod reinforcement = RM2,850.00/tonne
Cost for tying wire = RM4.00/kg
Wages of bar bender = RM55.00/day
Quotation for reinforcement work by labour – only subcontractor = RM350.00/tonne
Material cost for 1,000kg
Rebar = RM2,850
5% wastage and spacer blocks = RM142.50
Tying wire = 5.00kg x RM4.00 = RM20.00
Labour cost for 1,000kg
To unload and arrange rebar
General worker = 1.50 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
To cut and bend rebar
Bar bender = 20 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM137.50
To fix rebar
Bar bender = 25 hours x (RM55.00/8 hours) = RM171.88
To install
Quotation from labour-only subcontractor = RM350.00
Total cost = RM3,679.38
15% profit and overhead = RM551.91
Total price for 1,000kg = RM4,231.29
Price/kg = RM4231.29/1,000kg = RM4.23

8. Formwork to sides of column – m2

To dismantle and keep

General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
Total cost = RM28.35
15% price and overbend = RM4.25
Price/m2 = RM32.60

9. Formwork to sides of stiffeners– m2

Material cost
Plywood/m2 = RM17.48
0.06m3 struts = 0.06m3 x (RM960.00/1.40) = RM41.14
Subtotal = RM58.62
Cost for formwork for 1 time usage = RM58.62/5 times = RM11.72
0.35 kg nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Subtotal = RM13.30
10% wastage = RM1.33
Labour cost
To prepare and fix
Carpenter = 1.00 hour × (RM50.00/8 hours) = RM6.25
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
To dismantle and keep
General worker = 0.75 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM3.75
Total cost = RM28.35
15% price and overbend = RM4.25
Price/m2 = RM32.60
EXTERNAL WALL
1. Cement and sand brick in cement mortar(1:3) of half bricks walls (115mm thick);
reinforced with and course reinforcement as described at every fourth course, well
lapped. – m2
Assumption:
Width of brick = 210mm
Wastage 5 %
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cost for cement and sand brick = RM0.27/no

Number of bricks/m2 of wall = (1000x1000)/(210mm x 115mm) = 41.40 No = 42 No.

5% wastage = 2.1 No.
Total = 45 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

Material cost
Bricks = 45 No x RM0.27 = RM12.15
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM18.97
Labour cost
Bricklayer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM28.22
15% profit and overhead = RM4.23
Price/m2 = RM32.45

2. 100mm Thick “Acotec” precast panel – m2

Assumption:
Area of wall panel = 3m x 0.6m = 1.8m2
Price of wall panel = RM42.00/m2
Number of wall panel = 100 numbers
Nails = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 5%

Material cost
Price of wall panel = RM42.00
Nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Wastage of 5% = RM2.18
Subtotal = RM45.76
Labour cost
Layer of skilled worker = 2 hours x (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM15.00
2 general worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) x 2 = RM20.00
Total = RM80.76
15% profit and overhead = RM12.11
Price/m2 = RM92.87

3. 100mm Thick “Acotec” fire-rated precast panel – m2

Assumption:
Price of fire-rated precast panel = RM60.00/m2
Nails = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 5%

Material cost
Price of wall panel = RM60.00
Nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Wastage of 5% = RM3.08
Subtotal = RM64.66

Labour cost
Layer of skilled worker = 2 hours x (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM15.00
2 general worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) x 2 = RM20.00
Total = RM99.66
15% profit and overhead = RM14.95
Price/m2 = RM114.61

4. 9mm thick approved fibre cement board as described to box up – m2

Assumption:
1.22m x 2.44m of fibre cement board = RM40.00
Nail = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 6%
Output of skilled worker = 1.5 hour
Output of general worker = 2 hours
Material cost
Price of cement board = RM40.00
Nail = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Wastage of 6%= RM2.49
Subtotal = RM44.07

Labour cost
1 skilled worker = 1.5 x (RM60.00/8 hours) = 11.25
2 general worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) x 2 = RM20
Total = RM75.32
15% profit and overhead = RM11.30
Price/m2 = RM86.62

5. 9mm thick approved fibre cement board as described to exposed wall – m2

Assumption:
1.22m x 2.44m of fibre cement board = RM40.00
Nail = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 6%
Output of skilled worker = 1.5 hour
Output of general worker = 2 hours

Material cost
Price of cement board = RM40.00
Nail = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Wastage of 6%= RM2.49
Subtotal = RM44.07
Labour cost
1 skilled worker = 1.5 x (RM60.00/8 hours) = 11.25
2 general worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) x 2 = RM20
Total = RM75.32
15% profit and overhead = RM11.30
Price/m2 = RM86.62

6. Galvanised iron gauge 26, soldered 25mm seams and 100mm joints flashing to
cement board – m2
Assumption:
Price for galvanised iron gauge 26 = RM30.00/m2
Wastage and spacing = 5%
Output of rebar bender = 2 hours
Output of general worker = 2.5 hours
Material cost
Price of iron gauge = RM30.00
Labour cost
Rebar bender = 2 hours x (RM65.00/8 hours) = RM16.25
2 General worker = 2.5 x (RM40.00/8 hours) x 2 = RM25.00
Total = RM71.25
15% profit and overhead = RM10.69
Price/m2 = RM81.94

7. Apply one coat of zinc chromate primer and two finishing coats of “Nippon 9000” or
approved equivalent gloss enamel paint on steelwork on exposed surfaces of flashing.
– m2
Prepare surface, stirring paint
Materials, say = RM0.50
Ladders, brushes, etc, say = RM0.10
Subtotal RM0.60
5% wastage = RM0.03
Painter = 0.03 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
Zinc chromate primer
Paint = 0.057 litres x (RM98.00/5 litres) = RM1.12
5% wastage = RM0.06
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
First coat
Paint = 0.063 litres × (RM135.00/5 litre) = RM1.70
5% wastage = RM0.09
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Second coat
Paint = 0.083 litres × (RM135.00/5 litre) = RM2.24
5% wastage = RM0.11
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Total = RM6.49
15% profit and overhead = RM0.97
Price/m2 = RM7.46

8. Prepare and apply one coat of “Nippon Vinilex 5100 Sealer” and two finishing coats
of “Nippon” Weatherbond at exposed surfaces of cement board – m2
Prepare surface, stirring paint
Materials, say = RM0.50
Ladders, brushes, etc, say = RM0.10
Subtotal RM0.60
5% wastage = RM0.03
Painter = 0.03 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
Sealer coat
Paint = 0.057 litres x (RM75.00/5 litres) = RM0.86
5% wastage = RM0.04
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
First coat
Paint = 0.063 litres × (RM145.00/5 litre) = RM1.83
5% wastage = RM0.09
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Second coat
Paint = 0.083 litres × (RM145.00/5 litre) = RM2.41
5% wastage = RM0.12
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Total = RM6.52
15% profit and overhead = RM0.98
Price/m2 = RM7.50

9. 100mm x 100mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m

Number of copings of wall = (100mm x 100mm)/1000 = 10 No
5% wastage = 0.5 No.
Total = 11 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

10. 150mm x 100 mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m

Number of copings of wall = (150mm x 100mm)/1000 = 15 No
5% wastage = 0.75 No.
Total = 16 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

Material cost
Copings= 16 No x RM0.27 = RM4.32
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM11.14
Labour cost
Coping layer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM20.39
15% profit and overhead = RM3.06
Price/m = RM23.45

11. 450mm x 100mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m

Number of copings of wall = (450m x 100mm)/1000 = 45 No
5% wastage = 2.25 No.
Total = 47 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

Material cost
Copings= 47 No x RM0.27 = RM12.69
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM19.51
Labour cost
Coping layer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM28.76
15% profit and overhead = RM4.31
Price/m = RM33.07

12. 600mm x 150mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m

Number of copings of wall = (600mm x 150mm)/1000 = 90 No
5% wastage = 4.5 No.
Total = 95 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20
Material cost
Copings= 95 No x RM0.27 = RM25.65
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM32.47
Labour cost
Coping layer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM41.72
15% profit and overhead = RM6.26
Price/m = RM47.98

13. 100mm x 100mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m

Material cost
Copings= 10 No x RM0.27 = RM2.70
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM9.52
Labour cost
Coping layer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM18.77
15% profit and overhead = RM2.81
Price/m = RM21.59
14. 150mm x 100 mm thick protrude of cement sand brick copings-m
Number of copings of wall = (150mm x 100mm)/1000 = 15 No
5% wastage = 0.75 No.
Total = 16 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

15. 100mm x 100mm thick protrude of reinforced concrete copings-m

Number of copings of wall = (100mm x 100mm)/1000 = 10 No
5% wastage = 0.5 No.
Total = 10 No.

Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
1m3 sand = RM32.00 x 1m3 = RM32.00
2m3 aggregate = RM41.00 x 2m3 = RM82.00
Subtotal = RM546.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM182.00
Cost for 4 m3 = RM728.60
Cost/m3 = RM182.15
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

Material cost
Copings= 10 No x RM0.27 = RM2.70
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM182.15 = RM4.55
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM9.41
Labour cost
Coping layer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM18.66
15% profit and overhead = RM2.80
Price/m = RM21.46

INTERNAL WALLS AND PARTITION

1. Cement and sand brick in cement mortar(1:3) of half bricks walls (115mm thick);
reinforced with and course reinforcement as described at every fourth course, well
lapped. – m2
Assumption:
Width of brick = 210mm
Wastage 5 %
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cost for cement and sand brick = RM0.27/no

Number of bricks/m2 of wall = (1000x1000)/(210mm x 115mm) = 41.40 No = 42 No.

Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

2. Cement and sand brick in cement mortar(1:3) of half bricks walls (75mm thick);
reinforced with and course reinforcement as described at every fourth course, well
lapped. – m2
Assumption:
Width of brick = 210mm
Wastage 5 %
Cost for cement = RM15.45/bag (50kg)
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cost for cement and sand brick = RM0.27/no

Number of bricks/m2 of wall = (1000x1000)/(210mm x 75mm) = 63.50 No = 64 No.

5% wastage = 3.2 No.
Total = 68 No.
Mortar Cost
Material Cost
1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM15.45 = RM432.60
3m3 sand = 3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM528.60
1/3 for shrinkage and wastage = RM176.20
Cost for 4 m3 = RM704.80
Cost/m3 = RM176.20
Labour cost
To mix
General worker = 2 hours x (RM40.00/8 hours) = Rm10.00
Cost/m3 mortar = RM186.20

Material cost
Bricks = 68 No x RM0.27 = RM18.36
Mortar = 0.025m3 x RM186.20 = RM4.66
Brick reinforcement = 3.60m x RM0.60 = RM2.16
Subtotal = RM25.18

Labour cost
Bricklayer = 1.00 hour × (RM60.00/8 hours) = RM7.50
General worker = 0.35 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM1.75
Subtotal = RM9.25
Total cost = RM34.43
15% profit and overhead = RM5.16
Price/m2 = RM39.59

3. 100mm Thick “Acotec” precast panel – m2

Assumption:
Area of wall panel = 3m x 0.6m = 1.8m2
Price of wall panel = RM42.00/m2
Number of wall panel = 100 numbers
Nails = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 5%

4. 100mm Thick “Acotec” fire-rated precast panel – m2

Assumption:
Price of fire-rated precast panel = RM60.00/m2
Nails = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 5%

Material cost
Price of wall panel = RM60.00
Nails = 0.35 x RM4.50 = RM1.58
Wastage of 5% = RM3.08
Subtotal = RM64.66

5. 9mm thick approved fibre cement board as described to wall– m2

Assumption:
1.22m x 2.44m of fibre cement board = RM40.00
Nail = 0.35kg/m2
Wastage = 6%
Output of skilled worker = 1.5 hour
Output of general worker = 2 hours

6. 19mm thick plaster of cement and sand (1:3) finished with a steel trowel to walls,
beams and columns-m2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/50kg
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cement= 1m3 (1442kg)
Output of labour = 2.10 m2/hour

Material cost
Cement = 1442kg/50kg x RM15.45 = RM445.58
Sand= 3m3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM541.58
33.33% shrinkage = RM180.51
Cost for 4 m3 = RM722.09
Cost for 1m3 = RM772.09/4m3 = RM193.02
10% wastage = RM19.30
Total = RM212.32
Cost of 19mm thick plastering for 1m2 = RM212.32 x 0.019m = RM4.03
Labour cost
Plasterers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 2.10 m2
Labour cost for 1 m2/hour = 0.476 hour × RM21.00 = RM10.00
Erect and dismantle scaffold = 0.5 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM2.50
Total cost of plastering = RM16.53
15% profit and overhead = RM2.48
Price/m2 = RM19.01

7. 5mm thick plaster of cement and sand (1:3) finished with a steel trowel to wall
panels-m2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/50kg
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cement= 1m3 (1442kg)
Output of labour = 2.10 m2/hour

Material cost
Cement = 1442kg/50kg x RM15.45 = RM445.58
Sand= 3m3 x RM32.00 = RM96.00
Subtotal = RM541.58
33.33% shrinkage = RM180.51
Cost for 4 m3 = RM722.09
Cost for 1m3 = RM772.09/4m3 = RM193.02
10% wastage = RM19.30
Total = RM212.32
Cost of 5mm thick plastering for 1m2 = RM212.32 x 0.005m = RM1.06
Labour cost
Plasterers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 2.10 m2
Labour cost for 1 m2/hour = 0.476 hour × RM21.00 = RM10.00
Erect and dismantle scaffold = 0.5 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM2.50
Total cost of plastering = RM13.56
15% profit and overhead = RM2.03
Price/m2 = RM15.59

8. 5mm thick plaster of cement and sand (1:3) finished with a steel trowel to cement
boards-m2
Cost for cement = RM15.45/50kg
Cost for sand = RM32/m3
Cement= 1m3 (1442kg)
Output of labour = 2.10 m2/hour

Labour cost for 1 m2/hour = 0.476 hour × RM21.00 = RM10.00

Erect and dismantle scaffold = 0.5 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM2.50
Total cost of plastering = RM13.56
15% profit and overhead = RM2.03
Price/m2 = RM15.59

9. 400mm x 400mm x 20mm acotiles wall tiles – m2

Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 6 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 6 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM30.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM0.90
5% wastage = RM1.50
Subtotal = RM32.40
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM34.63
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM47.76
15% profit and overhead = RM7.16
Price/m2 = RM54.92

10. 300mm x 300mm x 20mm acotiles wall tiles – m2

Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00

Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM74.76
15% profit and overhead = RM11.21
Price/m2 = RM85.97

11. 300mm x 300mm x 20mm acotiles wall tiles – m2

Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 11 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM55.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM1.65
5% wastage = RM2.75
Subtotal = RM59.40
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM61.63
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM74.76
15% profit and overhead = RM11.21
Price/m2 = RM85.97

12. Prepare and apply one coat of “Nippon Vinilex 5100 Sealer” and two finishing coats
of “Nippon Matex Pro” at plastered walls, beams and columns – m2
Prepare surface, stirring paint
Materials, say = RM0.50
Ladders, brushes, etc, say = RM0.10
Subtotal RM0.60
5% wastage = RM0.03
Painter = 0.03 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
Sealer coat
Paint = 0.057 litres x (RM75.00/5 litres) = RM0.86
5% wastage = RM0.04
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
First coat
Paint = 0.063 litres × (RM90.00/5 litre) = RM1.13

5% wastage = RM0.06
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Second coat
Paint = 0.083 litres × (RM90.00/5 litre) = RM1.49
5% wastage = RM0.07
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Total = RM4.82
15% profit and overhead = RM0.72
Price/m2 = RM5.54

Internal Floor Finishes

1. 600mm x 600mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles – m2
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 14 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 14 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM70.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM2.10
5% wastage = RM3.50
Subtotal = RM75.60
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM77.89
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM90.96
15% profit and overhead = RM13.64
Price/m2 = RM104.60

2. 600mm x 600mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles with 75mm high drop – m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 12 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 12 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM60.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM1.80
5% wastage = RM3.00
Subtotal = RM64.80

Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23

Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM67.03
Cost of material for 1 m = RM67.03 x (75/1000) = RM5.03
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM18.16
15% profit and overhead = RM2.72
Price/m= RM20.88
3. 600mm x 600mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles with 50mm high drop – m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 13 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 13 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM65.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM1.95
5% wastage = RM3.25
Subtotal = RM70.20
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM72.43
Cost of material for 1 m = RM72.43 x (50/1000) = RM3.62
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM16.75
15% profit and overhead = RM2.51
Price/m = RM19.26

4. 400mm x 400mm x 25mm thick acotiles wall tiles to floors in all bedroom - m2
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 24 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 24 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM120.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM3.60
5% wastage = RM6.00

Subtotal = RM129.60
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM131.83
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM144.96
15% profit and overhead = RM21.74
Price/m2 = RM166.70

5. 400mm x 400mm x 25mm thick acotiles wall tiles to floors in all bedroom with
75mm high drops - m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 24 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

6. 400mm x 400mm x 25mm thick acotiles wall tiles to floors in all bedroom with
50mm high drops - m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 24 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost

Tiles = 24 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM120.00

Unloading, say 3% = RM3.60
5% wastage = RM6.00
Subtotal = RM129.60
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM131.83
Cost of material for 1 m = RM131.83 x (50/1000) = RM6.59

Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM19.72
15% profit and overhead = RM2.96
Price/m = RM22.68
7. 400mm x 400mm x 25mm thick acotiles wall tiles to floors in kitchens - m2
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 24 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 24 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM120.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM3.60
5% wastage = RM6.00
Subtotal = RM129.60
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM131.83
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM144.96
15% profit and overhead = RM21.74
Price/m2 = RM166.70

8. 400mm x 400mm x 25mm thick acotiles wall tiles to floors with 150mm high drops -
m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 24 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3
Material cost
Tiles = 24 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM120.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM3.60
5% wastage = RM6.00
Subtotal = RM129.60
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM131.83
Cost of material for 1 m = RM131.83 x (150/1000) = RM19.77
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM32.90
15% profit and overhead = RM4.94
Price/m = RM37.84

9. 300mm x 300mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles in bath 1– m2

Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

10. 300mm x 300mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles with 25mm high drops – m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 11 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM55.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM1.65
5% wastage = RM2.75
Subtotal = RM59.40
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM61.63
Cost of material for 1 m = RM61.63 x (25/1000) = RM1.54
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM14.67
15% profit and overhead = RM2.20
Price/m = RM16.87

11. 300mm x 300mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles in bath 2 and 3– m2

Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

12. 300mm x 300mm x 25mm acotiles wall tiles with 25mm high drops – m
Assumptions:
Wall tiles = 11 No.tiles/m2
Cost of tiles = RM5.00/pc
Mortal for 1 m2 = 0.012m3
Cost of mortar= RM186.20/m3

Material cost
Tiles = 11 No./m2 x RM5.00 = RM55.00
Unloading, say 3% = RM1.65
5% wastage = RM2.75
Subtotal = RM59.40
Mortar = 0.012 x RM186.20 = RM2.23
Cost of material for 1 m2 = RM61.63
Cost of material for 1 m = RM61.63 x (25/1000) = RM1.54
Labour cost
2 tilers = 2 × (RM64.00/8 hours) = RM16.00
1 general worker = RM40.00/8 hours = RM5.00
Subtotal = RM21.00
Output of labour/hour = 1.6 m2
Cost of laying and pointing for 1 m2/hour = 0.625 hour × RM21.00 = RM13.13
Total = RM14.67
15% profit and overhead = RM2.20
Price/m = RM16.87

13. Prepare and clean surface two coats of “SikaTop Seal 107” at concrete surfaces of
floor slabs – m2
Prepare surface, stirring paint
Materials, say = RM0.50
Ladders, brushes, etc, say = RM0.10
Subtotal RM0.60
5% wastage = RM0.03
Painter = 0.03 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
First coat
Paint = 0.063 litres × (RM115.00/5 litre) = RM1.45
5% wastage = RM0.07
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Second coat
Paint = 0.083 litres × (RM115.00/5 litre) = RM1.91
5% wastage = RM0.10
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Total = RM4.57
15% profit and overhead = RM0.69
Price/m2 = RM5.26
14. Prepare and apply two finishing coats of “Nippon Matex Pro” on surfaces of ceilings-
m2
Prepare surface, stirring paint
Materials, say = RM0.50
Ladders, brushes, etc, say = RM0.10
Subtotal RM0.60
5% wastage = RM0.03
Painter = 0.03 hour x (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.15
First coat
Paint = 0.063 litres × (RM90.00/5 litre) = RM1.13
5% wastage = RM0.06
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Second coat
Paint = 0.083 litres × (RM90.00/5 litre) = RM1.49
5% wastage = RM0.07
Painter = 0.025 hour × (RM40.00/8 hours) = RM0.13
Total = RM3.79
15% profit and overhead = RM0.57
Price/m2 = RM4.36
Conclusion
After the Bill of Quantities (BQ) on this project, we can observe the components
required to carry out this project from the beginning until the end. The assumptions
throughout the project plays an essential role as it determines the outcome of the cost
estimation. Therefore, it is important to adjust the assumptions of the material costs, labour
costs and the cost for the plants, so that the price estimated can acquire greater satisfactions
from the parties.
APPENDIX
References
1. Chong, B. L. 2021, Topic 3: Pricing the works – Unit Rates Build-Up,
lecture notes, UEBQ2153 Estimating, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,
delivered 1 February 2021.

2. Trevor M. 2015, Quantity Surveyors & Estimators – Building up rates

from first Principles Example 2. [online]
Available at: <
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quantity-surveyors-estimators-building-
up-rates- from-trevor-6029416979570376704 > [Accessed 3 April 2021].

3. Trevor M. 2015, QUANTITY SURVEYORS AND ESTIMATORS –

BUILDING UP RATES FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES CONTINUES
Example 7. [online] Available at: <
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quantity-surveyors-estimators-building-
up-rates- from-trevor-6029416979570376704 > [Accessed 3 April 2021].

4. Civil Engineering Discoveries. N.d. Different Grades Of Concrete And

Their Applications. [online] Available at: <
https://engineeringdiscoveries.com/different- grades-of-concrete-and-their-
applications/ > [ Accessed 17 March 2021]

5. Angie Ng Lay Yan. Admin. Prices of Steel Bar. Available :0163235494.

6. Quantity surveyor online. 2021, Prices Of Building Materials. [online]

Available at: < http://quantitysurveyoronline.com.my/materials-prices.html
> [Accessed 18 March 2021]

7. White Horse. N.d. Floor Ceramic Tiles [online] Available at: <
http://whitehorse.my/sites/default/files/20210125_Ceramic_Floor_Tiles_4
00x400mm. pdf > [ Accessed 19 April 202]

8. ATKC eWarehouse Home Improvement Store. Available at <

https://www.ewarehouse.my/nippon-paint-zinc-chromate-primer > [Accessed
19 March 2021]

9. ATKC eWarehouse Home Improvement Store. Available at: <

https://www.ewarehouse.my/Nippon-Paint-Vinilex-5100-Wall-Sealer-5L >
[Accessed 19 March 2021]
10. Nippon Paint Malaysia. Available at< https://shoponline.nipponpaint.com.my/our-
products/9000-gloss-finish.html > [ Accessed 19 March 2021]

11. ATKC eWarehouse Home Improvement Store. Available at <

https://www.ewarehouse.my/sika-top-seal-10725kg-set-a-20kg-b-5kg > [ Accessed 19 March
2021]

12.
Q2.

2.1 Purpose of estimating during construction process

Construction cost estimating is using appropriate principal and procedures to
forecast the cost of building a physical structure. Estimating is essential during the
construction project. The item must be analysed, quantified and priced because it
influenced and contribute to the project cost. The financial impact of cost overrun and
failure to complete the construction project will be worried by contractors and
customers. Estimating is prepared before the actual construction so in the construction
documents must put in the as much as what had study and thought. Estimating
provide a description of the project and the precise table of required expenditure to
complete the project. Construction estimates also give the clients about how much
cost need to spend to attain their vision by a project estimate. Contractors will use the
estimate to decide the cost for bid on a project, while the project owner used to
determine the project scope and allocate the budget to the project. Estimator are the
one who is most important in construction company which can visualize the project
and determine the cost of project. A good estimate will help the project owner away
from overpaying and help contractor avoid losing money.

In order to complete a job, there are some costs that exceed the scope of
craftsman and materials needed when build up a new project. As an estimator must be
competent to gather the information on the factors and complete an accurate
estimating. It is important to compile the data because these components will impact
the total cost of the project directly. These factors include the materials, labour,
locations, duration of project, building codes, machinery and also the soil condition at
the site. These factors may not be like important during the project, but it can affect
the duration, cost, and even outcome of a project. For example, customer overestimate
the cost of land acquisition for construction project, or the client might not be aware
the role of weather that play throughout the duration of project. There are the cases of
cost overruns in the construction project when experience severe climates and force
the project delays. The other factors that must be considered include the gas
availability, electricity, water and sewer, and those specific materials that required to
complete the project. For instance, the materials for eco-friendly building are different
with the ordinary project. As not all materials are immediately available and it must
be order in advance to make sure can get the material on time.

2.2 Explain the significant finding you have gained from cost estimating in Question 1
Cost estimate pictures the approximation of the quantity, cost and price of a
project to inform job and budget planning process. A recent study by the Project
Management Institute found that on average, the actual costs were 28% higher than
estimated costs (Sopik , n.d.). However, the accuracy of estimate can be achieved by
having more accurate planning, improved profit margins, improved resource
management and so on.
In the BQ, we are using precast concrete slab with fibre mesh as fibre mesh
can
increase its flexural strength and tensile strength. The major advantages
of adding such fibre in concrete is it can increase the ductility of concrete. Then, we can
notice that the cost of rebar is expensive, which cost RM2,850.00/tonne. This is because raw
material for steel bars has been increased significantly. Global Times (2021) states that in
2020, China produced 1.325 billion tons of steel products, recording a year-on-year increase
of 7.7 percent. China as a major buyer of bulk raw materials, and because of its post-
pandemic economic recovery has been more prominent than in other countries, hence leading
to the return of foreign trade orders to China and thus rising steel demand. Construction
industry in our country had trade with China for their scrap metal in order to produce rebar
however the cost of the scrap metal is also being increased significantly in order to boost
country’s economy. Therefore, the price of the rebar appear to be high. Besides that,
“Acotec” fire-rated precast panel is added for fire resistance purpose. The fire rating of
Acotec panel 100mm is 2 hours.

2.3 Analyses of construction cost estimating during preliminary stage

Preliminary means a minor match preceding the main event. While preliminary
cost estimate is based on the detailed take-offs of quantities of basic structural items
like flooring, ceiling and others. The preliminary estimate is a cost approximation that
calculated when the project still in conceptual stage. The preliminary estimate is
prepared before the detailed information like project drawings and the specification
drawn up. Preliminary not only can use it for the new construction project, it can also
prepare for the renovation work or the project like destroy the old building for new
project. Preliminary estimate can help clients and contractor to make the budget and
the cost control plan for the project. The forecast cost might slightly difference or it
will depend on the available information regarding to the project.

The information in the preliminary estimate includes the date of the estimate and
date of assumed tender, the brief detail of specification and drawings, the expected
differences from estimate to actual cost of project, the cost for different categories like
sanitation, electricity, water supply and others and also the details of person that
prepare the estimate. The more details provided, the small variation will be form.

By prepare the preliminary estimate, clients and contractors both have the benefits
to each other. It will help clients to find the most suitable contractor based on their
preliminary estimates. Each party will aware to the probable costs and gain early
financial commitment. Both parties can prepare the budget management costs. They
can advise to architect and engineers of the project cost and duty that required.

Most of the preliminary estimate are based on the information from previous
project. It can be based on the factors like project type, geographical region and
construction method. A good preliminary estimate can avoid the strain on relationship
of the construction and clients.

2.4 Elucidate the construction cost estimating analyses for a project based on the
knowledge and experience that you have now.
A good cost estimation is very important in order to keep a project under
budget. An estimating plan has to include the scope definition of the project, defining
the boundaries and time plan. We are clear that every estimate is associated with
uncertainty, which also associated with the probability of underrunning or
overrunning the predicted cost. To achieve the accuracy that we expect our estimate to
have, we can decide to use the estimating technique that best fit the situation. There
are some important estimate methodologies, which are factor estimating, parametric
estimating and detailed estimating.
Firstly, factor estimating. This is also known as top-down estimating, generally is
used in the identification phase. We can use this when the project is not well defined yet,
which means the scope is incomplete and there are a number of alternatives that need to be
worked out more detail. Next, parametric estimating. Parametric estimating is used in earlier
phases (identification and definition) of a project where there is not much specific
information but there is historical data from previous similar projects. A company might have
a collection of previous quotes, contract values and prices hence, we can put this to use by
developing parametric estimation techniques. For example, we might be able to find the cost
estimate relationships (CERs) by studying how the size and material type of pumps relate to
cost (Cost Engineering Consultancy, 2021).
Then, detailed estimating. This is also known as bottom-up estimating,
generally is used when the maturity level of project definition is high (execution and
operational phase). This approach is both time-consuming and costly, it also results in
the most accurate estimates. In short, parametric and detailed estimating are usually
the techniques that can provide most accurate cost projections.

On the other hand, there are many factors that are uncertain to be faced during cost
estimating. This causes challenges to cost estimation. As an example, experience won’t help
in guiding if the project is not like prior ones and also, if the planning horizon is further out, it
faces a greater uncertainty (Westland, 2019). One of the challenges is the quality of available
data. Limited time affect the quality and quantity of data that estimators can obtain. If the
time given is insufficient, estimators may use secondary data sources that lack of thorough
documentation instead of original source. Besides that, large number of organizations
involved is also one of the challenges might be faced during cost estimating. Estimators must
be aware when collecting data which involves many different data sources and organizations.
Estimators have to communicate and coordinate with all these sources to make sure the
information are true and accessible.

Moreover, there are some trends that impact cost estimating today including: Building
Information Modelling (BIM), Sustainability and LEED certification and Lean Construction
and Cost Control. A building information model is a digital model of a structure with all its
characteristics and dimensions. As such, there is an increasing demand for cost estimating to
become an aspect of BIM. Next, LEED Certification is a point system for rating buildings
according to their environmental performance. Estimator is responsible to obtain LEED
certification which involved both calculating the cost of scoring LEED points and
communicating these to clients. Then, for lean construction and cost control, this is a fairly
new approach which is the systematic effort to reduce waste without affecting productivity.
Ramos (2017) states that studies indicate that by applying lean principles in construction
projects helps in saving cost. As such, good understanding of lean principles is a good asset
for cost engineers who apply principles of value engineering to construction projects.

A good construction cost estimating wins jobs. In general, customers usually select
the lowest bid that meet the standards and specifications which set by them. Hence, the time
and effort an estimator spend in preparing the estimate are a cost of doing business and also
an investment in winning the job.

In conclusion, a good cost estimate prevents the builder from losing money
and also helps the customer in preventing them from overpaying.
3 Roles of The Estimator In The Estimating Team
3.1 General
Building construction estimating is that the determination of probable
construction prices of any given project (Frank, n.d.). Several items influence and
contribute to the cost of a project; each item must be analysed, quantified, and priced.
Because the estimate is ready before the particular construction, abundant study and
thought must be place into the construction documents. The estimator who can
visualize the project and accurately confirm its cost will become one of the most
important persons in any construction company.
For projects constructed with the design-bid-build (DBB) delivery system, it is
necessary for contractors to submit a competitive cost estimate for the project (Frank,
n.d.). The competition in construction bidding is intense, with multiple companies
vying for a single project. To remain in business, a contractor must be the lowest-
qualified bidder on a precise number of projects, while maintaining an acceptable
profit margin. This profit margin must offer the general contractor an acceptable rate
of return and compensation for the risk associated with the project. Because the
estimate is ready from the working drawings and the project manual for a building,
the ability of the estimator to visualize all the different phases of the construction
project becomes a prime ingredient in successful bidding.
The working drawings typically contain info relative to the design, location,
dimensions, and construction of the project, whereas the project manual may well be a
written supplement to the drawings and includes info concerning to materials and
workmanship, further as info regarding the bidding process. The working drawings
and also the project manual represent most of the contract documents, define the
scope of work, and must be thought of along once preparing an estimate. The two
complement each other, and they typically overlap within the information they
convey. The bid submitted must be based on the scope work provided by the owner or
the architect (Frank, n.d.). The estimator is responsible for including everything
contained within the drawings and also the project manual within the submitted bid.
Because of the complexness of the drawings and also the project manual, coupled
with the potential cost of an error, the estimator must read everything thoroughly and
recheck all items. Initially, the plans and also the project manual must be checked to
confirm that they are complete. Then the estimator can begin the process of
quantifying all the materials conferred. Every item included within the estimate must
contain as much information as possible. The quantities determined for the estimate
can ultimately be used to order and purchase the required materials. The estimated
quantities and their associated projected costs will become the premise of project
controls within the field (Frank, n.d.).
Estimating the ultimate cost of a project needs the combination of many
variables. These variables fall under either direct field costs or indirect field costs.
The indirect field costs also are stated as general conditions or project overhead costs
in building construction. The direct field costs are the material, labour, equipment, or
subcontracted items that are permanently and physically integrated into the building
(Frank, n.d.). As an example, the labour and materials for the foundation of the
building would be a direct field cost. The indirect field costs are the cost for the items
that are needed to support the sector construction efforts. As an example, the project
site workplace would be a general conditions cost. Additionally, factors like weather,
transportation, soil conditions, labour strikes, material availability, and subcontractor
availability need to be integrated into the estimate. Despite the variables concerned,
the estimator must strive to prepare as accurate an estimate as possible. Since
subcontractors or specialty contractors might perform abundant of the work in the
sector, the estimator must be able to articulate the scope of work for these
corporations to furnish a price quote (Frank, n.d.). The complexness of an estimate
requires organization, estimator’s best judgment, complete specialty contractors’
(subcontractors’) bids, accurate quantity take-offs, and accurate records of completed
projects.

3.2 Importance of The Estimator and The Estimating Team

The roles of the contractor’s estimator are vital to success of the organization.
The estimator is responsible for predicting the most economics costs for construction
in a way that is both clear and consistent. Despite an estimator will have a feel for the
prices in the marketplace, it is the responsibility of management to add an amount for
general overheads, assess the risks and turn the estimate into a tender.
The estimating team for a proposed project has the estimator as its coordinator
and is usually made up of a contract manager, buyer, planning engineer and quantity
surveyor. The involvement of other people will vary from company to company. A
project quantity surveyor is often consulted to examine amendments to conditions of
contract, prepare BQ, assess commercial risks, set up design agreements and identify
possible difficulties which have been experienced on previous contract.
Clients sometimes prefer to negotiate agreements with quantity surveyors
where a good working relationship has been established and follow-on work is to be
based on pricing levels agreed for previous work. The aim of the team is to achieve an
understanding of the technical, financial and contractual requirements of the scheme
so as to produce a professional technical document with a realistic prediction of the
cost of construction.

3.3 Estimation Team

In every construction project, there will be an estimation team that estimate the cost of
the project and ready to adjust the cost when any adjustment made in the project or material
cost. A quantity surveyor (QS) is compulsory and the most important role in the estimation
team. His role is to examine amendments to conditions of contract, prepare a bill of
quantities, assess commercial risks, set up design agreements and identify possible
difficulties which have been experienced on previous contract. Quantity surveyor is
specialized in managing financial and contractual aspects in the construction industry.
The second estimator is planning engineer. His role is to prepare preliminary program,
prepare statements, temporary works design, organizational charts and site layout drawings.
The third estimator is purchasing officer. Purchasing officer provides valuable information
leading to the most economic sources for the supply of materials and plant. Getting
quotations from suppliers and subcontractors.
The fourth estimator is site manager. His role is to report on the technical and
financial progress of the projects so that the estimator can learn from the company’s
experience on site. The last estimator in estimation team is site staff. Site staff contribute
knowledge regarding the alternative construction methods that have a significant effect on
tender price.
3.4 Types of Estimates
The required level of accuracy coupled with the amount of data regarding the
project that is available will dictate the type of estimate that can be prepared. The
various estimating methods are discussed below.
Detailed Estimate
The detailed estimate includes determination of the quantities and costs of
everything that is needed to complete the project (Frank, n.d.). This includes
materials, labour, equipment, insurance, bonds, and overhead, as well as an estimate
of the profit. To perform this kind of estimate, the contractor must have a whole set of
contract documents. Every item of the project should be broken down into its parts
and estimated. Each piece of work that is to be performed by the contractor features a
distinct labour demand that must be estimated. The items that are to be installed by
others have to be outlined and priced. Caution needs to be exercised to make sure that
there is agreement between the contractor and also the specialty contractor on what to
try to do and whether they are to install or supply and install the items. Additionally,
there needs to be an agreement about who is providing support items such as cranes
and scaffolding. The contractor is responsible for ensuring that the scope of work is
split among the contractor and subcontractors so that there are no overlaps within the
individual scope of works which everything has been included in someone’s scope of
work. The detailed estimate must establish the estimated quantities and costs of the
materials, the time needed for and costs of labour, the equipment needed and its cost,
the items needed for overhead and the cost of every item, and the percentage of profit
desired, considering the investment, the time to complete, and also the complexity of
the project.
Assembly Estimating
In assembly estimating, instead of bidding each of the individual components
of the project, the estimator bids the components in groups known as assemblies
(Frank, n.d.). The installation of the elements of an assembly may be restricted to a
single trade or may be installed by many alternative trades. An example of a simple
assembly would be a residential lightweight switch, which has a single-gang box, a
single-pole switch, cover plate, two wire nuts, and an allowance of 20 feet of NM-B
12 gage wire. The complete assembly would be installed by an electrician. A
residential electrical estimate could be ready using assemblies for the switches,
outlets, lights, power panels, and so forth instead of determining the individual
components. An example of a complex assembly would be a metal-stud, gypsum-
board partition wall, which might include bottom track, metal studs, top track,
drywall, screws, tape, joint compound, insulation, primer, paint, and other
miscellaneous items required to construct the wall. This assembly would be installed
by multiple trades.
Many high-end estimating computer programs like WinEst and Timberline
allow the user to prepare detailed estimates by taking off assemblies. For the switch
assembly, the estimator would take off the quantity of switch assemblies required for
the project, and the software would add one single-gang box, one single-pole, one
cover plate, two wire nuts, and 20 feet of NM-B 12-gage wire to the detailed estimate
for every switch assembly. This simplifies the estimating process and will increases
the productivity of the estimator.

Project Comparison Estimates

Project comparison estimates are prepared by comparing the cost of a
proposed project to a completed project (Frank, n.d.). When preparing an estimate
using this method, the estimator starts with the costs of a comparable project and then
makes changes for variations within the project. For example, an estimate for the
buildings in an apartment project could also be prepared from a project built using the
same plans during the previous year in a nearby city. In this example, the costs from
the completed project need to be adjusted for inflation, changes within the availability
and cost of labour, changes within the plans made to meet city codes, and so forth. In
most cases, the site should be estimated using another method because of the
variations in site conditions. As with other estimating methods that do not prepare a
detailed list of materials, care must be taken to ensure that the proposed project is
similar to the completed project.
References

1. Cost Engineering Consultancy., 2021. 5 cost estimating techniques of Cleopatra

Enterprise Software, [online] Available at: https://costmanagement.eu/blog-article/5-
costs-estimation-techniques-of-cleopatra-enterprise-software [Accessed on 1 April
2021]

2. Gerardi, J., 2021., Why is Construction Estimating Important? [online] Available at:
<https://proest.com/construction/estimating/why-is-estimating-important/> [Accessed
30 March 2021]

3. Global Times., 2021. Rising Steel Demand in China Helps Elevate Global Market:
CISA, [online] Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1214105.shtml
[Accessed on 31 March 2021]

4. IFMA Knowledge Library, n.d., Preliminary Cost Estimate. [online] Available at:
<https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/4/013470116X.pdf >
[Accessed 1 April 2021]
5. Kiper, D., 2020., The Purpose of the Estimate. [online] Available at:
<https://www.ecmweb.com/construction/estimating/article/21119807/the-purpose-of-
the-estimate> [Accessed 30 March 2021]

6. Measure Manage, n.d., Why Construction Estimating Is Important For Construction

Project? [online] Available at: <https://measuremanage.com.au/why-construction-
estimating-is-important/ > [Accessed 30 March 2021]

7. Pearson, n.d., Introduction to Estimating. [online] Available at:

<https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/4/013470116X.pdf >
[Accessed 30 March 2021].

8. Quantity Surveying Practices, n.d., Preliminary Estimating- Methods & Advantages

[online] Available at: <https://quantity-surveying-practices.com/preliminary-
estimating/> [Accessed 1 April 2021]

9. QTO Estimating, n.d., Preliminary Estimate of Construction Projects. [online]

Available at: <https://www.qtoestimating.com/preliminary-estimate/#:~:text=A
%20preliminary%20estimate%20is%20the,of%20the%20specific%20construction
%20project.>

10. Ramos, D., 2017. Construction Cost Estimating: The Basics and Beyond. New
Aspects of Construction Cost Estimating, [online] Available at:
https://www.smartsheet.com/construction-cost estimating#:~:text=Construction
%20cost%20estimating%20is%20the,of%20building%20a%20physical
%20structure.&text=It's%20a%20core%20component%20of,total%20time%20and
%20cost%20estimate. [Accessed on 2 April 2021]

11. Sopik, P., n.d. WorkflowMax. What is a cost estimate? The importance of accurate
estimating for your service business, [online] Available at:
https://www.workflowmax.com/blog/what-is-cost-estimate [Accessed on 30 March
2021]

12. Technomics., 2018. Top 5 Challenges to Cost Estimating, [online] Available at:
https://www.technomics.net/blog/top-5-challenges-to-cost-estimating [Accessed on 2
April 2021]

13. 1Total Takeoffs, n.d., Preliminary Estimate. [online] Available at:

<https://totaltakeoffs.com/construction-estimates/preliminary-estimate/> [Accessed 1
April 2021]

14. Westland, J., 2019. Project Manager. Cost Estimation for Projects: How to Estimate
Accurately, [online] Available at: https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/cost-
estimation-for-projects [Accessed on 2 April 2021]

15. Frank R. Dagostino, Steven J. Peterson. (N.D.). Estimating in Building Construction.

Second ed. Available at : http://ewble-sl.utar.edu.my/file.php/13062/Lecture_1_-
Topic_1_Introduction-Part_2_of_2.pdf. [Accessed 23 March 2021]

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