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Statistics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: descriptive statistics which involves organizing and summarizing data using tables, charts and averages; inferential statistics which uses sample data to draw conclusions about a population; variables which are characteristics that can change or take on different values; and different types of data including qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous data. It also discusses important statistical terms like population, sample, parameter, statistics, and different levels of measurement for variables.

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Peter Perez
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44 views

Statistics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: descriptive statistics which involves organizing and summarizing data using tables, charts and averages; inferential statistics which uses sample data to draw conclusions about a population; variables which are characteristics that can change or take on different values; and different types of data including qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous data. It also discusses important statistical terms like population, sample, parameter, statistics, and different levels of measurement for variables.

Uploaded by

Peter Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS

It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, analysis


andinterpretationofnumerical data in order to make decisions.

Statistics involves:
1. collection of data
2. tabulation or presentation of data
3. Analysis of data
4. interpretation of data

Steps in Statistical Inquiry:


1. Choosing the problem and stating the hypothesis
2. Formulating the research design
3. Data collection
4. Coding the data
5. Processing and analyzing data
6. Interpreting results

Uses of Statistics:
1. It aids in decision-making
2. It summarizes data for public use
3. It can give a precise description of data
4. It can predict the behavior of an individual
5. It can be used to test the hypothesis
6. It is an important tool in different fields of discipline

Branches of Statistics:
● Descriptive statistics
- Involves organizing, summarizing, and displaying data
- Tables, charts, averages
● Inferential statistics
- Involves using sample data to draw conclusion about a population

Examples:
● A teacher arranges the scores obtained by his students in a graph. (descriptive)
● A researcher may wish to find out whether exposure to pollution may reduce life span.
(inferential)

● A large sample of men, aged 48, was studied for 18 years. For unmarried men, approximately
70% were alive at age 65. For married men, 90% were alive at age 65
○ Descriptive: for unmarried men, approximately 70% were alive at the age 65 & for
married men, 90% were alive at 65

Population and Sample


● Population - collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of
interest
● Sample - subset of the population; represents the population in a research study. The goal is
to use the results obtained from the sample to help answer questions about the population

Parameter and Statistics


● Parameter - A number that describes a population characteristic.Average age of all people in
the Philippines
● Statistics - A number that describes a sample characteristic.Average age of people from a
sample of three states

Example: Distinguish Parameter and Statistics


Decide whether the numerical value describes a population parameter or a sample statistics.

1. A recent survey of a sample of PBAs reported that the average salary for a PBA is more than
Php 82,000. (Source: The Wall Street Journal)
Solution: Sample statistics (the average of Php 82,000 is based on a subset of the population)

2. Starting salaries for the 667 IT graduates fromHolyAngelUniversity increased 8.5%fromthe


previous year. Larson/Farber 4th ed. 20

Solution: Population parameter (the percent increase of 8.5% is based on the 667 graduates’
startingsalaries)
Variable
- A variable is a characteristic or conditionthatcanchange or take on different values.
- Most research begins with a general questionaboutthe relationship between two variables for
aspecificgroup of individuals

Classifications of variables according to functional relationship


● Independent variable. This is alsocalledasthepredictor variable, manipulated variable.
● Dependent variable. This is also calledasthecriterion variable or observed variable.

Identify the dependent and independent variable


1. The effects of types of Audio-visual Materials to the Problem Solving Ability in Mathematics
2. The Effects of Types of Feeds and Salinity Level on the Growth of Tilapia in Fishponds
3. Parental Involvement in Relation to the Senior HighSchool Students’ Choice of Strand

Data
- Data Consist of information coming from observations,counts, measurements, or responses.
- “People who eat three daily servings of wholegrains have been shown to reduce their risk of…
strokeby37%.” (Source: Whole Grains Council)
- “Seventy percent of the 1500 IT studentsplayingDOTA 2 and CSGO.”

Types of Data According to Sources


1. Primary data. They refer to informationwhichisdirectly gathered from respondents or
whichisbasedondirect or firsthand experience. Example: diary
2. Secondary data. They refer to informationwhichistaken from published or
unpublisheddatagatheredbyother individuals or agencies. Example: magazine, books

Types of Data
● Qualitative Data - Consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries.Major Larson/Farber
4th ed. 21 Place of birth, Eye color
● Quantitative data - Numerical measurements or counts. Age Weight of a letter Temperature

Classification of
quantitative data
1. Continuous data - numerical responses that arise from a measurement process. Ex. 1.234 in,
2.8 cm, Prices, weight, average grade, height, time
2. Discrete data -these are numerical responses that arise from the accounting process. Ex.
Number of children in a community, Number of students,no. of houses, size of a family
Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal level of measurement
- Qualitative data only
- Categorized using names, labels, or qualities
- No mathematical computations can be made. Example: religion, gender, tv station

Nominal Scale
- Assign responses to different categories
- No numerical difference between categories
- Examples: gender, marital status, state of residence, college major, SSN, zip code, student ID

2. Ordinal level of measurement


- Qualitative
- Data can be arranged in order
- Differences between data entries is not meaningful. Example: rank in the class, government
office, top5tvprograms

- Set of categories that are ordered from least to most


- Don’t know numerical distance from each category to the next
- Examples: miss America results - 1st runner up, 2nd place, letter grade in class, degrees held,
medical condition (satisfactory, serious, guarded, critical), rank order of your preference from 1
to 4 of ruffles, doritos, cheetos, fritos

3. Interval level of measurement


- Quantitative data
- Data can be ordered
- Differences between data entries is meaningful
- Zero represents a position on a scale (not aninherentzero) Example: temperature

- Scale with values, and there is the same numerical distance between each value
- This scale has an arbitrary zero point (no true meaningful zero point)
- Examples: IQ, many behavioral science questionnaires, how appealing is this cereal box to
children? Not at to very

4. Ratio level of measurement


- Similar to interval level
- Zero entry is an inherent zero (implies “none”)A ratio of two data values can be formed
- One data value can be expressed as a multiple of another •Example: salary, weight

- Scale with scores where there is the same numerical distance between each score
- The scale has a true, meaningful zero point that anchors the scale
- Only scale that allows you to make ratio comparisons, such as “Maribel’s income is 355 more
that Susan’s”
- Examples: weight of a package of candy, number of times you return to a restaurant after
visiting it the first time
- Amount of money you return to a restaurant after visiting it the first time
- Amount of money in your checking account
- Number of questions correct on a quiz
- Distance from San Antonio to Laredo

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