• Pull-push rule.

This flexible rule when extended will support itself,

SAN JUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL but may also be used to measure curved, irregular surfaces. Steel
tape rule blade is usually ½ inch wide and 72 inches long. The
Sitio Sapinit, Brgy. San Juan, Antipolo City
graduation is sixteenths, except for the first 6 inches which are
graduated in thirty-seconds of an inch.
TLE 8 – Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

LESSON 1: USE BASIC HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT • Steel tape is similar to a steel tape rule except for its flexible number of
feet that are marked on the tape. The tape is 3/8-inch-wide and available
in lengths from 25 to 100 feet.
LO 1. Select and classify hand tools and equipment
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Hand tools selected are appropriate to the requirements of the task.
• Steel rule. This is the most common tool used in tool room. It is
made of tampered steel about 1/8-inch-thick and ¾ inch wide
Pretest LO 1 (30 Mins.) and 6 to 12 inches long. The same style maybe obtained in
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on a length from 1 to 48 inches.
separate sheet of paper. • Try square is an instrument used to measure the square of an
object.

• Combination square. It is an instrument combined with

45°, 90° and a protractor.

• Micrometer caliper. It is a precision measuring

instrument used to measure dimensions in thousandths of
an inch.
Information Sheet 1.1 (1 Hour)

A list of common hand tools and their uses are provided with picture illustration for your
better comprehension.

Hand tools are classified into four: • Vernier caliper is a precision measuring instrument used
1. Measuring tools to measure the inside, outside diameter, as well as depth
2. Cutting tools of hole and slot.
3. Driving tools and
4. Holding tools

Each classification has different types and uses.

1. MEASURING TOOLS

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• Dividers. These are used for measuring or setting of distances, and b. 18 teeth-per-inch. It is used for drill rod, mild steel, tool steel and general
to lay out arcs and circles. work
c. 24 teeth-per-inch. It is recommended for thin tubing and pipe.

2. CUTTING TOOLS
1. Hacksaw is a tooth cutting tool usually with a solid and adjustable frame. The main parts
are handles, blade, tightening screw and nuts. The tool is mainly used in cutting metals like • Files are made of high-grade steel which are hardened and tempered. Each file has rows
plates, pipes, rods, bars, angular, etc. but of minimal thickness, width and length.
of teeth that form, shape and finish metal by removing small chips and smoothing rough
Sometimes this tool is used for cutting plastic pipes and other materials that suit to its
purpose.
edges of the metal surface. They differ in length, shape, cut and coarseness.
• Frame. It is the main body of the hacksaw which holds the blade. The different types of Kinds of files:
frames are the following: 1. Mill file a single-cut file used for filing and finishing
a. Fixed or solid frames are intended to hold only brass and bronze.
one size of blade at about 10 inches long

2. Flat file is usually rectangular in shape and tapered

slightly in width and thickness. It is one of the most
commonly used files for general work.

b. Adjustable frame is frame that can be adjusted to

hold blades of different sizes such as 10, 12 and
14 inches in length.
3. Square file is intended for filing square or rectangular holes.

• Blade. It is made of thin, high grade steel usually

1.27 mm thick and 30.48cm long with an inclined
row of teeth serving as cutter. 4. Round file is used primarily for enlarging holes.

The two types of blades are:

a. All hard in this type, the entire blade is hardened and tempered, making it
very brittle. Use this type in cutting steel and cast iron. 5. Half-round file is used for filing curved or concave
b. Flexible back. In this type, only the teeth portion is hardened and surfaces.
tempered, making the blade springy and less likely to break.

The following are the recommended teeth-per-inch of blades for different kinds
of stocks to be cut:
a. 14 teeth-per-inch. It is used for brass, aluminum, cast iron and soft iron.

2
 A triangular file is used for filing surfaces that 3. For the removal of burrs and sharp internal edges from soft brushing and similar
meet at least 90º. It is exclusively used for parts
sharpening wood saws and for smoothening
rectangular opening. It is also known as three- • Punches are used for permanent marking on the surface of
square file. metal.

• Cold chisel. A wedge-shaped tool used to shear, cut,

and chip metal
KINDS AND USES OF PUNCHES
Types of cold chisel and their particular functions:
• Prick punch. A small center punch which is also known as
1. Flat chisel is used for chipping flat surfaces; cutting off a layout puncher. Its point is placed an angle of 30
rivets or metal fasteners, thin sheets, and small bars; and for degrees.
general purposes. Its cutting-edge ranges from 13 to 25mm.

2. Cape chisel has a narrow edge suited for cutting narrow

grooves or slots.
• Center punch has one end guard to a 90 degrees conical
point.

3. Diamond-point chisel has a diamond-shaped cutting edge

intended to cut V-grooves.
3. DRIVING TOOLS
• Hammers
4. Round-nose chisel has a round nose cutting edge for cutting 1. Ball peen hammer is used for straightening
round and semi-circular grooves. bending and deforming metals. It has two faces.
One is flat in striking cold chisels and punches.
The other side the “peen” is rounded for bending
• Scraper is used in removing points, burrs and sharp and shaping metals. Ball peen hammer generally
edges from metal surface and similar parts. This tool is has a wood or fiberglass handle measuring 10-
made of hardened steel of various shapes that fit 16 inches long. Head weight ranges from 2-48 oz.
according to each purpose. There are bearing scrapes, A 20oz hammer is good for general purpose.
flat, sharper, three-connected scraper. Below are types
of scrapers and their uses:
2. Chipping hammer is used for removing slag on weld
1. For the removal of the high spots on metal and with two faces, the tapered from one side and round
surface. pointed on the other side.

2. For scraping the surface of cylindrical

bearing when fitting shafts into place.
• Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. There are
different kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to uses and functions.

3
 1. An adjustable wrench has a movable jaw which makes it adjustable to various sizes of
nuts. A heavy type of adjustable wrench is the monkey/pipe wrench.

4. HOLDING TOOLS
Adjustable Wrench Pipe Wrench • Clamps are made of different sizes and appearance that are
fitted to its purpose. These devices have been designed to
2. Oxy acetylene wrench- A type of wrench used for tightening hose and fitting hold work securely which performing skills through grinding,
connection on oxy-acetylene unit. bending, fitting and cutting of metals. Some types of clamps
and metal vises are:

3. An open-ended wrench is one that is made to fit one size of nut or bolt. This is the 1. Tool maker clamp is used for holding small parts both at
most inexpensive type of wrench that is quite efficient in ordinary situations. the bench and at the machine. This tool is also known as a
parallel clamp.

2. C-Clamp is an all-purpose clamp that is generally used for

all kinds of work.

Single-ended Double-ended

4. A closed-end wrench is similar to a single ended wrench, but as it entirely encloses a 3. Drill vise is a sturdy steel vise with
nut, there is a little danger of the wrench slipping off the nut or the jaws spreading movable jaw that easily goes back or
apart. forth by raising the handle.

Single-ended Double-ended 4. Machinist vise is a work holding tool for

machining activity.
5. Socket wrench is a tool with a usually interchangeable
socket to fit over a nut or bolt.

5. Hand vise V block with clamp is used to hold metal stocks

for small machining operation.
• Screwdriver is hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The blade is made of steel,
attached to one end of a wooden or plastic handle. The other end is flattened to fit slots
in the heads of screws on bolts. The other kinds of screw drivers are called a Phillips
screw driver and helical-ratchet screw driver.

4
 Steps in Fixing Stock in Metal Vise and Operation Position
6. Vise Grip is a tool used to grip the stock tight enough to 1. Fasten the stock in vise with lay-out line as close as possible to the end of the used vise
hold the object. jaws.
2. Stand with your feet 25 to 30 centimeters apart and one foot forward.
3. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing

Steps in Sawing the Stock

7. Tong is used to hold the metal to be forged and must 1. Start the saw by guiding the blade with the thumb of your left
be held securely while working. hand while taking one or two light strokes with your right hand.
2. Move the saw with a light steady and even motion of about 40 to
50 strokes per minute.
3. Apply pressure during the forward stroke and release during the
8. Pliers are used for holding, cutting and twisting wires. return strokes.
4. Hold the stock with your left hand to avoid cuts upon sawing with your right hand

Steps in Bending 90o with Ball Peen Hammer

1. Force the metal over the vise jaws using left-hand.
Combination pliers Side cutting pliers Long nose pliers Slip joint pliers/Mechanical pliers
2. Strike it several times near the hand with flat head of a hammer.

Operation Sheet 1.1 (2 Hours)

Direction: Perform at least 2 of any of the following procedures on using different hand tools Steps in Squaring off a 90o Bend
1. Place the metal in the bench vise and tighten strongly.
and equipment.
2. Strike the metal with the flat head of a hammer in the direction of
Hacksaw
the arrow indicated.
Steps in Mounting Blade to the Metal Frame
1. Select the correct type of blade.
2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from the handle. Circular Bend
3. 1. Place the metal over a pipe or round bar and clamp in a bench vise.
2. Strike the metal with a glancing blow using the flat head of a
hammer until the desired curve is obtained.

Cold Chisel

Cold Chisel is used for cutting and chipping cold metals

The illustration presents the Two Hands Positioning in cold chiseling
Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight enough.
which shows the proper grip in using the tool. For heavy work, hand
gripping of tool should be strong and tight; for fine and small work, hold
Safety Measures: the tool lightly.
Tighten the wing nut securely enough to prevent from buckling and
breaking.

5
 1. What are the tools or equipment you used to perform the activity?
Look at the person work with the ball peen hammer and the chisel, as
shown in the illustration above. A cold chisel will cut metals only if you 2. How did you acquire those tools and equipment?
strike it with the flat head of a ball peen hammer. The complete safety
protection device and the body position when performing the task 3. Based on the tools or equipment available in your area, what is the most difficult and
(chiseling) are evidently done. easiest to use? Why?

Self-Check 1.1 (30 Mins.)

Wrench
Directions: Match the name of the hand tools with the correct pictures. Write the letter of your
Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. answer on a separate sheet of paper.
There are various kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to use
and function. It is tool steel on movable jaws.
1. Phillips screw
2. Box wrench
3. Scraper
A repair worker often uses tools to remove and replace damaged parts. 4. Square file J.
The wrenches are used to tighten and loosen the nut and bolts that hold 5. C-clamp
the parts in place. Other tools are used to hold parts for cutting, welding 6. Steel tape
and other works. 7. Cold chisel
8. Machinist vise
Wash type of wrench is usually used for only one or two different jobs. 9. Ball peen hammer
Figure shows a repair worker using a box of wrench and an open-end 10. Hand vise
wrench to remove a deck lid bolt in an automobile. The ends of the 11. Open- ended wrench
wrench are offset (the hand is lower than the handle). In this way, the 12. Hack saw
worker’s hand is above the surface of any object as the nut of bolt is 13. Steel rule
turned. 14. Helical-ratchet screw driver
15. Chipping hammer
A combination wrench of open-end and a box-
end will tell the advantage of box-end over
open lid. Box-end wrench has complete
contact with six points on the bolt head. This
completely surrounds the grip of the bolt head
or nut allowing less chances of wrench
slippage.

Screw Drivers
Screw drivers are usually made in different sets. This tool is used to tighten and loosen screws
by pushing or pulling screws in a rotating manner.
Screwdriver is driven by fully turning the blade in clockwise motion until the entire screw is
removed from the wood and metal. The purpose is to hold or fix two pieces and by no chances
to space apart even opposing force occurs.
Answer the following questions: