BV(VFA)-201

Basics of Television Graphics

1) Origin and functioning of camera.

Origin: The concept of the camera dates back to ancient times when people observed the optical
phenomenon known as the camera obscura. The camera obscura was essentially a dark room or box
with a small hole on one side. When light passed through the hole, an inverted image of the outside
scene would be projected onto a screen or wall inside the room.

Invention of Photography: The invention of photography in the early 19th century revolutionized the
way images were captured and recorded. The camera obscura concept was combined with chemical
processes to create permanent images. In 1826, French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce captured
the first known photograph using a camera obscura and a photosensitive material called bitumen of
Judea.

Evolution of Cameras: Over the years, cameras have gone through several advancements and
transformations. Here's a general overview of the functioning of modern cameras:

1. Optics: The lens of a camera collects and focuses light onto the image sensor or film. The quality of
the lens affects the sharpness, clarity, and other optical properties of the captured image.
2. Image Sensor: In digital cameras, an image sensor replaces the traditional film. The most common
types of image sensors are CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor). These sensors convert light into electrical signals.
3. Shutter: The camera's shutter controls the duration of exposure by opening and closing to allow light
to reach the image sensor or film. It determines the amount of light that enters the camera and
affects the exposure settings.
4. Aperture: The aperture is an adjustable diaphragm that controls the amount of light passing through
the lens. It affects the depth of field and controls the brightness of the image.
5. Focusing: Cameras use various mechanisms to focus the image accurately. Autofocus systems use
contrast detection or phase detection to automatically adjust the lens position for sharp focus.
6. Light Metering: Cameras have built-in light meters to measure the intensity of light in the scene.
They help determine the correct exposure settings by analyzing the light and shadow areas.
7. Viewfinder: Cameras may have an optical viewfinder or an electronic viewfinder (EVF) that allows the
photographer to preview the scene and compose the shot.
8. Image Processing: In digital cameras, the captured image is processed by an internal computer. This
includes applying white balance, color correction, noise reduction, and other adjustments to enhance
the image quality.
9. Storage: Digital cameras store the captured images on memory cards, while film cameras use
photographic film for image storage.
10. Display and Output: Modern cameras often have LCD screens to review and preview images. They
also provide options to transfer images to a computer or other devices for further processing or
printing.

2) Types of still camera: compact and SLR camera

 Yes, there are various types of still cameras, and two common types are compact
cameras and SLR (Single Lens Reflex) cameras. Here's a brief explanation of each:

Compact Camera: Compact cameras, also known as point-and-shoot cameras, are

designed for simplicity and portability. They are usually small, lightweight, and easy to
use. Compact cameras typically have a fixed lens, meaning you cannot interchange
lenses like you can with SLR cameras. They are designed to be convenient for casual
photography and are popular among beginners or those who prefer a simple shooting
experience. Compact cameras often have automatic settings and built-in flash, making
them suitable for everyday snapshots and travel photography. Here are some key
features and characteristics of compact cameras:

1. Size and Portability: Compact cameras are generally smaller and more lightweight
compared to other types of cameras, such as DSLRs or mirrorless cameras. Their
compact size makes them easy to carry in a pocket or a small bag, making them ideal
for travel, everyday use, and situations where bulky equipment may be impractical.
2. Fixed Lens: Unlike interchangeable lens cameras like DSLRs or mirrorless cameras,
compact cameras typically have a fixed lens that cannot be removed or changed. The
lens is built into the camera body and offers a fixed focal length or a limited zoom
range. This design simplifies the operation and eliminates the need for carrying
additional lenses.
3. Ease of Use: Compact cameras are designed to be user-friendly, with simple controls
and automatic shooting modes. They often feature autofocus systems, automatic
exposure settings, and built-in flash. These features make them accessible to beginners
who may not have much photography experience.
4. Automatic Modes: Compact cameras usually have various automatic shooting modes,
such as portrait, landscape, sports, and macro modes. These modes optimize the camera
settings for specific shooting situations, making it easier for users to capture well-
exposed and focused images without manually adjusting the settings.
5. Image Quality: The image quality of compact cameras can vary depending on factors
such as sensor size, lens quality, and image processing capabilities. While they may not
match the image quality of high-end DSLRs or mirrorless cameras, modern compact
cameras often incorporate advanced technology, such as larger image sensors and
improved image processors, resulting in better image quality compared to older
models.
SLR Camera: SLR cameras are more advanced and versatile than compact cameras. SLR
stands for Single Lens Reflex, referring to the camera's design and viewing system. SLR
cameras have a mirror that reflects the light coming through the lens into an optical
viewfinder, allowing you to see exactly what the lens sees. This provides a more accurate
and real-time preview of the image. When the shutter is pressed, the mirror quickly
 moves out of the way, and the image is captured on the film or image sensor. Here are
some key features and characteristics of SLR cameras:

1. Optical Viewfinder: The defining feature of SLR cameras is the optical viewfinder, which
allows you to see the scene directly through the lens. A mirror reflects the light from the
lens into a prism, which redirects the light to the viewfinder. This optical system provides
a real-time and accurate preview of the scene, making it easier to compose and focus
your shots.
2. Interchangeable Lenses: SLR cameras have a lens mount that allows you to detach and
change lenses. This versatility enables photographers to select the appropriate lens for
different types of photography, such as wide-angle lenses for landscapes, telephoto
lenses for sports or wildlife, and macro lenses for close-up shots. The ability to swap
lenses gives photographers greater control over composition, depth of field, and
creative expression.
3. Manual Controls: SLR cameras provide extensive manual control over exposure settings.
You can adjust aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity to precisely control the
amount of light entering the camera, the depth of field, and the motion blur in your
images. Manual control allows for creative experimentation and fine-tuning of exposure
to achieve the desired artistic effect.
4. Image Quality: SLR cameras are known for their excellent image quality. They typically
feature larger image sensors compared to compact cameras, which results in better low-
light performance, dynamic range, and overall image detail. The larger sensor size also
allows for shallower depth of field, giving you more control over selective focus and
background blur.
5. Autofocus System: SLR cameras have sophisticated autofocus systems that use various
autofocus points to track and focus on subjects. They employ phase detection autofocus
(PDAF) or a combination of PDAF and contrast detection autofocus (CDAF) for fast and
accurate focus. Advanced SLR models may offer advanced autofocus features, such as
subject tracking and eye detection.

3) Parts of still camera: aperture, shutter speed, lens,

filters and flash.

1. Aperture: The aperture is an adjustable opening within the lens that controls the amount
of light entering the camera. It is represented by an f-number or f-stop. A wider
aperture (smaller f-number) allows more light to pass through, resulting in a brighter
image and shallower depth of field. A narrower aperture (larger f-number) lets in less
light, resulting in a darker image and greater depth of field.
2. Shutter Speed: The shutter speed refers to the duration for which the camera's shutter
remains open, allowing light to reach the image sensor or film. It is measured in
fractions of a second, such as 1/1000s or 1/30s. A faster shutter speed (e.g., 1/1000s)
freezes motion and is suitable for capturing fast-moving subjects, while a slower shutter
speed (e.g., 1/30s) allows for motion blur, which can be used creatively. Shutter speed
also affects the exposure of the image, as it controls the amount of light reaching the
sensor.
3. Lens: The lens is a crucial component of a camera that focuses light onto the image
sensor or film. It consists of several optical elements, including glass elements, that help
gather and direct light to form a sharp image. Different lenses have varying focal
lengths, which determine the field of view and magnification of the captured image.
Interchangeable lenses allow photographers to use different focal lengths and types of
lenses for various purposes, such as wide-angle, telephoto, or macro photography.
4. Filters: Filters are accessories that can be attached to the front of the lens to alter the
light entering the camera and achieve specific effects. There are different types of filters
available, such as UV filters for reducing haze and protecting the lens, polarizing filters
for reducing reflections and enhancing colors, neutral density filters for reducing the
amount of light entering the camera without affecting color balance, and creative filters
for adding artistic effects.
5. Flash: The flash is a built-in or external light source that provides additional illumination
when the available light is insufficient for proper exposure. It is especially useful in low-
light situations or when a fill flash is needed to reduce shadows. The flash can be set to
fire automatically in low light or manually controlled by the photographer. Some
cameras also offer the ability to use external flash units that can be mounted on the
camera's hot shoe or triggered remotely.

4) Basic components of video camera

A video camera consists of several components that work together to capture and
record moving images. Here are the basic components of a video camera:

1. Lens: The lens of a video camera captures light and focuses it onto the image sensor.
Video camera lenses are designed to provide a specific focal length and zoom
capability, allowing users to adjust the field of view and magnification. Some video
cameras also support interchangeable lenses, offering flexibility for different shooting
situations.
2. Image Sensor: The image sensor in a video camera converts the incoming light into an
electrical signal. There are different types of image sensors used in video cameras, such
as CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-
 Semiconductor). The sensor's resolution and sensitivity to light (low-light performance)
play a significant role in determining the quality of the captured video.
3. Viewfinder: The viewfinder in a video camera allows the user to see the scene being
recorded. It can be an optical viewfinder or an electronic viewfinder (EVF). An optical
viewfinder uses mirrors and prisms to reflect the image directly into the viewer's eye,
while an EVF is a small display that shows a digital representation of the scene.
4. LCD Screen: Most video cameras feature an LCD screen that can be flipped out or
positioned to provide a live view of the recorded scene. The LCD screen serves as a
monitor for framing shots, reviewing recorded footage, accessing camera settings, and
navigating menus.
5. Microphone: A built-in or external microphone captures audio during video recording.
The microphone picks up sound and converts it into an electrical signal, which is then
recorded along with the video. Higher-end video cameras often offer options for
connecting external microphones to improve audio quality and enable more
professional audio recording.
6. Recording Media: Video cameras use various types of storage media to store the
recorded video. Common formats include internal memory, SD cards, or other memory
cards. Some high-end video cameras also support recording to external devices like
solid-state drives (SSDs) or hard disk drives (HDDs).
7. Controls and Settings: Video cameras have buttons, dials, and menus that allow users to
control various settings such as exposure, focus, white balance, and audio levels. These
controls enable manual adjustment of camera parameters to achieve the desired video
look and optimize recording conditions.
8. Battery: Video cameras are powered by rechargeable batteries, which provide the
necessary power to operate the camera. The battery life determines how long the
camera can be used continuously before recharging or replacing the battery.

5) Basic shots and shot composition.

In filmmaking and video production, shots refer to individual, uninterrupted sequences
of footage captured by a camera. Shot composition, on the other hand, involves the
arrangement and placement of visual elements within a shot to create a visually
appealing and meaningful image. Here are some basic shots and concepts related to
shot composition:

1. Wide Shot (WS): Also known as an establishing shot, a wide shot captures a broad view
of the scene. It is used to provide context, establish the setting, or show the relationship
between characters and their surroundings.
2. Medium Shot (MS): A medium shot frames the subject from approximately the waist up.
It is commonly used for dialogue scenes, allowing viewers to see the characters'
expressions and body language.
3. Close-Up (CU): A close-up shot focuses on a specific part of the subject, such as the face
or an object. It emphasizes details, emotions, or important visual elements, creating a
more intimate and impactful view.
4. Extreme Close-Up (ECU): An extreme close-up shot shows a highly detailed view of a
small portion of the subject, such as the eyes or hands. It is often used for emphasis or
to draw attention to specific details.
5. Over-The-Shoulder (OTS): An over-the-shoulder shot is taken from behind one character
and over the shoulder of another character. It helps establish the spatial relationship
between characters in a conversation or interaction.
6. Two-Shot: A two-shot features two subjects within the frame, typically placed side by
side. It is often used to depict a conversation or interaction between two characters.
7. Point of View (POV): A point-of-view shot presents the scene from the perspective of a
character, giving viewers the sense of seeing through that character's eyes. It helps
create a subjective and immersive experience.

Shot composition involves various elements and techniques to create visually pleasing
and effective images:

1. Rule of Thirds: The rule of thirds divides the frame into a grid of nine equal sections.
Placing key elements along the gridlines or at their intersections can create a visually
balanced and engaging composition.
2. Framing: Using objects within the scene to frame the subject adds depth and visual
interest to the shot. It could be archways, windows, or any other element that naturally
frames the subject.
3. Leading Lines: Lines within the shot, such as roads, fences, or architectural elements, can
guide the viewer's eye towards the main subject or create a sense of depth and
movement.
4. Symmetry and Balance: Symmetrical compositions can be visually pleasing and create a
sense of harmony. Balancing elements within the frame helps distribute visual weight
and create a stable composition.
5. Depth of Field: Controlling the depth of field, whether by using a shallow or deep focus,
can direct the viewer's attention to specific areas of the frame and create a sense of
depth or isolation.
6. Movement and Action: Incorporating movement or action within the frame adds
dynamism and visual interest. Properly framing and tracking moving subjects helps
maintain visual coherence.
6) Camera angles and movements.
 Camera angles and movements are essential tools in filmmaking and video production
that help tell stories, create visual interest, and evoke specific emotions. Here are some
commonly used camera angles and movements:

Camera Angles:
1. Eye-Level Shot: The camera is positioned at eye level with the subject. It creates a
neutral and natural perspective, often used for conveying a sense of realism or
portraying characters as equals.
2. Low Angle Shot: The camera is positioned below the subject, looking up. It creates a
sense of dominance, power, or intimidation, as it makes the subject appear larger and
more imposing.
3. High Angle Shot: The camera is positioned above the subject, looking down. It creates a
sense of vulnerability, weakness, or inferiority, as it makes the subject appear smaller
and less significant.
4. Dutch Angle (Tilted Shot): The camera is tilted diagonally, resulting in a tilted frame. It
creates a disorienting or dramatic effect, often used to convey unease, chaos, or
psychological tension.
5. Bird's-Eye View Shot: The camera is positioned directly overhead, looking straight down.
It provides a comprehensive view of the scene and can create a sense of detachment or
illustrate the relationships between characters and their environment.

Camera Movements:
1. Pan: The camera pivots horizontally from a fixed position, scanning the scene from left
to right or vice versa. It is often used to follow action, reveal new elements in the frame,
or establish the geography of a location.
2. Tilt: The camera moves vertically, pointing upward or downward while maintaining a
fixed position. It can be used to reveal tall structures, emphasize verticality, or convey a
character's perspective or reaction.
3. Zoom: The lens of the camera adjusts its focal length to make the subject appear closer
(zoom in) or farther away (zoom out) without physically moving the camera. Zooming
can be used to emphasize details, create visual impact, or change the viewer's
perspective.
4. Dolly/Tracking: The camera is placed on a wheeled platform or track and moves
smoothly toward or away from the subject. It is used to follow the subject, create a
sense of depth or intimacy, or provide a dynamic perspective.
5. Crane/Jib: The camera is mounted on a crane or jib arm, allowing it to move vertically,
horizontally, or in sweeping arcs. Crane shots can provide sweeping, elevated views,
dramatic reveals, or smooth tracking movements.
6. Steadicam: A stabilizing device is used to achieve smooth and steady camera movement
while the camera operator walks or runs. It enables fluid tracking shots and intimate
perspectives, creating a sense of presence and immersion.
7) What is Camera mountings?
Camera mountings refer to the various mechanisms and devices used to secure a
camera in a stable position or to enable specific camera movements. These mountings
allow filmmakers and videographers to achieve smooth and controlled shots. Here are
some common camera mountings used in filmmaking and video production:

1. Tripod: A tripod is a three-legged stand that provides stability and prevents camera
shake. It is the most basic and widely used camera mounting. Tripods come in various
sizes and materials and often have adjustable legs and a head that allows for panning
and tilting movements.
2. Monopod: A monopod is a single-legged support system that offers more portability
and freedom of movement compared to a tripod. It provides stability by reducing
camera shake but allows for quicker setup and easier maneuverability.
3. Shoulder Mount: A shoulder mount is a rig that rests on the filmmaker's shoulder,
providing stability and support for handheld shots. It typically includes handles,
adjustable pads, and attachments for accessories like monitors or microphones.
4. Steadicam: A Steadicam is a camera stabilization system that uses a harness and
counterweights to achieve smooth and steady camera movements while the operator is
in motion. It allows for fluid tracking shots and steady handheld footage.
5. Gimbal: A gimbal is a motorized stabilizer that uses brushless motors and gyroscopes to
stabilize the camera. It allows for smooth and steady handheld movements, including
pans, tilts, and even complex camera rotations.
6. Crane/Jib: A crane or jib is a long arm or boom that mounts the camera on one end and
a counterbalance weight on the other. It enables vertical and horizontal movements,
providing sweeping shots and high-angle or low-angle perspectives.
7. Slider: A slider is a rail system that allows the camera to move smoothly along a track. It
enables lateral camera movements, providing cinematic and controlled tracking shots.
8. Car Mount: Car mounts are specialized mounts designed to secure cameras to vehicles.
They allow for dynamic shots from moving vehicles, capturing action sequences or
scenic driving shots.
9. Suction Cup Mount: Suction cup mounts use suction cups to secure the camera onto
smooth surfaces like windows or car exteriors. They enable unique perspectives and
shots from various angles.
10. Helmet Mount: Helmet mounts are specifically designed to attach cameras to helmets,
such as those worn by athletes or extreme sports enthusiasts. They provide a first-
person perspective and capture thrilling action shots
11. Dolly: A dolly is a wheeled platform or cart on which the camera is mounted. It can be pushed,
pulled, or steered to move the camera horizontally. Dollies come in various sizes, from small
portable dollies to larger, heavy-duty models used in professional productions..
8) Graphics: meaning, forms and usage.
Graphics, in the context of visual communication, refer to visual elements, designs, or
images used to convey information, enhance understanding, or create visual appeal.
They play a crucial role in various fields, including advertising, marketing, education,
entertainment, and multimedia. Graphics can take different forms and serve different
purposes. Here's an overview:

Meaning and Purpose of Graphics: Graphics are visual representations

of information or ideas. They aim to communicate a message, evoke
emotions, clarify concepts, or enhance aesthetics. Graphics are used to:

1. Communicate Information: Graphics can simplify complex information or data and make
it easier to understand. Infographics, charts, diagrams, and maps are examples of
graphics used to convey information visually.
2. Enhance Visual Appeal: Graphics are used to create visually appealing designs,
illustrations, or images that catch attention and engage viewers. They can be used in
advertising, branding, website design, or any visual medium to create an attractive and
memorable visual experience.
3. Aid in Decision-Making: Graphics can assist in decision-making by presenting
information in a clear and organized manner. Flowcharts, decision trees, and comparison
charts are examples of graphics used to assist in making choices or understanding
processes.
4. Illustrate Concepts: Graphics can visually represent abstract or complex concepts,
making them easier to comprehend. Infographics, diagrams, and illustrations are
commonly used to simplify and visualize concepts.

Forms of Graphics: Graphics come in various forms, each suited for

different purposes and mediums. Some common forms of graphics
include:

1. Illustrations: Hand-drawn or digitally created images that depict specific subjects,

characters, or scenes. They can be used in books, advertisements, or branding to convey
messages or create visual interest.
2. Icons: Simplified graphical representations of objects, actions, or ideas. Icons are often
used in user interfaces, websites, or signage to guide users and provide quick visual
recognition.
3. Infographics: Visual representations of information or data that combine text, icons,
illustrations, and charts. Infographics are used to present complex information in a
concise and visually appealing way.
4. Charts and Graphs: Visual representations of numerical data, such as bar charts, line
graphs, or pie charts. They are used to display trends, comparisons, or relationships
between different data points.
5. Typography: The use of visually appealing and expressive fonts or text designs to
convey messages. Typography can enhance the visual impact of graphics and create a
distinctive visual identity.

Usage of Graphics: Graphics are used in various fields and mediums,

including:

1. Advertising and Marketing: Graphics are essential in advertising campaigns, branding,

packaging design, and digital marketing. They help create visually compelling content
that attracts attention, communicates messages, and promotes products or services.
2. Web Design and User Interfaces: Graphics play a crucial role in website design and user
interfaces. They enhance the visual appeal, guide users, and communicate information
effectively.
3. Education and Training: Graphics are used in educational materials, textbooks,
presentations, and e-learning courses to simplify complex information, aid learning, and
make content more engaging.
4. Entertainment and Media: Graphics are widely used in films, television shows, video
games, and animations to create visual effects, enhance storytelling, and create
immersive experiences.
5. Print Media and Publishing: Graphics are used in magazines, books, newspapers, and
brochures to illustrate articles, enhance layouts, and create visual interest.
9) Key elements of graphics: color, text, visual, music
and composition.
When it comes to graphics, there are key elements that contribute to their overall
effectiveness and impact. Here are some essential elements of graphics:

1. Color: Color plays a vital role in graphics as it can evoke emotions, convey meaning, and
create visual interest. Different colors have different psychological effects and
associations. Color choices should be considered carefully to align with the intended
 message, branding, or aesthetic. Color schemes and combinations should be
harmonious and effectively communicate the desired mood or concept.
2. Text: Text is often used in graphics to provide information, convey messages, or enhance
visual communication. Typography, font styles, sizes, and formatting choices are
important considerations in ensuring legibility and visual appeal. The text should be
concise, clear, and appropriately positioned within the graphic.
3. Visual Elements: Visual elements encompass the images, illustrations, icons, or other
visual components used in graphics. They serve to enhance understanding, convey
meaning, or create visual interest. Visual elements should be visually appealing, relevant
to the content or message, and complement the overall design. They can be original
artwork, photographs, or digitally created images.
4. Music and Sound: In certain graphic contexts, such as videos or multimedia
presentations, music and sound can be incorporated to enhance the emotional impact
and engagement of the graphics. Appropriate music or sound effects can evoke specific
moods, create rhythm, and strengthen the overall experience.
5. Composition: Composition refers to the arrangement and placement of visual elements
within a graphic. It involves considering the balance, alignment, hierarchy, and overall
organization of elements to create an aesthetically pleasing and effective design.
Composition guides the viewer's eye, emphasizes key elements, and ensures visual
coherence.

It's important to note that while these elements are key considerations in graphics, their
implementation should align with the intended purpose, target audience, and desired
aesthetic. Balancing these elements effectively helps create visually compelling graphics
that effectively communicate messages and engage viewers.

10)Making graphics with computer

Creating graphics with a computer involves using software applications specifically
designed for graphic design, such as Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, or CorelDRAW. These
applications provide a wide range of tools and features that allow users to create and
manipulate visual elements for various purposes, including illustrations, digital artwork,
logos, web design, and more. Here are the basic steps involved in making graphics with
a computer:

1. Choose a Graphic Design Software: Select a graphic design software that suits your
needs and proficiency level. Popular options include Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, or
CorelDRAW. These software applications provide powerful tools and functionalities for
creating and editing graphics.
2. Define the Purpose and Scope: Determine the purpose of your graphic and define the
scope of your project. Are you creating a logo, an illustration, a banner, or something
else? Having a clear understanding of your goals will help you plan and execute your
design effectively.
3. Gather Inspiration and Sketch Ideas: Before diving into the digital realm, it's a good idea
to gather inspiration and sketch out your ideas on paper or using a digital sketching
tool. Explore various sources like websites, design galleries, or even physical objects to
spark creativity and generate concepts.
4. Start with a Blank Canvas: Open a new document in your chosen graphic design
software and set the appropriate dimensions and resolution for your project. This step
ensures that your graphic will have the correct size and quality for its intended use,
whether it's for print or web.
5. Create or Import Graphic Elements: Begin creating or importing the necessary graphic
elements for your design. This can include shapes, text, images, icons, and more.
Depending on your project, you can draw elements from scratch using the software's
drawing tools or import existing assets from external sources.
6. Manipulate and Arrange Elements: Use the software's editing and transformation tools
to manipulate and arrange the graphic elements as desired. You can resize, rotate, flip,
and adjust the properties of each element to achieve the desired composition and visual
balance.
7. Apply Colors, Textures, and Effects: Experiment with colors, gradients, textures, and
effects to enhance the visual appeal of your graphics. Most graphic design software
applications provide extensive options for applying and modifying colors, patterns, and
special effects like shadows, glows, and gradients.
8. Fine-tune and Refine: Review your design and make any necessary adjustments or
refinements. Pay attention to details such as alignment, spacing, font choices, and
overall visual coherence. Iteratively refine your graphic until you are satisfied with the
final result.
9. Export and Save: Once you're happy with your design, export it in the appropriate
format for its intended use. Common file formats for web graphics include JPEG, PNG, or
GIF, while print graphics typically require formats such as PDF or TIFF. Save your project
file in the native format of your software for future edits or modifications.
10. Share or Use the Graphic: Your graphic is now ready for sharing or use. You can publish
it on websites, social media platforms, or incorporate it into other design projects as
needed.

Remember, creating graphics with a computer is a skill that requires practice and
continuous learning. Explore tutorials, online courses, and design communities to
improve your abilities and stay updated with the latest trends and techniques in graphic
design.
 11) Use of graphics in television

Graphics play a crucial role in television broadcasting, enhancing the viewing experience
and providing information to the audience. Here are some common uses of graphics in
television:

1. Lower Thirds: Lower thirds are graphical overlays placed in the lower portion of the
screen, typically used to display the names, titles, or affiliations of people appearing on
screen. This is commonly seen in news broadcasts, talk shows, interviews, and
documentaries.
2. News Tickers: News tickers or news crawls are continuous, horizontally scrolling text
graphics that provide updates or breaking news. They are commonly displayed at the
bottom or top of the screen during news broadcasts, providing real-time information
alongside the main program.
3. Information Graphics: Television often utilizes information graphics to convey data,
statistics, or explanations visually. These graphics can include charts, graphs, maps,
diagrams, or animations, enhancing the understanding of complex information or
enhancing storytelling.
4. Virtual Sets and Augmented Reality: Virtual sets and augmented reality graphics are
used to create immersive environments or enhance the visual appearance of a
broadcast. Virtual sets replace physical sets with computer-generated backgrounds,
while augmented reality overlays virtual graphics onto the real-world environment, such
as adding weather maps or sports statistics during live broadcasts.
5. Sports Graphics: Sports broadcasts extensively use graphics to display scores, timers,
player statistics, replays, and other game-related information. These graphics provide
viewers with up-to-date information and enhance the excitement and analysis of the
game.
6. Promotional Graphics: Television networks use graphics to promote upcoming shows,
events, or advertisements. These graphics are often displayed as animated or static
banners, posters, or transitions between programs.
7. Channel Branding: Graphics are used for channel branding, including logos, animations,
and on-screen watermarks. These elements help viewers identify the network or station
and create a consistent visual identity.
8. Credits and Endboards: Graphics are used to display credits for the production team,
cast, and crew at the end of a television program. Endboards often include a
combination of text, images, and animation.
9. Weather Graphics: Weather forecasts often incorporate graphics to present current
conditions, future predictions, and radar maps. These graphics help viewers understand
weather patterns, temperatures, and other meteorological information.
10. Transition Effects: Graphics are used for smooth transitions between different scenes,
segments, or advertisements. These effects can include wipes, fades, dissolves, or other
creative visual transitions.

Graphics in television serve various purposes, including providing information,

enhancing storytelling, improving visual aesthetics, and engaging the audience. They
require specialized software and skilled graphic designers or motion graphics artists to
create visually appealing and informative elements that complement the broadcast
content.

12) Types of television news graphics: logo, crawler,

super, mug plate, text plate,

In television news broadcasts, various types of graphics are used to enhance the
presentation of information and provide visual cues to the viewers. Here are some
common types of television news graphics:

1. Logo: The news network or station logo is a prominent graphic displayed throughout
the broadcast. It helps establish brand identity and is typically located in a corner of the
screen.
2. Crawler or News Ticker: A crawler, also known as a news ticker or news crawl, is a
continuous text graphic that scrolls horizontally at the bottom or top of the screen. It
provides updates, breaking news, headlines, or other relevant information while the
main program is on air.
3. Super or Lower Third: A super, also referred to as a lower third, is a graphic overlay that
appears in the lower portion of the screen, usually displaying the name, title, and
affiliation of a person being interviewed or providing commentary.
4. Mug Plate: A mug plate is a graphic display that features a headshot or photograph of
the news anchor or reporter. It is typically shown alongside their name, designation, and
sometimes additional information like location or beat.
5. Text Plate: A text plate is a static or animated graphic that displays textual information,
such as headlines, key points, or summaries. It can be used to highlight important news
stories or provide context to the viewers.
6. Infographics: Infographics are visual representations of data, statistics, or complex
information. They can include charts, graphs, diagrams, maps, or animations that help
present information in a more engaging and easily understandable format.
7. Maps: Maps are often used in news graphics to illustrate geographic locations, weather
patterns, election results, or other spatial information. They provide a visual reference
for the audience to better comprehend the news story.
8. Charts and Graphs: News graphics frequently employ charts and graphs to present
numerical data or trends. These visual representations make it easier for viewers to
grasp information at a glance, such as stock market trends, poll results, or economic
indicators.
9. Transition Effects: Transition effects are used to smoothly transition between different
segments or stories in a news broadcast. These can include wipes, fades, dissolves, or
other creative visual transitions that enhance the flow of the program.
10. Overlays: Overlays are graphics that are superimposed on top of video footage or still
images. They can include text, icons, arrows, or other visual elements used to highlight
specific details or provide additional context to the visuals.

These are just some examples of the types of television news graphics commonly used
in broadcasts. The specific graphics employed may vary depending on the news
organization, program format, and individual production styles. The purpose of all these
graphics is to enhance the presentation of information and provide a visually engaging
experience for the viewers.

13) Title, montage, credits etc.

1. Title: The title refers to the opening graphic or animation that introduces the name of
the television program. It often includes visual elements, such as the show's logo,
accompanied by music or a voiceover. The title sets the tone and establishes the identity
of the program.
2. Montage: A montage is a sequence of edited shots or images that are combined to
convey a series of events, concepts, or emotions. It can be used to provide an overview
or summary of a story, highlight key moments, or create a visual transition between
segments.
3. Lower Thirds: Lower thirds, also known as supers or name keys, are graphical overlays
displayed in the lower portion of the screen. They typically include the names, titles, and
affiliations of individuals appearing on the screen, such as hosts, guests, or interviewees.
Lower thirds provide identification and context for the audience.
4. Graphics Overlay: Graphics overlays are visual elements, such as text, icons, or images,
that are superimposed on top of video footage or still images. They can be used to
 provide additional information, highlight key points, or enhance the visual presentation
of data.
5. Credits: Credits are displayed at the end of a television program and provide
acknowledgment to the cast, crew, and contributors involved in its production. This
includes the names and roles of actors, directors, writers, producers, editors, and other
personnel who contributed to the program.
6. Bumpers: Bumpers are short video segments or graphics used to separate different
sections of a program. They often contain the show's logo, title, or a brief animation,
and they serve as a transition between segments, commercials, or other content.
7. Transitions: Transitions are used to smoothly switch between different scenes or
segments within a television program. They can include a variety of visual effects, such
as fades, dissolves, wipes, or cuts, to create seamless and visually appealing transitions.
8. Lower Third News Tickers: Lower third news tickers, similar to the news tickers
mentioned earlier, are graphical overlays that continuously scroll horizontally at the
bottom of the screen during news programs. They provide updates, breaking news,
headlines, or other relevant information to the viewers while the main program is on air.
9. Ident: An ident, short for identifier, is a short video clip or animation that visually
represents a television network or channel. It often includes the network's logo, tagline,
or other branding elements and is played before or after programs to establish brand
identity.

14) Making television graphics

Creating television graphics involves using specialized software and tools to design and
produce visual elements that enhance the presentation of information and improve the
overall look of television broadcasts. Here are the basic steps involved in making
television graphics:

1. Identify the Purpose and Content: Determine the purpose of the graphics and the
specific content they will convey. Are you creating lower thirds, news tickers,
infographics, or other types of graphics? Understanding the purpose and content will
guide your design decisions.
2. Choose Graphic Design Software: Select a graphic design software that is suitable for
creating television graphics. Popular options include Adobe Photoshop, Adobe
Illustrator, Adobe After Effects, or specialized software like Vizrt or Chyron.
3. Plan the Design: Sketch out your ideas or create a storyboard to visualize the layout and
arrangement of the graphics. Consider factors such as composition, color schemes,
typography, and any specific branding or style guidelines.
4. Create Graphic Elements: Use the graphic design software to create or import the
necessary elements for your graphics. This can include text, shapes, icons, images,
backgrounds, or other visual elements. Ensure that the elements are designed with the
appropriate dimensions and resolution for television broadcasting.
5. Design the Layout: Arrange the graphic elements within the frame or screen space. Pay
attention to readability, visual hierarchy, and aesthetics. Use alignment, spacing, and size
variations to create a balanced and visually appealing layout.
6. Apply Colors and Typography: Choose colors that align with the overall visual theme of
the broadcast and ensure readability. Experiment with typography to select appropriate
fonts that are legible on screen and convey the desired tone.
7. Incorporate Motion or Animation (if applicable): If your graphics require motion or
animation, use software like Adobe After Effects or specialized motion graphics tools.
Add movement, transitions, or effects to bring the graphics to life. Ensure that the
motion complements the content and enhances the storytelling.
8. Test and Refine: Review the graphics on different screens or devices to ensure they
appear as intended. Make adjustments as necessary, considering factors such as
contrast, visibility, and timing. Seek feedback from colleagues or supervisors to fine-tune
the graphics.
9. Export and Prepare for Broadcast: Once you are satisfied with the final graphics, export
them in the appropriate format for broadcasting. Common formats include PNG, TIFF, or
uncompressed video formats like ProRes. Follow the specific requirements and technical
guidelines provided by the broadcasting station or network.
10. Collaborate with Production Team: Coordinate with the production team to integrate
the graphics into the television program. Provide necessary files, communicate any
timing or placement instructions, and work together to ensure a seamless integration of
the graphics with the overall production.