100 Integrals

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 1 27-07-2023 15:32:45

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100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 2 27-07-2023 15:32:45

 100 Integrals
Solutions and Engineering Applications

Mehrzad Tabatabaian, PhD, PEng

Mercury Learning and Information

Boston, Massachusetts

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 3 27-07-2023 15:32:45

 Copyright ©2023 by Mercury Learning and Information LLC. All rights reserved.
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M. Tabatabaian. 100 Integrals: Solutions and Engineering Applications.

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100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 4 27-07-2023 15:32:45

 To the relentless explorers of integral calculus, may this textbook become
your trusted companion, guiding you through the labyrinth of calculations,
modelling, and simulations in engineering and technical fields.

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100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 6 27-07-2023 15:32:45
 Contents

Prefacexiii
About the Author xv
PART 1: L
 IST OF SELECTED INTEGRALS WITH THEIR
STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTIONS 1
Table 1  List of Selected Integrals for Part 1 2
Integral 1 5
Integral 2 6
Integral 3 7
Integral 4 8
Integral 5 10
Integral 6 12
Integral 7 14
Integral 8 15
Integral 9 16
Integral 10 17
Integral 11 18
Integral 12 19
Integral 13 20
Integral 14 21
Integral 15 22
Integral 16 25

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 viii • Contents

Integral 17 26
Integral 18 27
Integral 19 28
Integral 20 30
Integral 21 31
Integral 22 33
Integral 23 34
Integral 24 36
Integral 25 37
Integral 26 39
Integral 27 40
Integral 28 42
Integral 29 43
Integral 30 44
Integral 31 46
Integral 32 47
Integral 33 48
Integral 34 49
Integral 35 51
Integral 36 53
Integral 37 54
Integral 38 55
Integral 39 57
Integral 40 59
Integral 41 60
Integral 42 61
Integral 43 63
Integral 44 64
Integral 45 65
Integral 46 66
Integral 47 67
Integral 48 68

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 Contents • ix

Integral 49 69
Integral 50 70
Integral 51 72
Integral 52 73
Integral 53 74
Integral 54 75
Integral 55 77
Integral 56 78
Integral 57 80
Integral 58 82
Integral 59 83
Integral 60 84
Integral 61 86
Integral 62 87
Integral 63 89
Integral 64 91
Integral 65 93
Integral 66 95
Integral 67 97
Integral 68 99
Integral 69 100
Integral 70 102
Integral 71 104
Integral 72 105
Integral 73 106
Integral 74 108
Integral 75 110
Integral 76 111
Integral 77 113
Integral 78 114
Integral 79 115
Integral 80 118

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 x • Contents

Integral 81 119

Integral 82 120
Integral 83 121
Integral 84 122
Integral 85 123
Integral 86 124
Integral 87 126
Integral 88 128
Integral 89 131
Integral 90 132
Integral 91 134
Integral 92 135
Integral 93 136
Integral 94 138
Integral 95 139
Integral 96 140
Integral 97 141
Integral 98 142
Integral 99 143
Integral 100 144
PART 2: EXAMPLES APPLIED IN ENGINEERING 147
1 Semi-Circle Shapes 148
2 Circular Segment Shapes 150
3 Semi-Ellipse Shapes 156
4 Two-Degree Polynomial Shape-Quadratic 159
5 Three-Degree Polynomial Shape-Cubic 162
6 n-Degree Polynomial Shape-Spandrel 165
7 Sinusoidal Shapes  168
8 Triangular Shapes 172
9 Rectangular Shapes 174
10 Complex Shapes 176
11 A Cantilever Beam with Cubic Load Distribution 182

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 Contents • xi

12 A Cantilever Beam with Quarter-Ellipse

Load Distribution 184
13 A Cantilever Beam with Inverse Cosine
Load Distribution 188
14 A Cantilever Beam with Parabolic
Load Distribution 191
15 A Cantilever Beam with Circular Segment
Cross-Section and Quarter-Ellipse
Load Distribution 193
16 Probability Density Functions-PDF 196
References 199

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100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 12 27-07-2023 15:32:45
 Preface

This monograph contains a collection of integrals, some more

challenging than others, with their worked-out solutions as indefi-
nite integrals. The integrals were randomly selected, modified, or
designed with the condition of having closed forms solutions with
common functions. This list is meant for helping readers in practic-
ing and getting hints for working out solutions to similar integrals
that they might encounter. Readers might want to add their own
favorite integrals to this list. By no means is this a comprehensive
list of integrals, as many authors have created such lists ( [1], [2],
[3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]).
The exercise of integration operation is a mind stimulating
activity, as it requires the knowledge of certain mathematical tech-
niques and the discovery of tricks and short cuts while solving them.
The latter feature makes integration different and more enjoyable
compared to other topics in calculus (e.g., differentiation and alge-
braic manipulation).
In addition, we present the application of some integrals in
engineering related topics. For example, nonuniform loading,
hydrostatic force, moment of inertia, polar moment of inertia, etc.
We introduce an up-to-date online software tool, WolframAlpha1
that can be used for comparing our answers for the integrals listed.
However, readers may want to update to WolframAlpha Pro for
recovering some of the integrals’ step-by-step solutions. Interested
readers might like to try this tool for their selected integrals from
the list. However, please note that sometimes equivalent results

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 13 27-07-2023 15:32:45

 xiv • Preface

are provided by this tool for the same integral as input when com-
pared to the results presented in this volume. In addition, similar
CAS (computer algebra system) tools like Maple2, Mathematica3,
or Mathcad4 may also be employed.
Finally, readers should be aware that some integrals may have
alternative equivalent solutions rather than a corresponding unique
one. Thus worked-out solutions may be different, but equivalent,
to those provided by some online CAS tools.
Mehrzad Tabatabaian, PhD, PEng
Vancouver, B.C.
July 22, 2023

1 https://www.wolframalpha.com/calculators/integral-calculator/
2 https://www.maplesoft.com
3 https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/
4 https://www.mathcad.com

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 14 27-07-2023 15:32:46

 About the Author

Dr. Mehrzad Tabatabaian is a faculty member in the Mechanical

Engineering Department, School of Energy at the British
Columbia Institute of Technology. He has several years of teaching
and industry experience. Dr. Tabatabaian is currently Chair of the
BCIT School of Energy Research Committee. He has published
several papers in scientific journals and conferences, and he has
written textbooks on multiphysics and turbulent flow modelling,
advanced thermodynamics, tensor analysis, direct energy conver-
sion, and Bond Graph modelling method. He holds several regis-
tered patents in the energy field resulting from years of research
activities.
Dr. Tabatabaian volunteered to help establish the Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division (EERED), a new divi-
sion at Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia (EGBC).
Mehrzad Tabatabaian received his BEng from Sharif University
of Technology (former AUT) and advanced degrees from McGill
University (MEng and PhD). He has been an active academic,
professor, and engineer in leading alternative energy, oil, and gas
industries. Mehrzad has also a Leadership Certificate from the
University of Alberta and holds an EGBC P.Eng. License.

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 15 27-07-2023 15:32:46

100_Integrals.00FM_3pp.indd 16 27-07-2023 15:32:46
 PART

1
List of Selected Integrals
with Their Step-by-Step
Solutions

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 2 • 100 Integrals

TABLE 1  List of selected integrals for Part 1

Integral Integral

 1 
1 ∫ xln3 xdx 19  ln  1  1  2  dx
 x 
2  e x 1  e2 x dx 20  csch 1 xdx

3 cos3 x 21 1
∫ dx  dx
sin x sin x  cos x

4  ln  x  1  x dx  22 2 x
dx

5 ∫
1
cos x
dx 23 
 ln 1  1  x2 dx 
x
6  dx 24 ∫ sin 6 x cos5 xdx
 sin x  cos x 2
x
7  dx 25 ∫ x m ln n xdx
 7 x  117
x3
8  dx 26  e x sin 1  e x  dx
1  x  2 2

9 x 27 1  x2
 dx x dx
8  4 x2  x4 1  x2

10 4 x2  x  1 28
 dx  x x tan 1 xdx
4 x3  x

x4  1 tan 1 x
11  dx 29  dx
x2  2  x  1 3

12 1 30 sin 1 x
 dx  dx
5  4 cos x x2
13 ∫ sec 4 xdx 31  x sec 1 xdx
1
14  dx 32  sec 1 xdx
1  x  2 5

15 ∫ tan xdx 33  x2 tan 1 xdx

2x  3
16 ∫ xe x sin xdx 34  dx
3  6 x  9 x2

ln 3 x 3x  2
17 ∫ dx 35  dx
x3 x 2
 4  x2  4

18 
 ln 1  x dx  36 
2 x2  5 x  1
x  2 x2  x  2
3
dx

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 3

Integral Integral

1
2 x3  3 x2  4  dx
37  dx 54  1
2

 x  1 4 x 
 x

x 1
38  dx 55  e2 x tan 1  e x  dx
 x  1 x3  x2  x
x4  4 x3  6 x2  4 x  1 1
39  dx 56  dx
x3  3 x2  3 x  1 x 6 x  x2
1
40  dx 57
  ∫ tan 3 xdx
10
x 4
x 1

1
41  1  ln x  ln  ln x  dx 58  dx
4  5 cos x

tan 3 1  ln x 
42  ln  x2  x  1  dx 59  dx
x
2
43 60  sin 2 x sin 3 x 
 cos x 4  sin 2 xdx   dx
 sin x sin 6 x 

44 cos x 61 sin 3 x
 dx ∫ dx
sin 2 x  3 sin x  2 cos x
1 5 x  31
45  dx 62 
 1 x  x  x2 3 x2  4 x  11
dx

1  2 x2 3 x 5  x 4  2 x3  12 x2  2 x  1
46  dx 63  dx
x 5 1  x 2 3
 x  1
3 2

47 ∫ sin 6 x cos5 xdx, alternative 64 4 x3  x  1

 dx
solution x3  1
48 ∫ x2 e x dx
3/2
65  sin 1 x ln xdx

tan 3 x
49 ∫ dx 66  ln  sin x  1  sin xdx
cos3 x
1
tan x
3
x3 esin x
50  dx 67  dx
 sin x  cos x 2 1 x 2

 1 1  tan x
51   2  dx 68  dx
 ln x ln x  1  sec 3 x

52  sin  x  sin x   sin  x  sin x   dx 69 


x ln x  x2  1  dx
x 12

53 
x  2

1  5 x2  1  5 x2

 1  dx

70  sin 1  1  x dx 

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 4 • 100 Integrals

Integral Integral

71 1 86 1
 dx  dx
2  2 sin x  cos x x4  4

sec 2 x x5
72  dx 87  dx
4x  4
2 5/2
tan 2 x  2 tan x  2

73 88 1
 x2  x  1 dx  dx
x4  1
x
74  dx 89  sin 2  ln x  dx
 x2  2 x  2 
2

1
75  dx 90 ∫ sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x dx
x3 x2  9
76  sin x tan 1 sec x  1dx 91  1  x2 dx
1
1 ln x cos x  sin x
77  dx 92 x
x xx 2  dx
 ln x 2
2 e2 x  e x
78 
 x3 ln  x ln x6   5 dx  93 
3 e2 x  6 e x  1
dx

2
 x4 
79  tan 1  x  1  x dx  94  6 
dx
1 x 
2

x9 x3 e x
80  dx 95  dx
x  48 x10  575
20
1  x  2 2

1
81  sin 1 x dx 96  dx
1 x

  sin 1 x  dx
2
82  tan 1 x dx 97

83  sinh 1 x dx 98  e x 1  ln x  x2 x dx
x

84  tanh 1 x dx 99  xln x dx

85 1 100 ln  sin x 

 cos1   dx  dx
 x 1  sin x

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 5

INTEGRAL 1

Problem
∫ xln xdx
3

Solution:
x2
8
 4 ln3 x  6 ln2 x  6 lnx  3   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let lnx = z, then we have= =
dx xdz , x e z. After rewriting the inte­
gral in terms of variable z, we get  xln3 xdx   e2 z z3 dz. Integrating
1 2z 3 1 2z
by parts gives,  e z dz  e z   e  3 z  dz. Performing the
2z 3 2
 
dg f
2 2
­integration by parts technique, two times, on the second term gives
1 3 3 1 3 3 3
 e2 z z3 dz  e2 z z3  e2 z z2   e2 z zdz  e2 z z3  e2 z z2  e2 z z  e2 z
2 4 2 2 4 4 8
3 3 3
e2 z z3  e2 z z2  e2 z z  e2 z. Factoring out e2 z = x2 and substituting for z = lnx, we can
4 4 8
rewrite the result in terms of the original variable x as
1 2z x2
e  4 z3  6 z2  6 z  3    4 ln3 x  6 ln2 x  6 lnx  3 .
8 8

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 6 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 2

Problem
e 1  e2 x dx
x

Solution:
1
sinh 1  e x   e x 1  e2 x   constant
2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
dz
Let e x  z  dx  . Rewriting the integral in terms of ­variable
z
dz
z gives  e x 1  e2 x dx   z 1  z2   1  z2 dz. Now, let
z
z  sinh u  dz  cosh u du. Rewriting the new integral in terms
of variable u, gives  1  z2 dz   1  sinh2 u cosh u du. But,
using the cosh2 u  sinh2 u  1 identity we get  1  sinh2 u
2
cosh u du   cosh2 u cosh u du   cosh2 udu. Now, using the cosh u
1  cosh 2 u
= (1 + cosh 2 u) / 2 identity, we get  cosh2 udu   du.
2
Expanding the integrand and integrate each term
1  cosh 2 u 1 1 u sinh 2 u u 2 sinh u cosh u
gives  du   du   cosh 2 u du    
2 2 2 2 4 2 4
1 u sinh 2 u u 2 sinh u cosh u
 cosh 2 u du     . Rewriting this expression in terms of variable z
2 2 4 2 4
and subsequently x, we get 
u 2 sinh u cosh u sinh 1 z z 1  z2 1
2 2

2

2 2

 sinh 1  e x   e x
sinh 1 z z 1  z2 1
2

2 2

 sinh  e   e 1  e
1 x x 2x .


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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 7

INTEGRAL 3

Problem
cos3 x
∫ sin x
dx

Solution:
2
sin x  4  cos2 x   constant
5

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let sin x  z  cos xdx  dz. Rewriting the integral in terms of vari­
cos2 x 1  z2
able z gives  cos xdx   dz. Now, let z  u  dz  2 udu.
sin x z
Rewriting the new integral in terms of variable u gives
1  z2 1  u4 2
 dz  2  udu  2 u  u5. Substituting back and ­rewriting
z u 5
the answer in terms of variable x , after some manipulations, gives
2 2
   1   1
sin x  2 sin x  1  sin2 x   2 sin x  1  1  cos2 x 
5
2 u  u5  2 sin x 
5 5  5   5
 1 2   1  2
x  1  sin x   2 sin x  1  1  cos2 x    sin x  4  cos2 x  .
 5   5  5

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 8 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 4

Problem
 ln  
x  1  x dx

Solution:
1
2 
sinh 1 x  x 1  x   2 x ln   
x  1  x   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
We use integration by parts technique with considering  dx  x.
Therefore, we can write  ln  
x  1  x dx  ln  
x  1  x  dx   x
d

x  11  x
dx
ln

   1  x  dx. Performing the integration gives x ln  
d
x  1  x  dx   x ln x x  1 x x 2 x
dx x
1 1

x ln  
x  1  x   x 2 x 2 1  x  x ln
x  1 x
 1

x  1 x  
x
2 1 x
dx.

Now, we let x  z  dx  2 zdz. Rewriting the new integral in

1 x z2
terms of the variable z, gives   dx    dz. But
2 1 x 1  z2
using
d
dx
1  z2   z
1  z2

, and the integration by parts technique

z2 z
we can write     zdz   z 1  z2   1  z2 dz.
1 z 2
1 z 2

Now, we let z  sinh u  dz  cosh udu. Hence, the latter integral

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 8 27-07-2023 16:05:42

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 9

can be written as  1  z2 dz   1  sinh 2 u cosh udu   cosh 2 u du,

1
after using the cosh 2 u  sinh 2 u  1 identity. But cosh 2 u  1  cosh 2 u 
1 2
cosh 2 u  1  cosh 2 u  and after rewriting the last integral we have
2
1 1 1 1 1
 cosh 2 u du   1  cosh 2 u  du  u  sinh 2 u  u  sinh u cosh u
2 2 4 2 2
1 1
sinh 2 u  u  sinh u cosh u. After collecting all related answers and rewrite them in
2 2
terms of the original variable x, we get the solution as shown.

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 10 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 5

Problem
1
∫ cos x dx

Solution:
  x 
 1  tan  2  
ln    constant
 1  tan  x  
  
 2 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Partial fractions, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
We rewrite the integral using the trigonometric identity
x x 1 1
cos x  cos2  sin 2 . Therefore,  dx   dx  
2 2 cos x x x  x x
cos2  sin 2  cos  sin
2 2  2 2
1 1
dx   dx   dx. But the integrand can
x x  x x  x x
cos2  sin 2  cos  sin  cos  sin 
2 2  2 2  2 2
be ­written as, using the partial fractions technique, x
1 a b  a  b sin   a  b co
   2
 x x  x x x x x x  x x  x
 cos  sin   cos  sin  cos 2  sin 2 cos 2  sin 2  cos  sin   cos  si
 2 2  2 2  2 2  2
x x
b  a  b sin   a  b cos
  2 2 . Therefore, to have equality valid,
x x x  x x  x x
n cos  sin cos  sin   cos  sin 
2 2 2  2 2  2 2
x x
the constants a and b should satisfy  a  b  sin   a  b  cos  1.
2 2
x x x x
 a  b sin   a  b cos  1. Or, a  b  sin and  a  b   cos .
2 2 2 2

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 11

1 x x
Solving for a and b gives, a   cos  sin  and b =
2 2 2
1 x x
 cos  sin . Therefore, the original integral can be
2 2 2
x x x x
cos  sin cos  sin
1 1 2 1
2 dx   2 2
written as  dx  
 x x  x x 2 cos x  sin x 2 cos x  sin x
 cos  sin   cos  sin  2 2 2 2
 2 2  2 2
x x x x
cos  sin cos  sin
1 2 1
2 dx   2 2 dx . But d  cos x  sin x     cos x  sin x  and
x     
x
2 cos  sin x 2 cos  sin x
x dx  2 2  2 2
2 2 2 2
d x x  x x
 cos  sin    cos  sin  . Using these relations and recall­
dx  2 2  2 2
d dz
ing that ln z = , we can arrive at the final answer for the integral
dz z
x x x x
cos  sin cos  sin
1 2 2 1 2 2  x x  x x
as  dx   dx   ln  cos  sin   ln  cos  sin
x
2 cos  sin x x
2 cos  sin x  2 2  2 2
2 2 2 2
 x x
 cos  sin 
 x x   x x  2 2 . To simplify, after dividing the
x   ln  cos  sin   ln  cos  sin   ln 
 2 2  2 2 x x
 cos  sin 
 2 2
numerator and denominator of the argument of the logarithm by
 x
x 1  1  tan 2 
cos , we get  dx  ln  .
2 cos x x
 1  tan 
 2

Short-cut solution:
An alternative solution can be obtained as follow:
dz
Let sin x  z  dx  . Rewriting the integral gives
cos x
1 1 1 1
 dx   dz   dz. But  dz  tanh 1 z, where
cos x 2
cos x 1 z 2
1  z2
in terms of the original variable x the answer reads tanh 1  sin x .

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 11 27-07-2023 16:06:59

 12 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 6

Problem
x
  sin x  cos x  2
dx

Solution:

1 2 x cos x 
 x  ln  sin x  cos x     constant
2 sin x  cos x 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Partial fractions, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
We apply the integration by parts technique to the integral, Or
x dx dx
 dx  x    x . This
 sin x  cos x  2
 sin x  cos x  2
 sin x  cos x 2
dx
requires calculating the  . But, by inspection the
 sin x  cos x 2
 f  x 
derivative of an expression, like   would contain the
 sin x  cos x 
correct expression as exists in the denominator of the integrands
(i.e.,  sin x  cos x  ). Assuming f  x  as a polynomial function, we
2

d f  x   f   sin x  cos x   f   sin x  cos x 

then have   ,
dx  sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x 2
with prime symbol indicating differentiation operation. To have
the numerator equal to 1, the function f  x  should be a sinusoi­
dal one. Here, we let f  x   cos x . Note that selecting f  x   sin x
d f  x  d  cos x   sin x  sin x  coss x 
works as well. Therefore,    
dx  sin x  cos x  dx  sin x  cos x   sin x
d cos x   sin x  sin x  cos s x   cos x   sin x  cos x  1
   .
dx  sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x  2
 sin x  cos x 2

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 12 27-07-2023 16:07:36

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 13

1 cos x
Therefore, we can write  dx   .
 sin x  cos x  2
sin x  cos x
The original integral can be written as
x dx dx  x cos x cos
 dx  x    x  
 sin x  cos x  2
 sin x  cos x  2
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x sin x 
2

dx  x cos x cos x cos x

  x   dx . But  can be worked
2
 sin x  cos x 2 sin x  cos x sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
out by first dividing the integrand by cos x, or
cos x / cos x 1
 dx   dx. Now, we can  0

sin x / cos x  cos x / cos x tan x  1
1 1  tan x  tan
manipulate the integrand in this integral as  dx  
tan x  1 tan x  1
 0
  0

1 1  tan x  tan x tan x tan x 1  1 1 1

 dx   dx   dx   dx  x   dx  x   dx  
tan x  1 tan x  1 tan x  1 tan x  1  tan
x 
1 t
 0

tan x 1  1 1 1  tan x 1
x x dx  x   dx   dx . Now we take the   dx
tan x  1 tan
 x
 1  tan x  1  tan
 x
  1
 
1 1  tan x
from RHS to the LHS, to get 2  dx  x   dx .
 tan
 x
1 tan x  1
1  tan x cos x  sin x
But the last integrand can be w ­ritten as  dx   
1  tan x cos x  sin x tan x  1 sin x  cos x
 dx    ln  sin x  cos x . Finally, the original integral can be
tan x  1 sin x  cos x
x  x cos x x 1
written as  dx    ln  sin x  cos x .
 sin x  cos x  2
sin x  cos x 2 2
Factoring ½ and rearranging the terms gives the expression as shown
above for the answer.

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 13 27-07-2023 16:08:17

 14 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 7

Problem
x
  7 x  1 17
dx

Solution:

1  112 x
  constant
11760  7 x  1 
16

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
z 1
Let 7 x  1  z  7 dx  dz, x  . Writing the ­integral in terms
7
x  z  1 / 7 dz 1 z  1 1
of variable z, gives 
 7 x  117
dx  
z17
  17 dz 
7 49 z 49

 z16 dz   z17 dz

dz 1 z  1 1
  17 dz 
7 49 z 49
 
 z16 dz   z17 dz . The integrals in the last expression, can

1 15 1
be worked to have  z16 dz   z and  z17 dz   z16. After
15 16
substituting and rewriting the integral in terms of original x, we
1 1  1 1  1  1 7x  1 
get
49
 
 z16 dz   z17 dz    z15  z16  
49  15 16 16 
 49  7 x  1   16

15 


 1  1 7x  1  1  1 7x  1  11
z16   16 
 . Further simplification gives 16 
 
 49  7 x  1   16 15  49  7 x  1   16 15  11760  7
1  1 7x  1  1  112 x
16 
  , as shown in the answer.
49  7 x  1   16 11760  7 x  1 
16
15 

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 14 27-07-2023 16:08:54

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 15

INTEGRAL 8

Problem
x3
 dx
1  x 2 2

Solution:
1 1 
 ln 1  x2    constant
2 1  x2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
By inspection and considering the denominator of the integrand, we
d
 1  x2   4 x3  4 x. Therefore, we rewrite the integral as
2
have
dx
0

x3 1 4 x3 4 x  4 x 1 4 x3  4 x x 1
dx  ln 1  x2  
2
 dx   dx   dx  
1  x 2  4 1  x 2  4 1  x 2  1  x 2 
2 2 2 2
4
 4x x 1 x
ln 1  x2   
2
dx   dx  dx . To calculate the new integral, we let

2 2
1  x 2 2
1  x 2 
2
x 4
dz
1  x2  z  dx  . Therefore, rewriting this integral in terms of the
2x
x 1 x dz 1 dz 1
variable z we get   dx    2    2  . Back
1  x 
2 2 2 z x 2 z 2z
substituting, gives the final answer in terms of the variable x as shown
x3 1 x 1 1 
dx  ln 1  x2    dx   ln 1  x2  
2
 .
1  x 2 
2
4 1  x 2 
2
2 1  x2 

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 15 27-07-2023 16:09:30

 16 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 9

Problem
x
 8  4x 2
 x4
dx

Solution:
1  x2  2 
tan1    constant
4  2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
We rewrite the 2 denominator of the integrand as
8  4 x2  x 4   x2  2   4 . Therefore, the integral reads as
x x dz
 dx   dx. Now, let x2  2  z  dx 
8  4x  x  x  2  4
2 4 2
2 2x
and rewrite the integral in terms of the variable z, or
x 1 dz 1 dz z
 dx     . Now, we let  u  dz  2 du
 x2  2   4 2 4  z 8 1   z / 2 
2 2 2
2
z
 u  dz  2 du and write the new integral in terms of the variable u as
2
1 dz 1 du
   . The last integral is readily equal to
8 1   z / 2 2
4 1  u2
tan −1 u, after back substitutions and rewriting the integral in terms
1  x  2 
2
x 1
of the original variable x, we get  dx  tan  
8  4 x2  x 4 4  2 
as shown in the answer.

100_Integrals.001_3pp.indd 16 27-07-2023 16:10:16

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 17

INTEGRAL 10

Problem
4 x2  x  1
 4 x3  x dx

Solution:

1
ln x  tan 1  2 x   constant
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:

We rewrite the integral as 4 x  x  1 dx  4 x  1 dx 

2 2
x
 4 x3  x  4 x3  x  4 x3  x dx
4 x2  1 x 4 x2  1 dx x dx
 3 dx   3 dx. But  dx    ln x and  dx   2 .
4x  x 4x  x x(4 x  1)
2
x x(4 x  1)
2
4x  1
dz
Now, let 2 x  z  dx  and rewrite the new integral in terms
2
dx 1 1 1
of the variable z to get  2   dz  tan 1 z. After col-
4x  1 2 1  z 2
2
lecting both integrals results and write them in terms of the original
4 x2  x  1 1
­variable x we get  dx  ln x  tan 1  2 x .
4x  x
3
2

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 17 27-07-2023 15:45:34

 18 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 11

Problem
x4  1
 x2  2
dx

Solution:
x3 5  x 
 2x  tan 1    constant
3 2  2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
We perform the division operation for the integrand to get
x4  1 5 x4  1 1
 x 2
 2  . Therefore, the integral reads  dx    x2  2  dx  5 2
x 2
2
x 2
2
x 2
2
x
x4  1 1 x 3
1
 x2  2 dx    x  2  dx  5 x2  2 dx  3  2 x  5 x2  2 dx. But the new
2

5 1 x
integ­ral can be written as  2
dx. Now, let  z  dx  2 dz
2  x  2
1 
 2
x
 z  dx  2 dz and rewrite the last integral in terms of the variable z to
2 5 1 5 2 1 5 2
get  dx   dz  tan 1 z. After collect-
2  x 
2
2 1  z 2
2
1 
 2
ing both integrals results and write them in terms of the original
x4  1 x3 5  x 
variable x we get  2 dx   2 x  tan 1  .
x 2 3 2  2

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 18 27-07-2023 15:47:23

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 19

INTEGRAL 12

Problem
1
 5  4 cos x dx

Solution:
2 1  x 
tan 1  tan     constant
3 3  2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
1
We rewrite the integral in terms of half-angle to have 
dx  
5  4 cos x  
5  4  cos2 
1 1 x 1 dx  
 5  4 cos x dx    2  x  2  x   dx. Let tan 2  z  dz  2 2  x  .
5  4  cos    sin    cos  
 2  2  2

 x 1 2 x z2
Therefore, cos   
2
, and sin    2 . Rewriting the
2 1 z
2
2 1 z
integral in terms of the variable z, we get, after some simplifications,
1 2 2 1
  2  x  2  x   dx   9  z2 dz  9   z 2 . Now let
5  4  cos    sin    1 
 2  2  3
z
 u  dz  3 du and rewrite the integral in terms of the
3
2 du 2
3  1  u2 3
variable u. Therefore, we have  tan 1 u. After
­rewriting this integral in terms of the original variable x, we get
1 2 1  1  x 
 5  4 cos x dx  3 tan  3 tan  2  as shown in the answer.

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 19 27-07-2023 15:49:34

 20 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 13

Problem
∫ sec
4
x dx

Solution:
1
tan 3 x + tan x + constant
3

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:   1

Rewrite the integral using trigonometric identities as sec 4 xdx  dx sin x 

2

  4
cos x

cos4
  1

dx sin 2 x  cos2 x
   cos4 x  cos4 x dx. Now, manipulate

4
sec xdx the integrand by
 
1

1 sin 2 x  cos2 x sin 2 x dx
writing is as follows,  dx   dx   dx  

 4
cos x 4
cos x cos x4
cos2 x
2 2
x sin x dx dx d d  sin x  1
dx   4
dx   2
. But  2
 tan x, since tan x  . For 
 the other integ­
cos x cos x cos x dx dx  cos x  cos2 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x  1  2  d  1
ral, we write  4
dx   2  2  dx   tan x  tan x   tan x.
3

cos x cos x  cos x   dx  3

 d  1
 tan x  tan x   tan 3 x. After collecting all terms, we get the answer as
2

 dx  3
1
 sec xdx  3 tan x  tan x.
4 3

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 20 27-07-2023 15:50:53

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 21

INTEGRAL 14

Problem: 1
 dx
1  x 2 5

Solution: 3 x  5 x3  2 x 5
 constant
3 1  x 
2 5

Techniques used:

change of variables, Integration by parts, trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
d 1
Let x  tan   dx 
, 1  x2  1  tan 2   . Now,
cos 2
cos2 
rewriting the integral in terms of the variable α gives
1 1 d
 dx  

  cos3 d. Now we can write
1  x 
2
2 5
cos 10
 cos

 cos  d   cos  cos  d   1  sin   cos  d   cos  d   sin  cos d

3 2 2 2

 d
  cos  d   cos  d   sin  cos d. But  cos d  sin  and   sin  cos d    sin  
2 2
si 2

 d
 d  1
  sin 2  cos d    sin 2   sin     sin 3 . Collecting all related terms
 d  3
1
gives the answer as  cos3 d  sin   sin 3 . Rewriting the
3
1
result in terms of the original variable x, having   tan x , gives
1 1
 dx  sin  tan 1 x   sin 3  tan 1 x . An alternative form
1 x 
2 5
 3

of the answer, in terms of polynomial functions of x, can be obtained

x 1
by substituting sin   into the expression sin   sin 3 
1  x2 3
3x  5x  2x
3 5
to get .
3 1  x 2 
5

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 21 27-07-2023 15:53:35

 22 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 15

Problem:
∫ tan x dx

Solution:
2  1 1  tan x  2 tan x 
2 
 tan  
2 tan x  1  tan 1  
2 tan x  1  ln   con
1  tan x  2 tan x 

1  tan x  2 tan x 
 
2 tan x  1  tan 1  
2 tan x  1  ln   constant
1  tan x  2 tan x 

Techniques used:

change of variables, partial fractions, trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
dx dz
Let tan x  z   dz  dx  . We rewrite the integral
2
cos x 1  z2
z
in terms of the variable z, to get  tan xdx   dz.
1  z2
Now, let z  u  dz  2 udu and the latter integral can be written

z u2
as  dz  2  1  u4 du. The denominator of the integrand can be
1  z2

written as 1  u4  1  u2   2 u2  1  u2  2 u 1  u2  2 u . 
2

Therefore, using the partial fractions technique, we can write the

u2 u2 1 u
integral as 2  du  2  du   du 
1 u 4

1  u  2u 1  u  2u
2 2
 
2 1  u  2u
2

1 u 1 u
u  2u
2

du  
2 1  u  2u
2
du  
2 1  u  2u
2
du. Now we have two new

integrals to calculate. Working on the latter, we can write the

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 22 27-07-2023 15:55:06

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 23

2
 2 1 1
denominator of the integrand as 1  u  2 u   u     1
2  2 2 
2
 2u
2 
 2 1 1 
  dy
2
u2  2 u   u     1  2 u  1 . Now let 2 u  1  y  du  ,
 2  2 2   2
and write the latter integral in terms of variable y as
1 u 2  y  1  / 2 dy 1 1y
 
2 1  u  2u
22
du  
2  1 y 22
2

2  1  y22
dy.  

1 1y 1 1 1 2y
But 
2 1 y
2
dy  
2 1 y
2
dy  
2 2 1 y
2
dy. The former

1 1 1 1 2y
integral reads 
2 1 y
2
dy 
2
tan 1 y and the latter  
2 2 1 y
2
dy  
2
1 2y 1
ln 1  y2 . Writing the results in terms of varia-
2 2 1 y
 2
dy  
2 2
ble x, gives
1
2
tan 1 y 
1
2 2
ln 1  y2  
1
2
tan 1 2 u  1 
1
2 2

ln 1  2 u  1    
2

tan 1 2 u  1 
1
2 2

ln 1  2 u  1  2
 1
2

tan 1 2 z  1 
1
2 2

ln 1  2 z  1  
2 1
2

tan 1 2 tan   
1
2
 
2
ln 1  2 z  1 
1
2

tan 1 2 tan x  1   1
2 2

ln 1  2 tan x  1 .
2
  
Similarly, the remaining integral can be worked out and
reads as
1

u
2 1  u  2u
2
du 
1
2
tan 1 2 tan x  1 
1
2 2
ln 1      2 tan x  1 
2

2 tan x  1   1
ln 1   2 tan x  1  . Therefore, solution reads as 
2 tan xdx 
2  1
2 
tan  2 tan x  1  
2 2

 
2 tan x  1 
2
2 1 
 tan xdx 
2  1
2 
tan  
2 tan x  1  tan 1
 
2 tan x  1  
 4
ln 
1 
 
2 tan x  1 
2

 

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 23 27-07-2023 15:57:04

 24 • 100 Integrals


 
2 tan x  1 
2
2 1 
2 tan x  1 
 4
ln . The last term simplifies to
1 
 
2 tan x  1 
2

 

 
2 tan x  1 
2
2 1    2 ln  1  2 tan x  1  2 2 tan x   2 ln 2  2 ln  1  tan
ln   
1 
 
2 tan x  1  4
2
4
  1  2 tan x  1  2 2 tan x  4 4  1  tan

1  2 2 tan x  2 2  1  tan x  2 tan x  2  1

1  2 2 tan x  4
ln 2 
4
ln   . Simplified ­solution reads as
 1  tan x  2 tan x  2 
 tan 
2 tan x  1 

2  1  1  tan x  2 tan x  
2 
 tan   
2 tan x  1  tan 1 2 tan x  1  ln   
1  tan x  2 tan x   4
2
ln 2.
  
 tan x  2 tan x   2
 ln 2.
 tan x  2 tan x   4


100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 24 27-07-2023 15:57:20

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 25

INTEGRAL 16

Problem:
∫ xe
x
sin x dx

Solution:
ex
 x sin x  1  x  cos x   constant
2 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
d
Knowing that
dx
 xe x   e x  x  1  and xe x dx  e x  x  1 , we
apply the integration by parts technique to the integral to
get  xe x sin xdx   xe x cos x  e x  x  1  cos xdx   xe x cos x  xe x cos xdx  e x cos
 
f dg

os xdx   xe x cos x  xe x cos xdx  e x cos xdx. But  xe x cos x dx  xe x sin x  e x  x  1  sin x dx
 
f dg

and Therefore, after substitution, we get xe x sin xdx   xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x

xe
x
sin xdx   xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x  x  1  sin x dx  e x cos xdx. Or, after rearranging
1
the involved terms, we get xe x sin xdx   xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x sin x dx  e x
2
1
 xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x sin x dx  e x cos xdx  . But  e sin xdx  e cos x  e cos x dx.
x x x

2  
1
Therefore, after substitution, we get xe x sin xdx    xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x cos
2
1 1
sin xdx    xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x cos x  e x cos x dx  e x cos xdx     xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x cos x 
2  2
1 ex
dx     xe x cos x  xe x sin x  e x cos x . Or xe x sin xdx   x sin x  1  x  cos x  .
 2 2

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 25 27-07-2023 15:59:21

 26 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 17

Problem:
ln 3 x
∫ x3 dx

Solution:
1
  4 ln 3 x  6 ln 2 x  6 ln x  3   constant
8 x2 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Rewrite the integrand and apply the integration by parts. Therefore,
ln 3 x 3  dx  1 3 3 ln 2 x
we get  3 dx   ln x  3   2 ln x   3 dx. Applying the
x   x  2x 2 x
f 
dg

integration by parts successively twice again to the last integral, gives

3 ln 2 x 3  1 ln x  3  1 1 1 1  3  1

2 x 3
dx   2 ln 2 x   3 dx    2 ln 2 x  2 ln x   3 dx    2 ln 2 x
2  2x x  2  2x 2x 2 x  2  2x
1 1 1  3  1 1 1 
2
ln 2 x  2 ln x   3 dx    2 ln 2 x  2 ln x  2  . After collecting all terms, we
2x 2 x  2  2 x 2 x 4 x 
ln 3 x 3   2 
receive the answer as  3 dx  2 1  2 ln x  1  ln x  ln 2 x  .
x 8x   3 

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 26 27-07-2023 16:00:07

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 27

INTEGRAL 18

Problem:
 ln 1  
x dx

Solution:
 x  1 ln 1  x   x   constant
x
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
We use the integration by parts technique and consider dx  x.
1

1
   
Therefore, we can write  ln 1  x dx  x ln 1  x  x 2 x dx  x ln 1  x 
1 x
 
 
n 1  x  x 2 x dx  x ln 1  x  
1 x
1

2 x x
x
 dx. Now, let x  z  dx  2 zdz and

write the new integral in terms of variable z as

1 x z3 z2
  dx    2 dz    dz. Using partial fractions,
2 x x z z z1
z2  1 
we can write   dz     z  1   dz . Performing the
z1  z1
 1  1 2
integration, gives    z  1   dz   z  z  ln 1  z . After
 z1 2
collecting all terms and write them in term of the original variable

1
x, we get the answer as  x  1  ln 1  x  x  x .
2


100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 27 27-07-2023 16:01:45

 28 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 19

Problem:
 1 
 ln  1  1  dx
x2 

Solution:
  1  1 
x  ln  1  1  2   1  1  2   constant
  x  x 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
We use the integration by parts technique along with con-
 1   1
sidering dx  x. Therefore, we can write  ln  1 
1  2  dx  x ln  1  1 
x  x
’  dg 
 1  f
1  1  2 
 1   1  x 
 ln  1  1  x2  dx  x ln  1  1  2   x  dx,

 x  1
 dg 1 1 2
f x
with the prime symbol indicating differentiation. Therefore,
’
 1 
1  1  2 
x  dx
 x  dx   . After simplifying the
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 2  x 1
2 2

x x
dx dx
integrand, we get   . Let
1 1  x 2
 x 1  x 2
x 1 2  x 1
2 2

x
zdz
1  x2  z  dx  . Therefor, the latter integral in
z2  1
1 1
terms of variable z can be written as  dz  
z z 1  z 1
2 2

z2  1 z  z2

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 28 27-07-2023 16:02:55

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 29

1 1 du
z dz   dz. Now, let z  z2  1  u  dz 
z 1  z 1
2 2

z 1 z  z 1
2 2
 z
z2  1
1

du
z  z2  1  u  dz  . Rewriting the latter integral in terms of the variable
z
1
z2  1
1 du du 1
u, we have  dz     .

z 1 z  z 1
2 2
 
u
z 
 1  z2  1
u 2
u
z  1 
2
  
u

du du 1
  2   . After back substituting for u in terms of z and x we get
 z  u u
u  1  z2  1 the results as  1   1

1
. Multiplying
z  1 
2
   u z  z 1 2
1  x2  x
u the last expression by its conjugates ratio gives,
1 1  x2  x x  1  x2
   x  1  x2 . After collect­-
1 x  x 1 x  x
2 2 1  x 2
 x 2

ing all related terms, we get the final answer as

 1   1 
 ln  1  1  x2  dx  x ln  1  1  x2   x  1  x . Please note
2

1
that 1  x2  x 1  2 .
x

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 29 27-07-2023 16:04:01

 30 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 20

Problem:
 csch
1
x dx

Solution:

xcsch 1 x  sinh 1 x  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
1 1
Let csch 1 x    csch   x. Therefore, sinh   and
sinh  x
dx
cosh d   . Now we can write the integral in terms of vari-
x2
1  cosh  
able α, as csch 1 xdx   sinh 1        d. Using the
 sinh  
2
 x
 cosh    d
integration by parts, we have     d   .
 sinh   sinh  sinh 
2

But writing the latter integral in terms of original variable x, we get

d dx 1 dx x dx
   .   sinh 1 x .
sinh  cosh . x sinh 
2
x 1 x 2
1 x 2

Now collecting all related terms, we get the solution as


 sinh 1 x  xcsch 1 x  sinh 1 x, for x > 0.
sinh 

100_Integrals.002_3pp.indd 30 27-07-2023 16:05:23

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 31

INTEGRAL 21

Problem:
1
 sin x  cos x dx

Solution:
  x 
tan    1  2 
2  2
ln    constant
2  tan  x   1  2 
   
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
x
Let tan = z, then we have dx  2 dz / 1  z2 .Using the trigo­
2
 x
2 tan  
nometric identities, we have sin x   2   2 z , and
2 x 1  z2
 x 1  tan  
1  tan 2   2
2 1 z
2
cos x    . Therefore, the integral can be written
2 x 1  z2
1  tan  
2
1 1
in terms of the variable z as  dx  2  dz.
sin x  cos x 1  2 z  z2
But the denominator of the integrand can be written as
 
1  2 z  z2    z2  2 z  1     z  1   2    z  1  2 z  1  2
2

  
2    z  1  2 z  1  2 . Now we rewrite the integral as 2 
1
dz  2 
1
1  2z  z 2
z 1 2 

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 31 27-07-2023 15:45:53

 32 • 100 Integrals

1 1
2 dz  2  dz. Using the partial fractions
1  2 z  z2 
z 1 2 z 1 2  
1 2 dz
technique, we can write 2  dz    
 z  1  2  z  1  2  2 z 1 2
1 2 dz 2 dz

2 z 1 2 
dz   
2 z 1 2
 
2 z 1 2
. Finally, we can write the

solutions by integrating each term, as 

2
2

ln z  1  2 
2

2

ln z  1  2  
2  z 1 2 
2
2

ln z  1  2 
2
2

ln z  1  2  
ln 
2  z 1 2 

. Therefore, the answer in

  x
tan    1  2
2  z 1 2  2  2
terms of the original variable x is ln   ln 
2  z 1 2  2  tan  x   1  2
  
  x  2
tan    1  2 
 z 1 2  2  2
n  ln  . Please note that the absolute value of the
 z  1  2  2  tan  x   1  2 
   
2
argument of the logarithm should be considered.

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 32 27-07-2023 15:46:35

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 33

INTEGRAL 22

Problem:

2
x
dx

Solution:
21   x
log 2 2
 
1   x log 2  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Logarithm identities

Step-by-step solution:
x log z
Let 2  z  log 2 z   x  i x . We can write =
= i x
log 2 z
log 2
log z dz idx 2 x 2 x 2(log z / log 2)
=
log 2 z = i x , or = . Therefore, dx   2  
log 2 z log 2 2 x iz log 2 i z log 2  z log 2
2 x 2 x 2(log z / log 2) 2 log z
dx   2   . Rewriting the integral in terms of the var­
iz log 2 i z log 2  z log 2 z log 2 2
2
iable z, we get  2  x dx   2  log z dz. But  log z dz  z log z  z,
log 2
and after rewriting this expression in terms of the original x varaiable we
21   x
2

get  2  x dx   2 2  x log 2  x  2  x 
log 2 log 2 2
 
1   x log 2 . 

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 33 27-07-2023 15:48:34

 34 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 23

Problem:

 ln 1  
1  x2 dx

Solution:
 
x ln 1  1  x2  sinh 1 x  x  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Using the integration by parts technique, we can write

  dx
the integral as ln 1  1  x2 
dg
  
 x ln 1  1  x2  x f  dx .
f

d

But f   ln 1  1  x2 
dx
x
1  x  1  x2
2
. Therefore, the latter

x2 dz zdz
integral reads xf ’ dx    dx. Let 1  x2  z  dx  z 
1 x  1 x
2 2 x z2  1
dz zdz
1  x2  z  dx  z  and write the latter integral in terms of variable
x z2  1
x2 z2  1 zdz z2  1
z, as   dx       z  1 dz. Now,
1  x2  1  x2 z2  z z2  1
let z  cosh u  dz  sinh udu and write the latter integral in terms
z2  1 sinh 2 u cosh 2 u  1
of variable u as   dz    du    du     cosh u  1  du
z1 1  cosh u 1  cosh u

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 34 27-07-2023 15:50:20

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 35

cosh 2 u  1
du    du     cosh u  1  du  u  sinh u. This expression in terms of the
u 1  cosh u
original variable x reads u  sinh u  cosh 1 z  z2  1  cosh 1 1  x2
nh u  cosh 1 z  z2  1  cosh 1 1  x2  1  x2  1  cosh 1 1  x2  x, for x > 0.
Collecting all related terms, we get the solution as
 
x ln 1  1  x2  cosh 1 1  x2  x. But cosh 1 1  x2  sinh 1 x.

 
Hence, the solution simplifies to x ln 1  1  x2  sinh 1 x  x.

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 35 27-07-2023 15:51:22

 36 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 24

Problem:

∫ sin
6
x cos5 xdx

Solution:
8 4 1
sin11 x + sin 9 x cos2 x + sin 7 x cos4 x + constant
693 63 7

Techniques used:

Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:

 sin x cos5 xdx  (sin 6 x cos x)cos4 xdx.

6
Rewrite the integral as
1 4
 sin x cos x  cos x dx  sin x cos4 x 
7
6 4 7
Using the integration by parts, we get s
  f 7
dg

1 4
6
x cos x  cos

4
x dx  sin 7 x cos4 x   sin 8 x cos3 x dx.Repeating the similar operation

  f 7 7
dg
1 2
on the latter integral, we get  sin 8 x cos3 x dx   sin 8 x cos x cos2 x dx  sin 9 x cos2 x   s
9 9
1 9 2
n x cos x cos x dx  sin x cos x   sin x cos x dx. But the latter integral reads
8 2 2 10

9 9
1
 sin x cos x dx  11 sin x. Collecting all related results, we get
10 11

8 4 1
the solution as sin11 x + sin 9 x cos2 x + sin 7 x cos4 x.
693 63 7

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 36 27-07-2023 15:52:41

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 37

INTEGRAL 25

Problem:

∫x
m
ln n xdx

m and n are positive integers.

Solution:
x m 1 ln n x n
m 1 
 x m ln n1 xdx  constant
m 1

For m= n= 3
4
x
128
 32 ln3 x  24 ln2 x  12 ln x  3 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Recursive relation

Step-by-step solution:
The solution provides a recursive relation applicable to integer
values of m and n. We work out the general solution and apply it to
a numerical example.
Applying the integration by parts technique, we can write
x m 1 n n
  ln x   x m ln n1 xdx. For example, for
m n
x ln xdx
m 1 m 1
x4 3
m= n= 3, we have x ln xdx  ln 3 x  x3 ln 2 xdx. But, using
3 3

4 4
the general relation again for = m 3= , n 2, we get
4
x 2 2 3
x ln xdx  4 ln x  4 x ln xdx. Using the general formula for the
3 2

x4 1
latter integral, for = m 3= , n 1, we get x3 ln xdx  ln x  x3 dx,
4 4

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 37 27-07-2023 15:55:04

 38 • 100 Integrals

x4
x dx 
3
with . After collecting all related terms, we get
4
x4 3 3  x4 2 2  x4 1 x4  
      . Or, after
3 3
x ln xdx ln x  ln x  ln x
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
x4
simplification, we get the final answer as x3 ln 3 xdx 
128
 32 ln3 x  24 ln2 x 
x4
x ln xdx 
3 3

128
 32 ln3 x  24 ln2 x  12 ln x  3 .

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 38 27-07-2023 15:55:38

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 39

INTEGRAL 26

Problem:

e
x
sin 1  e x  dx

Solution:
e x sin 1  e x   1  e2 x  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let e x  z  dx  dz / z. Rewriting the integral in terms of
the variable z, we get e
x
sin 1  e x  dx   sin 1 z dz. Now, let
sin 1 z    sin   z  cos  d  dz. After back substituting, we
get  sin 1 zdz   cos  d. Using the integration by parts technique,
we get the answer,  
 cos
    sin    sin  d   sin   cos  .
d
f dg

Rewriting the results in terms of variables z, and then x, we get

 sin   cos   z sin 1 z  1  z2  e x sin 1  e x   1  e2 x .

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 39 27-07-2023 15:57:29

 40 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 27

Problem:
1  x2
x 1  x2
dx

Solution:
1 1  x2 
 1  x 4  2 tan 1   constant
2  1  x2 


Techniques used:

Change of variables, Partial fractions, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
dz
Let x  tan  z / 2   dx  . Therefore, the integral
2 cos  z / 2 
2

1  x2 1 tan  z / 2  1 
can be written in terms of the variable z as x dx  
1 x 2
2 cos2  z / 2  1 
1 tan  z / 2  1  tan  z / 2  1  tan 2  z / 2 
2
1  x2
x 1  x2
dx 
2  cos2  z / 2  1  tan 2  z / 2 
dz. But
1  tan 2  z / 2 
 cos z,

1 tan  z / 2  1  tan  z / 2  1 sin  z / 2 

2
hence we get 
2 cos  z / 2  1  tan  z / 2 
2 2
dz  
2 cos3  z / 2 
cos zdz

1 sin  z / 2  cos  z / 2 
2  cos3  z / 2 
dz  cos zdz. Now, after multiplying the integrand by , we
cos  z / 2 
sin z / 2  cos
1 sin cos z / 2  1 sin z
have  cos zdz  
cos cos zdz.
cos zdz Let
2 cos  z // 2 
cos 44
cos44  z // 2 
4 cos
cos z 4 u
cos z  u   sin z dz  du and  . Therefore, we
cos  z / 2  1  u 2
4

1 sin z u
have 
4 cos  z / 2 
4
cos zdz   
 1  u 2
du. Now let u  t  du  2 tdt
du

u  t  du  2 tdt and writing the latter integral in terms of the variable t, we

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 40 27-07-2023 15:59:57

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 41

t2
get 2  dt. After using the partial fractions techniques,
1  t  2 2

 
t2
 1 1 .
we can write 2  dt  2  dt   dt
1  t 
2 2
 1  t 
 2 2
 1  t 2
 

1
The latter integral reads 2  dt  2 tan 1 t . But for calcu­
 
1  t 2

1
lating the integral 2  dt we let t  tan y  dt  dy / cos2 y
1  t  2 2

2
 cos2 y  sin 2 y  1
and 1  t   1  tan y   
2 2 2
 
2
2 4
. After
 cos y  cos y
1 cos4 y
substation, we get 2  dt  2  dy  2  cos2 y dy. But,
1  t 
2 2 2
cos y
1  cos 2 y
using trigonometric identity cos2 y  , we get 2  cos2 y dy   1  cos 2 y  d
2
1
2  cos2 y dy   1  cos 2 y  dy  y  sin 2 y. Now, after a series of
2
back substitutions and collecting related terms, we get
cos  2 tan 1 x 
 tan 1 cos  2 tan 1 x  . This expression simpli­
1  cos  2 tan 1 x 

1 1  x2 
fies to  1  x 4  2 tan 1 .
2  1  x2 


100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 41 27-07-2023 16:01:38

 42 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 28

Problem:

x x tan 1 xdx

Solution:
1
 4 x2 x tan 1 x  2 ln 1  x   x  x  2    constant
10  

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  z  dx  2 zdz, rewriting the integral in terms of the vari­
able z gives x x tan 1 xdx  2 z4 tan 1 z dz. Using the integration by
1 1 z5 
parts technique we get 2 z4 tan 1 z dz  2  z5 tan 1 z   dz .
5 5 1 z 2

Note that we used the derivative of inverse tangent func­
d 1
tion of z, or
dz
 tan 1 z  
1  z2
. Now, we work out the latter
integral by using the partial fractions technique to get
1 z5 1  3 z  1  z 4 z2  1 z

5 1 z 2
dz  
5 
 z  z  2 
1 z 
dz     
5  4 2  5 1  z2
dz.

1 z 1
But  dz  ln 1  z2 . Collecting all related terms, we get
5 1 z 2
10
 1 1  z 4 z2  1 
2 z4 tan 1 z dz  2  z5 tan 1 z      ln 1  z2  . After
5 5  4 2  10 
simplification and rewriting this expression in terms of the original
1
variable x, we get  4 x2 x tan 1 x  2 ln 1  x   x  x  2   .
10

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 42 27-07-2023 16:03:12

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 43

INTEGRAL 29

Problem:
tan 1 x
  x  1 3
dx

Solution:
1   x  1 2 
2
4
 ln  tan 1 x    constant
8   x  1  x  1
2 2
x 1
 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
dx 1
 tan
1
Using integration by parts technique we get, x  tan 
f  x  1

 
3
2  x  1
2

dg
dx 1 1 1 1
 tan 
1
x  tan 1 x  . dx. But using the par­
f  x  1

 
3
2  x  1
2
2  x  1  1  x2
2

dg tial fraction technique we can write the latter integral as

1 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1

2  x  1 1  x
2 2
dx  
4 1 x 2
dx  
4 x 1
dx  
4  x  1 2
dx.  

1 x 1 1 1 1
But  dx  ln 1  x2 , and  dx  ln  x  1  . For
4 1 x 2
8 4 x 1 4
the third integral in the last expression, we let x  1  z  dx  dz.
1 1 1 dz 1 1
Therefore, 
4  x  1 2
dx   2    
4 z 4z 4  x  1
. Collecting

1 1 1
all the related terms we get the answer as  tan 1 x  ln 1  x2  
2  x  1
2
1 1 1 1 8 4

2  x  1
2
tan 1
x 
8
ln  1  x 2
 
4
ln  x  1  
4  x  1
.

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 43 27-07-2023 16:04:12

 44 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 30

Problem:
sin 1 x
 x2 dx

Solution:
 x  sin 1 x
ln    constant
1 1 x
2
 x

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Change of variables, Partial fractions.

Step-by-step solution:
Using the integration by parts technique, we can
sin 1 x  dx  sin 1 x 1
write  2
dx   sin
 
1
x  2    dx . Note
x f x  x x 1  x2
dg
d 1
that sin 1 x  . Let x  cos z  dx   sin z dz, then
dx 1  x2
1 sin z dz dz
 x 1  x2 dx    cos z sin z    cos z   sec z dz. We calculated
the integral of sec z in the previous section (see Integral 5). Therefore,
dz  cos  z / 2   sin  z / 2  
we have     ln  . But we have
cos z  cos  z / 2   sin  z / 2  
x  cos z  2 cos2  z / 2   1  1  2 sin 2  z / 2 . Therefore, after some

1 x 1 x
manipulations, we get cos  z / 2   and sin  z / 2   .
2 2

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 44 27-07-2023 16:05:29

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 45

  z  z
 cos    sin   
After back substituting, we get  
dz
  ln  2  2     ln 1  x  1
cos z  cos  z   z 1 x  1
    sin   
  z  z   2   2  
 cos  2   sin  2  
     ln 1  x  1  x   ln  1  1  x . Final answer, after
2
n  
 cos  z   sin  z   1 x  1 x  x 
      
 2  2   writing the results in terms of the original variable x, is
sin 1 x sin 1 x  1  1  x2 
 x2 dx  
x
 ln 
 x
.

 

100_Integrals.003_3pp.indd 45 27-07-2023 16:05:45

 46 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 31

Problem:

x sec
1
xdx

Solution:


1 2
2

x sec 1 x  x2  1  constant

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Using the trigonometric identity sec 1 x  cos1 1 / x  and
d 1
dx
 cos1 1 / x    , we can rewrite the integral by
x x2  1
1
applying the integration by parts technique as
1  1  1 2 1 x 2
 x sec 1 xdx   cos1   
x 
2  x 
 1dg

xdx

 
1
   
2  x x2  1 2  x x2  1
 
1 1
x sec xdx  cos   xdx
  x cos 1 / x  dx . But  dx
f
 x  dg
 2 4
f

1 x2 1 2x 1 2
 
2 x x 12
dx   
4 x 1
2

2
x  1 . Collecting the related

1
terms, we get the answer as x sec 1 xdx   x2 cos1 1 / x   x2  1 
1 2 
x   x2 cos1 1 / x   x2  1 .
2 

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 46 27-07-2023 15:45:48

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 47

INTEGRAL 32

Problem:

 sec
1
xdx

Solution:
 x sec 1

x  x  1  constant

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:

Using the trigonometric identity sec 1 x  cos1 1 / x and  

d
dx

cos1 1 / x   
1
2x x  1
, we can rewrite the integral by
 1 
applying the integration by parts technique as  sec xdx   cos1 
1
  d
  d
 x
1  1  1  1 
 sec
1
xdx   cos    dx

  dg
x  
  x cos 1 / x  
1 1
2 x
1

 1

dx  x cos 
 x
  x  1  x sec

f 1

  
f

1  1 
dx  x cos1    x  1  x sec
1
x  x  1.
1  x

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 47 27-07-2023 15:46:42

 48 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 33

Problem:

x tan 1 xdx
2

Solution:
1
2 x3 tan 1 x  x2  ln 1  x2    constant
6 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
d 1
Using the relation
dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2
, we can rewrite the integral
x3 1 x3
by applying the integration by parts technique as x2 tan 1 xdx  tan 1 x  
3 3 1 x
x3 1 x3 1 x3 1  x  1  x2 1
 x 2
tan 1
xdx 
3
tan 1
x 
3  1  x2
dx . But 
3  1  x2
dx  
3 
 x  
1  x2 
dx   
3  2 2
ln 1  x
1  x  1  x2 1 
  x   dx     ln 1  x2   . Collecting all related terms, we get the
3  1 x 2
3 2 2 
1
answer as x2 tan 1 xdx  2 x3 tan 1 x  x2  ln 1  x2  .
6

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 48 27-07-2023 15:47:48

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 49

INTEGRAL 34

Problem:
2x  3
 3  6 x  9 x2
dx

Solution:
1  1  3x  
 2 3  6 x  9 x2  11 sin 1     constant
9  2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
The expression under the radical could be written in
the form of an expression containing the term 1  u2 .
d 1
Knowing that sin 1 u  , we can write 3  6 x  9 x2  4  1  6 x  9 x
du 1  u2
  1  3 x 2 
3  6 x  9 x2  4  1  6 x  9 x2   4  1  3 x   4 1  
2
  . Therefore, let
  2  
1  3x 2
 u  dx   du. After writing the integral in terms of
2 3
 1  2u 
2 3
2x  3 2  3  1 11  4 u

2
1  2 u 
 3
the variable u, we get  dx    du   
2  3  3  6x  9x 3 2 1 u 9 1  u2
2 2
1 11  4 u
  du    du. Further, this integral can be written as
3 2 1  u2 9 1  u2
1 11  4 u 11 1 4 u 11 1
  du    du   du. But   du  
9 1  u2 9 1  u2 9 1  u2 9 1  u2

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 49 27-07-2023 15:49:25

 50 • 100 Integrals

11 1 11 4 u 4
9  1  u2 9  1  u2
 du   sin 1 u and du   1  u2 .
9 9
Collecting all related terms and rewriting the result in terms
11 1 4 11  1  3x 
of the original variable x, we get  sin u   1  u2   sin 1  
9 9 9  2 
2
1 4 11  1  3x  4  1  3x 
u 1  u2   sin 1   1  . After simplification, we get the
9 9  2  9  2 
2x  3 11  1  3x  2
answer as  dx   sin 1   3  6 x  9 x2 .
3  6x  9x 2 9  2  9

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 50 27-07-2023 15:50:06

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 51

INTEGRAL 35

Problem:
3x  2
 x 2
 4  x2  4
dx

Solution:
x6
 constant
2 x2  4

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
3x  2 x 1
We rewrite the integral as  dx  3  dx  2  dx
x  4  x2  4 x  4 x  4
2 2 3/2 2 3/2

x 1 x
dx  3  dx  2  dx. But 3 dx  3 / x 2
 4 .
x  4 x  4 x  4
2 3/2 2 3/2 2 3/2

To calculate the latter integral, we get a hint from the relation

  x 2 
d 1 x 2
and rewrite x  4  4 1   2  . Now let  tan u  dx 
2
tan u 
dx 1 u 2 
 
 2 co
x 2 du 1 2d
 tan u  dx  . Therefore, we have 2  dx  2 
2 cos2 u  x  4 cos u  4 1 
2 3/2
2

1 2 du 1 du
2 dx  2    .
x  4 cos u  4 1  tan u   2 cos u 1  tan 2 u 3 / 2
2 3/2 3/2 2
2 2

The denominator of the integrand can be simplified as

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 51 27-07-2023 15:51:28

 52 • 100 Integrals

3/2
 cos2 u  sin 2 u  1
cos2 u 1  tan 2 u 
3/2
 cos2 u  2   . Therefore,
 cos u  cos u
1 du 1 1
we have 
2 cos u 1  tan u 
2 2 3/2
  cos udu  sin u. But
2 2
x
sin u  . Collecting all related terms, we get
x 4
2

3x  2 3 1 x x6
 x  4  x2  4
dx     .
2
x 2
 4 2 x2  4 2 x 2
 4

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 52 27-07-2023 15:52:13

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 53

INTEGRAL 36

Problem:
2 x2  5 x  1
 x3  2 x2  x  2 dx

Solution:
 x  1   x  1 2
ln  constant
 x  2

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Using the partial fractions method, the integrand can be written
2 x2  5 x  1 2 x2  5 x  1 A B C
as     . 
x  2 x  x  2  x  2   x  1  x  1 x  2 x  1 x  1
3 2

Therefore, we get A  1, B = 1, and C = 2. Now rewrite the inte-

2 x2  5 x  1 1 1 1
gral as
 x  2 x2  x  2 dx   x  2 dx   x  1 dx  2  x  1 dx   ln  x  2   lnn 
3

1 1
 x  1 dx  2  x  1 dx   ln  x  2   lnn  x  1  2 ln  x  1. Using the logarithm summa-

 x  1   x  1 2
tion rule, we get the answer as ln .
 x  2

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 53 27-07-2023 15:53:28

 54 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 37

Problem:
2 x3  3 x2  4
  x  1 4
dx

Solution:
9 x2  18 x  4
2 ln  x  1    constant
3  x  1
3

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Integration by parts, Change of variables

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  1  z  dx  dz. Therefore, the integral can be written in terms
2  z  1  3  z  1  4
3 2
2 x3  3 x2  4
of the variable z as  dx   dz.
 x  1 4 z4
After expanding the terms in the nominator of the integrand,
2  z  1  3  z  1  4
3 2
2 z3  3 z2  5
we get  z4
dz   z4
dz.  
Using the partial fractions technique, we can write the integral
2 z3  3 z2  5 dz dz dz 3 5
as
 z 4
dz  2   3  2  5  4  2 ln z   3 .
z z z z 3z
Rewriting the results in terms of the original variable x, we get
3 5 3 5 9 x2  18 x  4
2 ln z   3  2 ln  x  1     2 ln  x  1  
z 3z x  1 3  x  1 3 3  x  1
3

5 9 x2  18 x  4
 2 ln  x  1   .
 1 3  x  1
3 3

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 54 27-07-2023 15:54:58

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 55

INTEGRAL 38

Problem:
x 1
  x  1 x3  x2  x
dx

Solution:
 x 
2 tan 1    constant
 x  x 1 
2

Techniques used:

Change of Variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  z2  dx   2 z3 dz. Writing the integral in terms of the variable

z gives, 
x 1
dx  2 
 z2  1  z3
dz.
 x  1  x3  x2  x  z2  1 z6  z4  z2
z5
After multiplying the integrand by we get
z5
z5  z2  1  z3 z2  1
2  dz  2  dz.
z2  z2  1  
 z3 z6  z4  z2 z 2
 1  z 4  z2  1
z6

z
Now we let tan u  and differentiate both sides
z  z2  1
4

 4 z3  2 z 
z 4  z2  1  z  
1  2 z  z  1  dz. Having
4 2
to get du 
cos2 u z 4  z2  1
1

z 4  2 z2  1
, we can write dz 
 z4  2 z2  1 z4  z2  1 du.
cos2 u z4  z2  1 1  z4

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 55 27-07-2023 15:56:56

 56 • 100 Integrals

After substituting for dz, we can write the integral as

z2  1  z 2
 1    z 4  2 z2  1  z 4  z2  1 
2 dz  2     du
 z2  1  z 4  z2  1   z2  1  z 4  z2  1  
 
  
1  z4


1

z2  1    z  2 z  1 z  z  1 
4 2 4 2
  du  2 du  2 u.
2
 1  z4  z2  1   1  z4  
  
1
 z  1
But u  tan 1   and z = . Therefore, we get the
 z  z 1 
4 2
x
 z 
answer in terms of the original variable x as 2 u  2 tan 1  4   2
 1   z  z 2
 1 
 z     x 
x
2 u  2 tan 1    2 tan    2 tan 1 
1
.
 z  z 1 
4 2
 1 1   x 2
 x  1 
 2  1 
 x x 

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 56 27-07-2023 15:57:53

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 57

INTEGRAL 39

Problem:
x 4  4 x3  6 x2  4 x  1
 x3  3 x2  3 x  1 dx

Solution:
x2  14 x 8  4 x  3 
24 ln  x  1     constant
2  x  1 2

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Change of variables, Integration by parts.

Step-by-step solution:
Using the partial fractions technique, we can write the integral
x 4  4 x3  6 x2  4 x  1 24 x2  16 x  8
as  x3  3 x2  3 x  1
dx    x  7  dx   x3  3 x2  3xx  1 dx.
1
Therefore, we get   x  7  dx  x2  7 x for the former integral.
2

24 x2  16 x  8 3 x2 
For the latter integral, we rewrite this integral as  dx  8  3
x  3x  3x  1
3 2
x  3 x2
  0
  0

24 x2  16 x  8 3 x2  6 x  3 3 x2  2 x  1  (4 x  4 x)  (2  2) 3 x2  6 x 
 x3  3 x2  3 x  1 dx  8  x3  3 x2  3 x  1 dx  8  x3  3 x2  3 x  1
dx  8  x3  3 x2  3
 0
  0

 (4 x  4 x)  (2  2) 3 x2  6 x  3 2x  1
3x  3x  1
2
dx  8  x  3x  3x  1
3 2
dx  16  3
x  3 x2  3 x  1
dx. But  

3 x2  6 x  3
8 3 dx  8 ln  x3  3 x2  3 x  1   24 ln  x  1  . For
x  3 x2  3 x  1   
 x  1 3
2x  1 2x  1
the other integral, we have 16  dx  16  dx
x  3x  3x  1
3 2
 x  1 3

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 57 27-07-2023 15:59:11

 58 • 100 Integrals

we let x  1  z  dx  dz and rewrite the integral in terms of the

2x  1 2z  1
variable z as 16  dx  16  3 dz. Using the partial frac-
 x  1 3
z
2z  1 dz dz 32 8
tion technique, we get 16  3 dz  32  2  16  3    2 .
z z z z z
Rewriting the obtained results in terms of the original variable x,
32 8 1
we get the answer as    24 ln  x  1   x2  7 x
x  1  x  1 2
2

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 58 27-07-2023 16:00:09

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 59

INTEGRAL 40

Problem:
1
 dx
 
10
x 4
x 1

Solution:
1  94 x
  constant
 
9
18 4
x 1

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Change of variables

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  z  dx  2 zdz and the integral in terms of the variable z, after
1 1
simplifications, reads  dx  2  dz. Now, let
   
10 10
x x 1
4
z 1
z  1  u  dz  2  u  1  du and the integral in terms of variable u
1 u 1
can be written as 2  dz  4  10 du  4 u9 du  4 u10 du.
 
10
z 1 u
1 8 4 9
Performing the integrations gives  u  u . Therefore, the
2 9
final solution in terms of the original variable x is
1
 4
 1
 4
   
8 9 8 9
 z 1  z  1   4 x  1  4 x  1 . Or, after
2 9 2 9
1  94 x
simplifications, we get the answer as  .
 
9
18 4 x  1

100_Integrals.004_3pp.indd 59 27-07-2023 16:01:59

 60 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 41

Problem:

 1  ln x  ln  ln x  dx

Solution:
x  ln x ln  ln x   1  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let ln x  z  dx  e z dz. Therefore, the ­
integral can be writ-

 1  ln x  ln  ln x  dx   1  z  ln z  e dz 
z
ten in terms of the variable z as
 ln x  ln  ln x  dx   1  z  ln z  e z dz   ln z e z dz  (z ln z) e z dz.
But, using the integration by parts technique, we have

 ln z e dz   z ln z  z  e    z ln z  z  e dz  z ln z e  ze    z ln z  e dz  ze dz
z z z z z z z

   z ln z  e dz  ze dz. After rearranging the terms, z ln z e  ze    z ln z  e dz  ze d

z z z z
dz  z ln z e z  ze z z z

   z ln z  e dz  ze dz   ( 

z ln z e z  ze z z z
z ln
z ) e dz  z z
l n z e  ze z
ze z
dz. The
z

 
new integral can be worked out using the integration by parts

ze dz  ze  e . Therefore, the answer reads

z z z
technique as as
z ln z e z  ze z  ze dz  z ln z e  ze  ze  e  e  z ln z  1  .
z z z z z z

Rewriting the solution in terms of the original variable x, we get

e z  z ln z  1   x  ln x ln  ln x   1 .

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 60 27-07-2023 16:12:38

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 61

INTEGRAL 42

Problem:

 ln  x  x  1  dx
2

Solution:
 1 1  2 x  1 
 x   ln  x  x  1   2 x  3 tan    constant
2

 2  3 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
Using the integration by parts technique, we can write
x  2 x  1 x  2 x  1 2 x2  x
          x2  x  1
 . But  2
2 2
ln x x 1 dx x ln x x 1 dx
 dg
x2  x  1 x2  x  1
f

x  2 x  1 2x  x 2
x2
 2 2 2 , by using the partial fractions technique.
x  x 1 x  x 1
2
x  x1
x  2 x  1 x2
Therefore,   2 dx  2 x   2 dx. Now we rewrite
x  x 1 x  x1
x2 1 2x  1 1 3
this integral as  2 dx   2 dx   2 dx. But
x  x1 2 x  x1 2 x  x1
1 2x  1 1
 dx  ln  x2  x  1 . Now, for performing the integral
2 x  x 1
2
2
1 3 1 2 3 3  4
 dx, we rewrite the denominator as x  x  1  ( x  )   1  
2

2 x  x 1
2
2 4 4  3 

1  3  2 1  
2
3 3  4
2
1 2x  1 3
x2  x  1  ( x  )2   1   x     1   x   . Now, let  z  dx  dz
2 4 4  3  2   4   3 3   3 2
2x  1 3
 z  dx  dz . Therefore, the integral an be written in
3 2

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 61 27-07-2023 16:14:15

 62 • 100 Integrals

1 3 1 3 3 dz
terms of the z variable as 
2 x  x 1
2
dx  
2 3
dz  3 
1  z2
 3 tan
2    1  z2 
4
3 3 dz  2x  1 
 3
dz  3 
1 z 2
 3 tan 1 z  3 tan 1  . Collecting all the  
2    1  z2   3 
4 1
calculated related terms, we get the answer as x ln  x2  x  1   2 x  ln  x2  x  1 
2
1 1  2 x  1 
x ln  x  x  1   2 x  ln  x  x  1   3 tan 
2 2
.
2  3 

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 62 27-07-2023 16:14:45

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 63

INTEGRAL 43

Problem:

 cos x 4  sin 2 xdx

Solution:
  sin x  sin x 
2 sin 1   4  sin 2 x   constant
  2  4 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let sin x  2 sin z  cos x dx  2 cos z dz. We can rewrite the integral
in terms of the variable z as  cos x 4  sin 2 xdx  4  cos z 1  sin 2 z dz  4  cos2 zdz
1  cos 2 z
x  4  cos z 1  sin 2 z dz  4  cos2 zdz . But cos2 z  . Therefore, the integral can be
2
written as 4  cos2 zdz  2  1  cos 2 z  dz  2 z  sin 2 z. Now writing
sin x 
this result in terms of the original variable x, we get 2 z  sin 2 z  2 sin 1  
2
 2 
 sin x   sin x  1  sin x 
2 z  sin 2 z  2 sin 1    sin x 1    . Note that z  sin   and
 2   2   2 
sin 2 z = 2 sin z cos z.

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 63 27-07-2023 16:16:29

 64 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 44

Problem:
cos x
 sin 2
x  3 sin x  2
dx

Solution:
 sin x  2 
ln    constant
 sin x  1 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
Let sin x  z  cos xdx  dz and rewrite the integral in terms
cos x 1
of the variable z to get  2 dx   2 dz.
sin x  3 sin x  2 z  3z  2
But z2  3 z  2   z  2   z  1 . Therefore, the integral can be
1 1
written as, using the partial fractions technique, z 2
 3z  2
dz  
 z  2   z  1
dz 

1 1 1 1
z 2
 3z  2
dz  
 z  2   z  1
dz  
z2
dz  
z 1
dz.Performing the integration

1 1 z2
of the integrals gives  dz   dz  ln  z  2   ln  z  1   ln
z2 z 1 z 1
z2
n  z  2   ln  z  1   ln . After writing the results in terms of the original variable x
z 1
 sin x  2 
we get ln  .
 sin x  1 

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 64 27-07-2023 16:17:58

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 65

INTEGRAL 45

Problem:
1
 dx
1  x  x  x2

Solution:
1 x
2  constant
1 x

Techniques used:

Change of variables

Step-by-step solution:
Letx  z  dx  2 zdz. Rewriting the integral in terms of the
1 1
 1  x x  x2 dx  2  1  z  1  z
variable z we get, after some simplifications,  
1 1
 1  x x  x2 dx  2  1  z  1  z2 dz. Now, let 1  z  u  dz   1  z  1  z du.
2

  1 z 1 z
Substituting into the integral (writing the integrand in
1 1
terms of both z and u variables), we have 2  dz  2 
1  z  1  z 2
1  z  1 

1 1 1  z  1  z
2

2 dz  2  du  2u. Therefore, the answer

1  z  1  z 2
 1  z 1  z

2
1 z
1

in terms of the original variable x can be written as

1 z 1 x
2 u  2  2 .
1 z 1 x

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 65 27-07-2023 16:19:42

 66 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 46

Problem:
1  2 x2
x dx
5
1  x 2 3

Solution:
1
 constant
4 x 1  x 2 
4 2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
1 6 1
The denominator of the integrand can be written as x 5 1  x2    x  1  x 2   
3 3

x x
1 6 1 d
x 5 1  x 2    x  1  x2    x2  x 4  . Noticing that  x2  x 4   2 x  4 x3,
3 3 3

x x dx
a multiple of the numerator after multiplying it by x. Now let
dz
x2  x 4  z  dx  . Therefore, the integral can be written
2  x  2 x3 
1  2 x2 x  2 x3 dz 1 1 1
in terms of the variable z as  dx     3 dz  2
x 1  x
5

2 3
x 2
x 
4 3 2 x  2x  2 z
3
4z
 2x 3
dz 1 1 1
  3 dz  2 . Or, in terms of the original variable x we get
x 
4 3 2 x  2x  2 z
3
4z
1 1 1
 
4 x  x  4 x 1  x 2  .
2 2 2
4z 2 4 4

Please note that it is possible to calculate this integral without

using the tip mentioned above. But it will be a lengthier operation.

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 66 27-07-2023 16:21:20

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 67

INTEGRAL 47

Problem:
∫ sin
6
x cos5 xdx

Solution:
sin 7 x
693
 63 sin 4 x  154 sin2 x  99   constant
Techniques used:
Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
The integrand can be written, using trigonometric identities, as
sin 6 x cos5 x  sin 6 x 1  sin 2 x  cos x . Now let sin x  z  cos xdx  dz
2


cos4 x
sin x  z  cos xdx  dz. Therefore, the integral can be written in terms of variable z as

x cos5 x dx   sin 6 x 1  sin 2 x  cos x dx  z6 1  z2  dz .After

2 2
 sin
6

expanding the integral we get z6 1  z2  dz  z10 dz  2 z8 dz  z6 dz.

2


2
dz  z10 dz  2 z8 dz  z6 dz. Performing the integration operation for each term gives,
1 11 2 9 1 7
z  z  z . Rewriting the results in terms of the original
11 9 7
1 2 1
variable x gives sin11 x  sin 9 x  sin 7 x. Or simplify to have
11 9 7
sin 7 x
693
 63 sin 4 x  154 sin2 x  99 .
Note that this integral is a version of the general recursive
formula, given as:
sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax n  1
 sin ax cos ax dx  
mn
sin m ax cos n 2 ax dx
m n

a  m  n
We calculated this integral as given by Integral 24, using only inte-
gration by parts technique. Readers can verify that the result given
in this section and that of section 24 are equivalent.

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 67 27-07-2023 16:23:16

 68 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 48

Problem:

∫x e
2 x3 / 2
dx

Solution:
2 x3 / 2 3 / 2
e  x  1   constant
3

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
2
Let x3 / 2  z  dx  dz. Therefore, the integral can be written
3 x
2  x2  z 2
as x2 e x dx     e dz  ze dz . Using the integration by
3/2
z

3  x 3

x1.5  z
2 2
parts technique we get  ze z dz   ze z  e z . Or in terms of the
3 3
2 x3 / 2 3 / 2
original variable x, we have e  x  1 .
3

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 68 27-07-2023 16:24:26

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 69

INTEGRAL 49

Problem:
tan 3 x
∫ cos3 x dx

Solution:

3  5 cos2 x
 constant
15 cos5 x

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
1 dz
Let  z  dx  2 . Therefore, the integral can be written
cos x z sin x
tan 3 x sin 3 x 3  dz 
in terms of the variable z as      z  z  1  dz
2 2
3
dx 3
z  2
cos x cos x  z sin x 
sin 3 x 3  dz 
   z  z  1  dz. Performing the integration operation for the
cos3 x  z2 sin x  
2 2
z 

z 5 z3
latter integral gives z2  z2  1  dz  z4 dz  z2 dz   .
5 3
Writing the results in terms of the original variable x, we get
z 5 z3 1 1 1 1
  5

5 3 5 cos x 3 cos x 15 cos x 3
 5  3  5 cos2 x  
15 cos5 x
 3 sin2 x  2 cos2 x 
1 3 − 5 cos2 x
 3  5 cos 2
x  15 cos5 x 
 3 sin 2
x  2 cos 2
x . This expression simplifies to
15 cos5 x
.

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 69 27-07-2023 16:25:56

 70 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 50

Problem:
3
tan x
  sin x  cos x  2
dx

Solution:

3
3  2 3 tan x  1  3 tan x 1
tan 1 
 3
  ln
 1  tan x 6
 3
 1

tan 2 x  3 tan x  1  ln 1  3 tan x  co
3


   
3
tan x 1 1
  ln 3
tan 2 x  3 tan x  1  ln 1  3 tan x  constant
1  tan x 6 3

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let tan x  z  dx  cos2 xdz, and write the integral in terms of
3 3 3
tan x tan x z
variable z to get  dx   dx   dz.
 sin x  cos x  2
1  tan x  cos x
2 2
 1  z 2
3 3
tan x z
dx   dz. Now let z  u3  dz  3 u2 du, and write the integral
 tan x  cos x  1  z 2
2 2

in terms of variable u along with applying the integration by parts

3
z 3 u2 u du
technique, to get  dz   u du   .
1  z  1u f 1 u 1  u3
2 3 2 3

dg

u  z  3 tan x
3
Hence, we can write   . For the latter
1  u3 1  z 1  tan x
integral we use the partial fractions technique to have
du 1 1 1 2u
 1  u3  3  1  u du  3  u2  u  1 du. The former integral reads

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 70 27-07-2023 16:27:41

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 71

1 du

3 1 u 3
1 1 1
 ln 1  u . Or ln 1  u   ln 1  tan x . Rewrite
3 3
3
 
the latter integral as 1 2u 1 1  2u 1 1

3 u  u1
2
du   2
6 u  u1
du   2
2 u  u1
du

1
du   2
1  2u
6 u  u1
1
du   2
1
2 u  u1
1
du. But we have  2
1  2u
6 u  u1
1
6
1
du   ln  u2  u  1    ln 3 z2 
6

1
1
6
2 1
du   ln  u  u  1    ln z  3 z  1 
6
3 2

6
1
 
ln tan x  3 tan x  1 .
3 2
For 
1 1 1 1
the remaining integral, we rewrite it as 
2 u  u1
2
du  
2  u  1 / 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1

2 u  u1
2
du  
2  u  1 / 2  3 / 4
2
du  . 
2 3  2u  1 
2
du 
3  2u  1 
2
du.
1  1 
 3   3 
2u  1 3
Now let  y  du  dy, and write the integral in terms
3 2
2 1 3 1
of variable y. Hence  du   dy. But we
3  2u  1 
2
3 1  y2
1 
 3 
3 3  2u  1  3  23 z
have 3 1 3 1 . Or, tan 1 y  tan 1   tan 1 
3  1  y2
 tan y 
3 3 3  3  3  3
3  2u  1  3  23 z 1  3  2 3 tan x  1 
y tan 1    tan 1   tan 1  . Collecting all
3  3  3  3  3  3 

  
3
tan x 1 1
answers, we get the solutions as   ln 1  3 tan x  ln 3
tan 2 x 
1  tan x 3 6

     2 tan x  1 
3
nx 1 1 3
 ln 1  3 tan x  ln 3
tan 2 x  3 tan x  1  tan 1  .
nx 3 6 3  3 

100_Integrals.005_3pp.indd 71 27-07-2023 16:29:24

 72 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 51

Problem:
 1 1 
  ln x  ln
2  dx
x

Solution:

x
+ constant
ln x

Techniques used:

Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
 1 1  dx dx
Rewriting the integral as sum of two parts, we get    2  dx    2
 ln x ln x  ln x ln x
 1 1  dx dx
  ln x  ln2 x  dx   ln x   ln2 x . But the latter integral can be calculated, using the inte-
dx xdx  dx  x 1
gration by parts as  2  
x ln 2 x  f 
 x  2   dx .
ln x x ln
 x
  ln x ln x
dg

d 1  1
Note that   . Now, by collecting all terms we have
dx  ln x  x ln 2 x
dx dx 1 x 1 x
 ln x   ln2 x   ln x dx  ln x   ln x dx  ln x .

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 72 27-07-2023 16:12:50

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 73

INTEGRAL 52

Problem:

 sin  x  sin x   sin  x  sin x  dx

Solution:
2 cos  sin x   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometry identities

Step-by-step solution:
Expand the integrand, sin  x  sin x   sin  x  sin x   sin x cos  sin x   cos x sin  sin x
 sin x   sin x cos  sin x   cos x sin  sin x   sin x cos  sin x   cos x sin  sin x   2 cos x sin  sin x 
cos x sin  sin x   2 cos x sin  sin x . Let sin x  z  cos xdx  dz and rewrite the integral in
terms of the variable z, to get 2  cos x sin  sin x  dx  2  sin zdz  2 cos z
n  sin x  dx  2  sin zdz  2 cos z. Rewriting the results in terms of the original variable x,
we get 2 cos  sin x .

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 73 27-07-2023 16:14:08

 74 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 53

Problem:
x  2 
 1  5x 2 
 1  5x
2
 1  dx


Solution:

1
sin 1  5 x2   constant
10

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
x  2  x 1  5 x2
Manipulating the integrand gives,   1  
1  5x  1  5x
2 2
 1  5x
2
1  5 x2
 2  x 1  5 x2 x
  1   . Let 5 x2  z  10 x dx  dz and write
 1  5x  1  5x 1  5x
2 2 2 2
x 1  25 x 4

x 1 1
the integral in terms of the variable z, to get  dx   dz
x 1 1 1 1  25 x 4 10 1  z2
 1  25 x4 dx  10  1  z2 dz. But  1  z2  sin z. Therefore, the result in
1

1 1 1 1
terms of the original variable x reads 
10 1  z 2
dz  sin 1 z  sin 1
10 10
1 1 1 1
dz  sin 1 z  sin 1  5 x2 .
10  1  z2 10 10

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 74 27-07-2023 16:15:33

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 75

INTEGRAL 54

Problem: 1
 1
2
dx
x 
 x

Solution:
1  1 x 
 tan x    constant
2 1  x2 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
0

1 x 2
x 1  1
2
1 1
Manipulating the integrand gives    
1  x  1  x  1  x 1  x 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1
0
x 
x2

x2 1  1 1 1  x 
    . Therefore, the integral can be written as
1  x  1  x 
2 2 2 2 1  x 1  x 2 
2 2

.
1 1 1 1
  1 2 dx   1  x2 dx   1  x2 2 dx But 1 x dx  tan 1 x .
 
2

x 
 x
dz
For performing the latter integral, let x  tan z  dx  and
cos2 z
1 1
rewrite this integral in terms of the variable z to get  dx  
1  x 
2 2
1  tan2 z 
2

1 1 dz 1  cos  2 z 
 dx     cos2 zdz. But cos2 z  . There­-
1  x 
2 2
1  tan2 z  cos z
2 2
2
1 1 1
fore,  cos2 zdz   1  cos  2 z   dz  z  sin 2 zz. Collecting all
2 2 4
related terms and rewriting the results in terms of the

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 75 27-07-2023 16:17:08

 76 • 100 Integrals

1 1 1 1
original variable x gives tan x  tan x  sin  2 tan x   tan x  sin  2 ta
1 1 1 1

2 4 2 4
1 1 1
x  sin  2 tan 1 x   tan 1 x  sin  2 tan 1 x . But the last term in the latter expres-
4 2 4
1  1  1 1
sion can be written as sin  2 tan 
x    sin 2   sin  cos .
4    4 2
1 x
But, having tan   x , we get sin  cos   . Therefore, the
2 2  2 x2
1 1 1 x 
results of the integral can be written as tan 1 x  sin  2 tan 1 x    tan 1 x  
2 4 2 1  x2 
1 1 x 
x  sin  2 tan 1 x    tan 1 x  .
4 2 1  x2 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 76 27-07-2023 16:18:00

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 77

INTEGRAL 55

Problem:

e
2x
tan 1  e x  dx

Solution:

1
1  e2 x  tan 1  e x   e x   constant
2 

Techniques used:

Chane of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let e x  z  dx  dz / z, and rewrite the integral in terms of the var-
iable z to get e2 x tan 1  e x  dx  z tan 1 zdz. Using the integration
z2 1 z2
by parts technique, we get  z tan
2  1  z2
1 1
 z dz  tan z  dz .
dg f 2
z2 1
d
tan 1 z 
Note that
1
. Therefore, tan 1 z   e2 x tan 1 e x .
dz 1 z 2 2 2
To calculate the remaining integral, rewrite it as
1 z2 1 z2  1  1 1 1 1 1 1
  dz    dz   dz   dz    z  tan 1 z     e x
2 1 z 2
2 1 z 2
2 2 1 z 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
  dz   dz    z  tan 1 z     e x  tan 1 e x . After collecting all obtained
2 2 1  z2 2 2
results, as underlined, and simplifying we get the solution as
1
1  e2 x  tan 1 e x  e x  .
2 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 77 27-07-2023 16:19:34

 78 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 56

Problem:
1
x 6 x  x2
dx

Solution:
6 x  x2
  constant
3x

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
 x  
2

The expression 6 x − x , can be written as

2 6 x  x 2
 9   x  3  2
 9 1
    1  
  3  
 x  
2
1 1 1
 x  9   x  3   9 1    1   . Substituting into the integral, we get  dx  
2 2

  3   x 6 x  x2 3 x 
2

x 1    1
1 1 1 x 3 
 x 6 x  x2 dx 
3 2
dx. Now, let
3
 1  z  dx  3 dz and rewrite the
x 
x 1    1
3 
1 1 1 1
integral in terms of the variable z to get  dx   d
3  x 
2 3  z  1  1  z 2

x 1    1
3 
1 1 1
dx   dz. Now, Let and 1  z2  cos u. Therefore,
x 
2 3  z  1 1  z 2

x 1    1
3  1 1 1 1

3  z  1 1  z 2
dz  
3 1  sin u
du. Using the trigonometric

2 tan  u / 2  1 1 1 1  tan  u / 2 
2
identity sin u  , we get  du  
1  tan 2  u / 2  3 2 tan  u / 2  3 1  tan  u / 2  2
1
1  tan 2  u / 2 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 78 27-07-2023 16:21:32

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 79

1 1  tan  u / 2  1 1 / cos  u / 2 
2 2
1
du  
3  1  tan  u / 2  2
du  du.  
2 tan  u / 2  3 1  tan  u / 2  2
1
1  tan 2  u / 2 
Let 1  tan  u / 2   y  du  2 cos2  u / 2  dy, and the solution
of the integral in terms of the variable y reads, after substitution,
1 1 / cos  u / 2  2 1 / cos  u / 2  2
2 2
2 1 2
 du   cos  u / 2  dy   2 dy  
3 1  tan  u / 2   2
3 y 2
3 y 3y
2 1 2
os2  u / 2  dy   2
dy   . The answer can be written in terms of the original variable
3 y 3y
2 2 sin  u / 2 
. But tan   
u, after substitution, as   u

3y   u 
3  1  tan     2  cos  u / 2  2 c
  2 
 u  sin  u / 2  sin u sin u 2 2 1  cos u
tan      , and  
 2  cos  u / 2  2 cos  u / 2  1  cos u   u  3 1  sin u  c
2
3  1  tan   
2 1  cos u    2 
2 z
  . Therefore, in terms of the variable , having
  u  3 1  sin u  cos u 
3  1  tan   
  2 
z = sin u, we get 
2 1  cos u 


2 1  1  z2 
 
. Finally,
3 1  sin u  cos u  3 1  z  1  z2

21  1 
in terms of the original variable x, we get 

2 1 1 z 2





  x 
2 


3 1 z 1 z 2
  x
31   1 



2 1  1  z2 

2


1  1  
3
 1  
 
. This expression simplifies to


3


3 1  z  1  z2  x 
31   1  1    1 
x 
2 

 3  3  

x  6 x  x2 1 6 x  x2
   .
3x 3 3x

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 79 27-07-2023 16:23:38

 80 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 57

Problem:

∫ tan
3
xdx

Solution:
1
tan 2 x  ln  cos x   constant
2

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
d 1
Having  tan x   2 , we use the integration by parts tech-
dx cos x
nique to get tan 3 xdx   dx  sin 3 x  sin 3 x   3 cos2 x sin 2 x  sin
   cos2 x  cos x

 tan x 
 cos x 
 
 tan x 
 cos2 x
   f
dg

 sin 3 x   3 cos2 x sin 2 x  sin 4 x  . But the integrand, after expanding

n x    tan x  
 cos x   cos2 x 
sin x  3 cos2 x sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 3 x
and some manipulations, reads
cos x 

cos2 x

cos 3
x
 3 cos2 x  sin

2
x sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 3 x
2
cos x
 3  3 cos x  sin x   tan x  3 cos x  1  cos x   tan x  2 tan 3 x cos2 x
2 2 3 2 2 3

 cos x
 sin 3 x 
1  cos2 x   tan 3 x  2 tan 3 x cos2 x . After back substitution, we get  tan 3 xdx  tan x      ta
 cos x 
 sin 3 x   sin 3 x 
 tan 3
xdx  tan x      tan 3
x  2 tan 3
x cos 2
x  dx  tan x     tan x  2  tan x cos x
3 3 2

 cos x   cos x 
 sin x 
3

   tan x  2  tan x cos x. Or, after rearranging the terms in the last
3 3 2
an x 
 cos x 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 80 27-07-2023 16:24:39

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 81

1  sin 3 x 
     tan x cos x. But
3 3 2
equation, we get tan xdx tan x 
2  cos x 
sin x sin x
  tan x cos x   
3 2

cos x
 sin x  dx   cos x dx   sin x cos xdx.
2

sin x 1
But   dx  ln  cos x  and  sin x cos xdx  sin 2 x . Therefore,
cos x 2
the final answer, after collecting all related terms, reads
1  sin 3 x  1 2
    ln  cos x   sin x. The answer can
3
tan xdx tan x 
2  cos x  2
1  sin x 
3
1 2 1 2  sin 2 x 
be simplified to tan x    ln  cos x   sin x  sin x  1  
2  cos x  2 2  cos2 x 
1 1  sin 2 x  1
cos x   sin 2 x  sin 2 x  1  2   ln  cos x   tan x  ln  cos x .
2

2 2  cos x  2

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 81 27-07-2023 16:25:41

 82 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 58

Problem:
1
 4  5cos x dx

Solution:
2  tan  x / 2  
tanh 1    constant
3  3 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
 x  x
Let tan    z  dx  2 cos2   dz. Now, using the trigonometric
2 2
x
1  tan 2
identity cos x  2 , rewrite the integral in terms of variable z
2 x
1  tan
2  x
cos2  
1 2 1
as  4  5 cos x dx  2   2 x 
dz  2 
9  z2
dz.  
 1  tan
4  5 2
x
 1  tan 2 
 2
1 2 1 z
But 2  dz   dz. Now let  u  dz  3 du, and
9z 2
9  z
2
3
1 
3
rewriting the latter integral in terms of the variable u gives
2 1 2 1 1
9
dz   du. But  du  tanh 1 u. Therefore,
 z
2
3 1  u 2
1 u 2
1 
 
3
writing the answer in terms of variables z and then x gives
2 2  z 2  tan  x / 2  
tanh 1 u  tanh 1    tanh 1  .
3 3 3 3  3 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 82 27-07-2023 16:27:59

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 83

INTEGRAL 59

Problem:
tan 3 1  ln x 
 x
dx

Solution:
1
tan 2 1  ln x   ln cos 1  ln x    constant
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let ln x  z  dx  e z dz and rewrite the integral in terms of the vari­
tan 3 1  ln x  tan 3 1  z  z
able z, to get  dx   e dz  tan 3 1  z  dz.
x ez
Now using the results from Integral 57, we can write the answer as
1
tan 2 1  z   ln  cos 1  z  . Or in terms of the original variable x,
2
1
we have tan 2 1  ln x   ln  cos 1  ln x  .
2

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 83 27-07-2023 16:29:16

 84 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 60

Problem:
2
 sin 2 x sin 3 x 
  sin x sin 6 x  dx

Solution:
3   1  3 tan x  4 
 ln     constant
18   1  3 tan x  1  3 tan 2 x 

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities, Change of variables

Step-by-step solution:
Simplify the expression inside the bracket of the integrand to
sin 2 x sin 3 x 2 sin x cos x sin 3 x cos x
. But we have cos 3 x  4 cos x  3 cos x
3
= =
sin x sin 6 x 2 sin x sin 3 x cos 3 x cos 3 x
cos 3 x  4 cos3 x  3 cos x. Therefore, the integral can be written as
2
 sin 2 x sin 3 x  1 dz
  sin x sin 6 x  dx   4 cos2 x  3 2 dx. Now, let tan x  z  dx  cos2 xdz  1  z2
 
dz
tan x  z  dx  cos2 xdz  and write the integral in terms of the variable z as
1  z2
1 1  z2
 4 cos2 x  3 2 dx   1  3 z2 2 dz. Using the partial fractions
   
1  z2 1  z2 1 dz 1
technique, we get  dz   dz    
1  3 z  2 2
1   1  
2 2
3z 3z 6 1  3z 6 1
1 dz 1 dz 1 dz 1 dz
6  1  3z 6  1  3z 3  1  3z 3  1  3z 2
dz     . The first two
    
2 2

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 84 27-07-2023 16:30:43

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 85

integrals in the latter expression read 1


dz 1
 
dz

1
6 1  3z 6 1  3z 6 3
ln 1  3 z 
 1  3z   1  3 tan x 
dz 1
 
dz
1  3z 6 1  3z 6 3

1
ln 1  3 z 
1
6 3
 
ln 1  3 z 
1

ln   
1
ln 
6 3  1  3 z  6 3  1  3 tan x 


 1  3z   1  3 tan x 

z 
1
ln  
1
ln  
6 3  1  3 z  6 3  1  3 tan x  . For the remaining integral, let 1  3 z  u  dz 
du
3
du
1  3 z  u  dz  and write the integral in terms of variable
3
1 dz 1 du 1 1 1
u as      
  
 
2 2
3 1  3z 3 3 u 3 3u 3 3 1  3z 3 3 1  3 ta

1 1 1  3
  . Or after simplification reads .
3u 
3 3 1  3z 
3 3 1  3 tan x   9 1  3 tan x  
1 dz 3
Similarly, the last integral can be worked out to have  
 
 
2
3 1  3z 9 1  3 tan x
1 dz 3
 
 
. After collecting all underlined related answers
 
2
3 1  3z 9 1  3 tan x
1  1  3 tan x  3 3
we get the solutions as ln   
  
6 3  1  3 tan x  9 1  3 tan x 9 1  3 tan x 
an x  3 3
  . After some simplifications we get the answer as
  
an x  9 1  3 tan x 9 1  3 tan x 
3   1  3 tan x  4 
 ln   2 .
18   1  3 tan x  1  3 tan x 

100_Integrals.006_3pp.indd 85 27-07-2023 16:31:59

 86 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 61

Problem:
sin 3 x
∫ cos x
dx

Solution:

2 cos x
5
 cos2 x  5   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
 sin x
Having
d
dx
 
cos x 
2 cos x
, rewrite the integral as

sin 3 x   sin x  2
 cos x dx  2   2 cos x dx  sin x. Now, using the inte­
tion by parts technique, we get 2  
  sin x
2
 cos

x  2
dx  sin 2
 cos x sin 2 x  2
gra  x  f
dg
 sin x
cos

dx  sin
x  f
2
 2

x  2 cos x sin x  2  cos x sin x cos x dx . But the latter integral

 
4
dg
can be worked out as 2  cos x sin x cos x dx  2  cos3 / 2 x sin x dx  cos5 / 2 x
5
4
2  cos3 / 2 x sin x dx  cos5 / 2 x. After collecting all related terms, we get the answer as
5
 4 
2  cos x sin 2 x  cos5 / 2 x . This expression can be simplified to
 5 
 5
 2 cos x
4
2  cos x sin 2 x  cos 2 x  
5 5
 
5 1  cos2 x   4 cos2 x 
2 cos x
5
 cos2 x  5 
 
cos2 x   4 cos2 x   2 cos x
5
 cos2 x  5 .

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 86 27-07-2023 16:13:52

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 87

INTEGRAL 62

Problem:
5 x  31
 3x 2
 4 x  11
dx

Solution:
5 103  3x  2 
ln  3 x2  4 x  11   tan 1    constant
6 3 29  29 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
d
Having
dx
 3 x2  4 x  11   6 x  4 , we can rewrite the numerator
5 103
as 5 x  31   6 x  4   . Therefore, the integral can be written
6 3
5 x  31 5 6x  4 103 1
as  2 dx   2
3  3 x2  4 x  11
dx  dx.
3 x  4 x  11 6 3 x  4 x  11
5 6x  4 5
But  dx  ln  3 x2  4 x  11 . For calcula­
6 3 x  4 x  11
2
6
ting the latter integral, rewrite the denominator as
2 2
 2  4  2  29
3 x  4 x  11   3 x 
2
   11   3 x    3 . Now let
 3 3  3
2 3
3x 
 z  dx  dz and the integral in terms of varia­
3 3
103 1 103 3 1 103 1
ble z reads  dx   dz 
29 3  1 
3 3 x  4 x  11 29
 
2
9  z2 3 / 29 z
3
3 1 103 1 29
 29 2 dz  29 3  1  3 / 29 z 2 dz. Now let 3 / 29 z  u  dz  3 du, thus the
3
z  

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 87 27-07-2023 16:15:36

 88 • 100 Integrals

103 1 103 29 1
integral in terms of variable u reads 29 3  
dz  d
  3 1 u
2 2
1 3 / 29 z 29 3
1 103 29 1 103 1 1
dz   du   du. But  du  tan 1 u.
  1 u 2
3 1 u 3 29 1  u
2 2 2
1 3 / 29 z 29 3

103
Therefore, 
3 29 1  u
1
2
du 
103
3 29
tan 1 u 
103
3 29

tan 1 3 / 29 z 
103
3 29
tan 1  3 / 2

      
103
29

tan 1 3 / 29 z  
103
3 29
tan 1  3 / 29  3 x 
 
2
3
 
 3
103
29
tan 1 
3 x
 29 
2
.  

5 103  3x  2
Collecting all related terms, we get the answer as ln  3 x2  4 x  11   tan 1 
6 3 29  29
5 103  3x  2 
ln  3 x2  4 x  11   tan 1  .
6 3 29  29 

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 88 27-07-2023 16:16:24

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 89

INTEGRAL 63

Problem:
3 x 5  x 4  2 x3  12 x2  2 x  1
 dx
x  1
3 2

Solution:
x2  x  3
ln  x3  1    constant
x3  1

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:

Having the algebraic identity x3  1   x  1   x2  x  1 , the denom­

inator polynomial common factors are  x  1 ,  x  1  ,  x2  x  1 ,
2

x  x  1  . Using the partial fractions technique we form the

2 2

following equation, which should be satisfied, for specific values of

unknown polynomials P  x   P, Q  x   Q, R  x   R, S  x   S:
3 x 5  x 4  2 x3  12 x2  2 x  1 P Q R S
   2 
x 3
 1
2
x  1  x  1   x  x  1   x  x  1 2
2 2

Q R S
  . After some manipulations (i.e., equating equal
 x  1 2
 x  x  1   x  x  1 2
2 2

power of x coefficients) the expressions for the unknown

polynomials can be obtained as P  Q  1, R  2 x  1,
and S  4 x  2. Therefore, the integral can be written as
3 x 5  x 4  2 x3  12 x2  2 x  1 1 1 2x  1
 dx   dx   dx   2 dx  2 
 x  1 x 1  x  1 x  x1  x2
3 2 2

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 89 27-07-2023 16:18:24

 90 • 100 Integrals

1 2x  1 2x  1 1
dx   dx   dx  2  dx. But  x  1 dx  ln  x  1. For
 x  1 x  x 1  x  x  1
2 2 2
1 2

1
 dx, let x  1  z  dx  dz and rewriting the integral
 x  1 2
1 1 1 1
in terms of variable z gives   dx    dz   .
 x  1 2
z 2
z x 1
2x  1 d 2
For x 2
 x 1
dx, having
dx
 x  x  1  2 x  1, we get
2x  1 2x  1
x dx  ln  x2  x  1  . For 2 dx let
 x 1  x2  x  1 
2 2

du
x2  x  1  u  dx  and rewrite the integral as
2x  1
2x  1 2 x  1 du 1 2 2
2 dx  2  2  2  2 du     2 .
x  x  1 u 2x  1 x  x 1
2
2 u u
After collecting all related terms, we get the answer as
1 2
ln  x  1    ln  x2  x  1   2 . This expression can be
x 1 x  x 1
x2  x  3
simplified to ln  x3  1   .
x3  1

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 90 27-07-2023 16:20:28

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 91

INTEGRAL 64

Problem:
4 x3  x  1
 x3  1 dx

Solution:
1  x2  x  1  4  2x  1 
4 x  ln  2 
 tan 1    constant
3   x  1   3  3 

Techniques used:

Partial fractions, Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Having the order of polynomials for both numerator and denom­
inator of the integrand being equal, we apply division operation
4 x3  x  1 x3
to get 4 3 . Therefore, the integral can be writ­
x 1
3
x 1
4 x3  x  1 x3
ten as  dx  4 dx   3 dx. But 4 dx  4 x and for
x 1
3
x 1
calculating the remaining integral, we use partial fractions method;
x3 x3 P Q
   2 . Therefore, to main­
x  1  x  1  x  x  1 x  1 x  x  1
3 2

tain the equality we must have x  3  P  x2  x  1   Q  x  1 

which requires to have Q  Ax  B. Therefore, after equat­
ing the coefficients of equal power of x on both sides of the
A  P  0

equality, we have  A  B  P  1 . The solution for this s­ystem
B  P  3

of equations is P   A  2 / 3 and B = 7 / 3 . Using these v­alues,

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 91 27-07-2023 16:22:24

 92 • 100 Integrals

x3 2 1 2x  7
we can write  dx    dx   dx .
x3  1 3 x 1 3  x2  x  1 
2 1 2
But    dx   ln  x  1 . For the remaining integral,
3 x 1 3
2x  7 1 2x  7 1 2x  1  6 1 2x  1
rewrite it as  dx   2 dx   2 dx   2 dx  2 
3  x  x  1
2
3 x  x 1 3 x  x 1 3 x  x 1
1 2x  1  6 1 2x  1 1 1 2x  1 1
  dx   2 dx  2  2 dx. But  dx  ln  x2  x  1 
3 x  x1
2
3 x  x 1 x  x 1 3 x  x 1
2
3
2x  1 1 d 2
x dx  ln  x2  x  1 . Note that  x  x  1  2 x  1. Now for per­
 x 1
2
3 dx
forming integration for the remaining integral, rewrite it as
1 1 1 8 1
2  2 dx  2  dx  2  dx    dx
x  x 1 
2
1 1  1 3
2
3  2 x  1 2
x   1 x     1
 2 4  2 4  3 
1 8 1 2x  1 3
2 2
dx    2
dx. Now, let  z  dx  dz and we can
 1 3 3  2x  1  3 2
x     1
 2 4  3 
write the last integral in terms of the variable z as
8 1 4 3 1 1
  dx    dz. But  2 dz  tan 1 z.
3  2x  1  2
3 z 1
2
z 1
  1
 3 
4 3 1 4 3 4 3  2x  1 
Therefore, 
3  z 1
2
dz  
3
tan 1 z  
3
tan 1 
 3 .

Collecting all related terms, we arrive at the solution of the original
2 1 4 3  2x  1 
integral as 4 x  ln  x  1   ln  x2  x  1   tan 1  .
3 3 3  3 

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 92 27-07-2023 16:24:21

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 93

INTEGRAL 65

Problem:

 sin
1
x ln xdx

Solution:

1  x2  ln x  2   x sin 1 x  ln x  1   tanh 1  
1  x2  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Using integration by parts, we can write the integral as

 sin
dg
1
 x ln
f
1  dx
x dx  ln x  sin x dx   
 x 



sin 1 x dx  . Therefore, we 
require to have  sin x dx. Let sin x    sin   x and
1 1

cos d  dx . Therefore, we can write  sin 1 x dx   cos  d   sin    sin 


in 1 x dx   cos  d   sin    sin  d . In terms of the original variable x, we  cos 
 
 cos 

 sin
1
get x dx  x sin 1 x  1  x2 . Now, back to the original
problem, we can write  sin 1 x ln xdx  ln x  sin 1 xdx   
dx 
 x  sin x dx  
1
 
 dx
 ln x  sin 1 xdx   
 x  
  1
 
sin 1 x dx   ln x x sin 1 x  1  x2   x sin 1 x  1  x2 dx .
 x

Expanding the remaining integral, we get  x  x sin
1 1

x  1  x 2 dx   sin 1 x dx 

 
x sin 1 x  1  x 2 dx   sin 1 x dx  
1  x2
x
dx  x sin 1 x  1  x 2  
1  x2
x
dx.  
For the latter integral, let x  sin z  dx  cos z dz. Rewriting

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 93 27-07-2023 16:26:36

 94 • 100 Integrals

1  x2 1  sin 2 z
the integral in terms of variable z, gives  x dx   sin z cos zdz
1  x2 1  sin 2 z cos2 z cos2 z 1  sin 2 z 1
 dx   cos zdz   dz. But  dz   dz   dz   sin zdz
x sin z sin z sin z sin z sin z 
 cos z
1  sin 2 z 1
dz   dz   dz   sin zdz. For the former integral, let cos z  u   sin zdz  du
sin z sin z 
 cos z
cos z  u   sin zdz  du and rewrite the integral in terms of varia­
1 1 1
ble u as  dz    2 du    du. But we have
sin z sin z 1  u2
1
 1  u2 du  tanh u and rewriting in terms of the original
1

variable x, we get tanh 1 u  tanh 1  cos z   tanh 1 1  x2

.  
After collecting all related terms, we get the answer
   
as ln x x sin 1 x  1  x2  x sin 1 x  1  x2  1  x2  tanh 1  
1  x2  1  x2

 1  x2  tanh 1  1 x  2
1  x2 . This expression simplifies to 1  x2  ln x  2   x sin 1 x  ln x  1   t

1  x2  ln x  2   x sin 1 x  ln x  1   tanh 1  
1  x2  1  x2 .

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 94 27-07-2023 16:28:10

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 95

INTEGRAL 66

Problem:

 ln  sin x  1  sin xdx

Solution:
 x x  x x   x  x    1 
 sin  cos  ln 4  2  sin  cos   ln  sin   ln  cos   2   2  tanh  sin
 2 2  2 2   2   2    
x   x  x     x  x 
os   ln  sin   ln  cos   2   2  tanh 1  sin   tanh 1  cos    constant
2   2   2     2  2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
After writing the trigonometric functions in half-angle form, we get
 x x 2 x 2 x x x 
 ln(sin x) 1  sin x dx   ln  2 sin 2 cos 2  sin 2  cos 2  2 sin 2 cos 2 dx   ln  2
2
x x x x  x x  x x  x x  x x
sin 2  cos2  2 sin cos dx   ln  2 sin cos   sin cos  dx   ln  2 sin cos   sin cos  dx.
2 2 2 2  2 2   2 2   2 2  2 2 
2
 x x  x x
dx   ln  2 sin cos   sin cos  dx. Expanding the logarithm expression, we get
 2 2  2 2
 x x  x x
ln  2 sin cos    ln 2  ln sin  ln cos . Therefore, we can
 2 2  2 2
write the integral in terms of summation of its parts, as
 x x  x x x x
ln 2   sin dx   cos dx , ∫ sin ln sin dx, ∫ cos ln sin dx ,
 2 2  2 2 2 2
x x x x
∫ sin 2 ln cos 2 dx, ∫ cos 2 ln cos 2 dx. Now we perform the integration

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 95 27-07-2023 16:29:39

 96 • 100 Integrals

x x
operation for new integrals. Therefore,  sin 2 dx  2 cos 2 ,
x x
 cos 2 dx  2 sin 2 . Using the integration by parts technique,
x
cos2
x x x x 2 dx. But
we have  sin ln sin dx  2 cos ln sin  
2 2 2 2 x
sin
2
x x
cos2 1  sin 2 1
2 dx  2 dx  1 x
 x   dx   sin dx . But for ∫ dx,
x x x
sin sin sin 2  sin
2 2 2  2 cos
x 2
2
x 1 x
let cos  z   sin dx  dz and rewrite the integral in terms
2 2 2
1 1 1
of variable z, we get  dx  2  dz  2  dz  2 tanh 1 z  2 tanh
x 2 x 1  z 2
sin sin
2 2
1  x
dz  2  dz  2 tanh 1 z  2 tanh 1  cos . Similarly, we can perform the inte­
1  z2  2 
gration process for the remaining integrals. These results are tabu­
lated as shown below:
Integral Answer

x x  x x x  x 
∫ sin 2 ln sin 2 dx 2   cos ln sin  cos  tanh 1  cos  
2 2 2  2 

x x  x x x
∫ cos 2 ln sin 2 dx 2  sin ln sin  sin 
 2 2 2
x x  x x x
∫ sin 2 ln cos 2 dx 2   cos ln cos  cos 
 2 2 2
x x  x x x  x 
∫ cos 2 ln cos 2 dx 2 sin ln cos  sin  tanh 1  sin  
 2 
 2 2 2

After collecting all related terms and simplifying, we receive the

answer as shown above, as solution.

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 96 27-07-2023 16:32:10

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 97

INTEGRAL 67

Problem:
1
x3 esin x

 1  x2
dx

Solution:
1
3 esin x
 x3 
 x   1  x2  1  x2   constant
10  3 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
d 1
Having
dx
 sin 1 x   , use the integration by parts technique
1  x2
1
x3 esin x
dx
 dx     x3 esin x  3 x2 esin x dx . For
1 1 1
to get x3 esin x
1 x 2
f
 
1 x 2

dg
1
the new integral, let sin x  z  sin z  x, dx  cos zdz, and write the
integral in terms of variable z as 3 x2 esin x dx  3  sin 2 z cos ze z dz.
1

After applying the integration by parts technique, we get

 sin 3 z  z
3  sin 2 z cos ze z dz  3   e   sin z e dz. For the new
3 z

 3 
3 1
integral, after substituting sin 3 z  sin z  sin  3 z , we have
4 4
3 z 1 z
 sin z e dz  4 e sin z dz  4 e sin  3 z  dz. Now we have two
3 z

integrals to calculate. For ∫e z sin z dz, apply the integration by

parts technique twice to get e z sin z dz   e z cos z  e z cos zdz   e z cos z  e z sin z

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 97 27-07-2023 16:33:36

 98 • 100 Integrals

os z  e z cos zdz   e z cos z  e z sin z  e z sin z. Now, after rearranging the terms and
rewriting this expression as 2 e z sin z dz   e z cos z  e z sin z, we get
ez
e z
sin z dz   sin z  cos z . Or in terms of the original variable x we
2

 
1
ez esin x
have  sin z  cos z   x  1  x2 . Similarly, apply the same
2 2
integration process to the remaining integral, e z sin 3 z  dz. Therefore,
z 1  1 z ez 1  ez 1
we get e sin  3 z  dz  e   cos 3 z   e cos 3 z dz   cos 3 z    sin 3 z  e
z

 3  3 3 3 3 3
e z
1e z
1 
3 z dz   cos 3 z    sin 3 z  e z sin 3 z dz . Now, after rearranging the terms and
3 3 3 3 
ez
writing this expression, we get e z sin  3 z  dz   sin 3 z  3 cos 3 z .
10
1
z
esin x
e
Or in terms of the original variable x we have  sin 3 z  3 cos 3 z  
10 10

sin  3 sin 1 x 
1
esin x
 sin 3 z  3 cos 3 z  
10
 1 1

sin  3 sin x   3 cos  3 sin x  . Collecting all related terms
3 1
8
  1
gives the answer as esin x x  1  x2  esin x sin  3 sin 1 x   3 cos  3 sin 1 x   .
40
1

 
n 1 x
sin  3 sin 1 x   3 cos  3 sin 1 x   . Using the expansion of the trigonometric functions,
 

we can simplify the answer as

3 sin1 x
8
e  1

x  1  x2  esin x   x3  3 1  x2  1
40
1


1
1 sin1 x  3 3 esin x
 1 3
 1  x2  e  x  3 1  x 2  1  x 2  3 x 1  x 2   9 x 2 1  x 2    x  3 x  1  x 1  x 
2 2

40   10
1
3 esin x
 1 3 2 
x2 1  x2    x  3 x  1  x 1  x  .
2
 10

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 98 27-07-2023 16:34:53

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 99

INTEGRAL 68

Problem:
tan x
 1  sec 3 x
dx

Solution:
2
 tanh 1 1  sec 3 x  constant
3

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
tan x sin x / cos x sin x
Rewrite the integrand as   .
1  sec 3 x 1  1 / cos3 x
1  cos3 x
cos x
1 dz
Let  z  dx  2 and write the integral in terms of
cos x z sin x
sin x sin x dz 1
the variable z to get 
1  cos3 x
dx   2
z  1 / z2 z sin x

z 1  z3
dz

cos x
sin x dz 1 du
   dz. Now let 1  z 3
 u  dz  2 . Therefore, we
2 z2 sin x 3z
z1 / z z 1 z 3

1 1 1
have  dz  
3  u  1 u
du. Let u  y  du  2 ydy
z 1 z 3

and rewrite the latter integral in terms of the variable y as,

1 1 2 y 2 1 2

3  u  1 u
du   2
3  y  1 y
dy   
3 1y 2
dy   tanh 1 y.
3
After several substitutions, we can write the answer in terms of
2 1 2 1 2 2
the original variable x as  tanh y   tanh u   tanh 1 1  z3   tan
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
tanh 1 1 1
u   tanh 1  z   tanh 1  sec x.
3 3

3 3 3

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 99 27-07-2023 16:36:38

 100 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 69

Problem:

x ln x  x2  1  dx
 x 1
2

Solution:

 
x2  1 ln x  x2  1  x  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:

Having
d
dx

x  x2  1  1   x
x2  1

x  x2  1
x2  1
and rewriting

x x
the   1  1, we have the integral as follows:
x 1
2
x 1
2 
0


x ln x  x2  1  dx 
 x2  1
 
 x
x2  1

 

 1  1  ln x  x2  1 dx    1 
 
x 

 ln x  x
x2  1 

  
ln x  x2  1 dx    1 

x 
 
 ln x  x  1 dx   ln x  x  1 dx .
x 1 
2
2 2
   
Now we have two integrals to calculate. For the lat­
ter integral, use the integration by parts technique to get
 x 
1  2 
 x   
  ln x  x2  1 dx   x ln x  x2  1  x  x 1 
x  x 1
2 
dx   x ln x  x2  1    
1  2 
x
x 1 
x  x2  1

dx   x ln x  x2  1  
x

x2  1
dx. Now let x  1  z  xdx 
2 dz
2
and write the remaining integral in terms of variable z
x 1 1
as  dx   dz  z, or x2 − 1 . For the former
x 1
2 2 z

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 100 27-07-2023 16:38:06

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 101

 x 
integral, let x  x2  1  u   1   dx  du. Hence
 x 1 
2


  1 
 x
 
 ln x  x  1 dx   ln udu  u ln u  u.
x 1  2
2
 

Therefore, in terms of the variable x, we get u ln u  u  x  x  1 ln

2
 
    
u ln u  u  x  x  1 ln x  x  1  1 . Collecting all related terms gives
2 2

 x ln x  x 1  
2
x2 1  x     
x2  1 ln x  x2  1  1  x2  1 ln x  x 
  ln  x   
x2  1  1  x2  1 ln x  x2  1  x.  

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 101 27-07-2023 16:38:53

 102 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 70

Problem:

 sin  
1
1  x dx

Solution:
1
2  1  2 x  sin 1  
1  x   x 1  x    constant


Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let 1  x  z  dx  2 zdz and write the integral in terms of

 sin  
1  x dx  2 z sin 1 z dz. Using
1
the variable z to get

z2
the integration by parts technique, we have 2  z sin
z dz  z sin z  
1 2 1
dz
dg f 1  z2
z2 d 1
2  z sin
z dz  z sin z  
1 2 1
dz. Note that
dz
 sin 1 z   . Therefore,
dg f 1  z2 1  z2
z sin z  1  x  sin 1
2 1
1  x . To calculate the remaining integral,

z2 z
rewrite it as   dz  z dz and apply the integration
1 z 2
1  z2
 z
by parts technique to get  z 1 
z 2
dz  z 1  z2   1  z2 dz.
f

 
dg

Therefore, z 1  z2   x 1  x  . To calculate the latter integral,

let z  sin u  dz  cos u du and write the integral in terms of the
1  cos 2 u
variable u to get   1  z2 dz    cos2 u du. But cos2 u  .
2

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 102 27-07-2023 16:41:16

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 103

1 u sin 2 u
Hence,   cos2 u du   1  cos 2 u  du   
2
. Therefore,
2 4
u sin 2 u
 
2 4
1 1
  1

   u  sin u cos u    sin 1 z  z 1  z2   sin 1 1  x   x
2 2 2

1
2
sin 1 z  z 1  z2  1
 
  sin 1 1  x   x 1  x  . After collecting all obtained results,
2
1
as underlined, and simplifying we get the solution as 1  2 x  sin 1  x   x 1
1

2
1
 1  2 x  sin 1 1  x   x 1  x   .
2

100_Integrals.007_3pp.indd 103 27-07-2023 16:41:48

 104 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 71

Problem:
1
 2  2 sin x  cos x dx

Solution:
 tan  x / 2   1 
ln    constant
 tan  x / 2   3 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
The integral can be written in terms of half-angle using the trigo-
2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
nometric identities sin x  and cos x  as
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1 1 1
 2  2 sin x  cos x dx   4 tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2
2
dx  
tan x / 2  4 tan x / 2  3
2
2 
1  tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2
2 2

1 dx x x
dx   . Now let tan  z  dx  2 cos2 dz
1  tan x / 2
2
tan x / 2  4 tan x / 2  3 cos x / 2
2 2
2 2

1  tan
x 2x/2 x
tan  z  dx  2 cos2 dz and write the integral in terms of the variable z
2 2
1
as 2  2 dz. Using the partial fraction technique, we
z  4z  3
1 1 1 1
get 2  2 dz  2  dz   dz   dz.
z  4z  3  z  3   z  1 z1 z3
Performing the integration for the new integrals gives
1 1
 z  1 dz  ln  z  1 and  z  3 dz  ln  z  3 . Collecting results
z+1
gives the answer as ln . Rewriting the answer in terms of the
z+3
z1  tan x / 2  1 
original variable x gives ln  ln  .
z3  tan x / 2  3 

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 104 27-07-2023 16:15:20

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 105

INTEGRAL 72

Problem:
sec 2 x
 tan2 x  2 tan x  2 dx

Solution:
tan 1 1  tan x   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:

Rewrite the denominator as tan 2 x  2 tan x  2  1  1  tan x  .

2

Now let 1  tan x   z  dx sec 2 x  dz and write the integral in

sec 2 x 1
terms of the variable z to get  dx   dz.
tan x  2 tan x  2
2
1  z2
1
But  dz  tan 1 z, and in terms of the original variable x the
1  z2
answer reads tan 1 z  tan 1 1  tan x .

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 105 27-07-2023 16:16:44

 106 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 73

Problem:

 x2  x  1 dx

Solution:
2x  1 2 3  2x  1 
x  x  1  tanh 1    constant
4 8  2 x  x 1 
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:

1  3   2x  1  
2 2
3 
The expression x2 + x + 1 can be written as x2  x  1 
  x    1    
4  2  4 
  3  
1  3   2x  1  
2 2
3  2x  1 3
 1    x    1    . Now, let  z  dx  dz and rewrite
4  2 4   3   3 2

3   2x  1  
2

the integral in terms of variable , as  x  x  1 dx  

z 2
1  
4   3  

3   2x  1  
2
3
 x  x  1 dx   1   dx   1  z dz. For calculating the new
2 2

4   3   4
du
integral, let z  tan u  dz  and rewrite the integral in terms
cos2 u
3 3 du 3 1
of variable u, as  1  z2 dz   1  tan 2 u   du.
4 4 cos u 4 cos3 u
2

Using the integration by parts technique, we have

3 1 3 du 1 3  tan u tan u sin u 

4 cos u 3
du  
4  cos

2
u
 
cos u 4  cos u

cos2 u
du  . But

dg f

tan u sin u sin u 1  cos u

2 2 3 1 3  tan u  3 1 3
  . Therefore,  3
du     3
du  
2
cos u 3
cos u 3
cos u 4 cos u 4  cos u  4 cos u 4

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 106 27-07-2023 16:18:43

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 107

1 3  tan u  3 1 3 1
4  cos u  4  cos3 u
du    du   du. Rearranging terms involved in the
cos3 u 4 cos u
3 1 3  tan u  3 1
last equation; we get 
4 cos u 3
du    
8  cos u  8 cos u
du.

The solution to the new integral was presented in the Integral 5

3 1 3
section. Or  du  tan 1  sin u . After collecting all related
8 cos u 8
terms, we get the answer in terms of the original variable x as
 3  2 x  1 
3  tan u  3

8  cos u  8
3
  tan  sin u   z
1

8
 1 z 2
 3
8

 tanh 1 
z
 1 z
2
 

 8  3 
 1  

 
 2x  1 
 3  2 x  1 
2 
3  z  2x  1    3  3 
 tanh 1     1 1
    tanh  . This
8  1 z  8  3   3   8
2 2
   2x  1  
 1    
  3  
2x  1 2 3  2x  1 
expression simplifies to x  x  1  tanh 1  .
4 8  2 x  x 1 
2

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 107 27-07-2023 16:19:30

 108 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 74

Problem:
x
 dx
x  2x  2
2 2

Solution:
1 x2 
  tan 1  x  1   2  constant
2 x  2 x  2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  1  z  dx  dz and rewrite the integral in terms of the
x z 1 z 1
variable z, to get  2 dx   dz   dz.
 x  2x  2  1  z2 
2 2 2
 z  1 2  2  z  1   2 
 
z 1 z 1 z 1 z
dz  
1  z 
dz. The new integral can be written as
 dz   dz  
1  z  1  z2  1 
2 2 2
 2  z  1   2  2 2 2

z 1 z 1
 1  z2 2 dz   1  z2 2 dz   1  z2 2 dz. Now we have two integrals to
     
z 1 2z
calculate. For the first integral we can write  dz   dz  
1  z 2 2 2  1  z2 2 2
z 1 2z 1
 dz   dz  
2  1  z2 
. For the remaining integral, let
1  z 2 2 2 1  z 
2 2

1 1 du
du  dz  
z  tan u  dz   1  z2  1  tan2 u cos
2 2 2
. Therefore, we have
cos2 u
1 1 du 1  cos 2 u
 dz     cos2 u du . But cos u 
2
and the
1  z 2 2
1  tan2 u cos u
2 2
2

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 108 27-07-2023 16:21:09

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 109

1 u sin 2 u
new integral reads  cos22 udu  1  cos 2 u  du  
2
. After
2 4
collecting all related answers, in terms of the original variable x,
tan 1  x  1  sin  2 tan  x 
1
1 u sin 2 u 1
we have       
2  1  z2  2 4 2  x2  2 x  2  2 4
tan 1  x  1  sin  2 tan  x  1   . The answer can be simplified
1
1 to,
 
2x  2 2 4
x tan 1  x  1  x2
 x2  2 x  2 2 dx   
2  x  2x  2
.
  2 2

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 109 27-07-2023 16:21:48

 110 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 75

Problem:
1
x 3
x2  9
dx

Solution:
1  1  3  3 
cos    2 x2  9   constant
54   x x 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
3 sin z
Let x   dx  3 dz and rewrite the integral in
cos z cos2 z
terms of the variable z to get, 1 cos3 z sin z 1 sin z cos2 z
9  9 / cos2 z  9 cos2 z 27  1  cos2 z
dz  dz 

os3 z sin z 1 sin z cos2 z 1

cos z  9 cos z
2 2
dz  
27 1  cos z 2
dz 
27  cos2 zdz. Using trigonometric identity,

1 1 1 1
cos2 z 
1  cos 2 z
, we get  cos2 zdz   1  cos 2 z  dz   z  sin 2 z 
2 27 54 54  2 
1 1 1
 1  cos 2 z  dz   z  sin 2 z . Now in terms of the original variable x we have the
54 54  2 
1  1  1 1  1  3  3 9 
answer as  z  sin 2 z    z  sin z cos z   cos    1 2 
54  2  54 54   x x x 
1  1  3  3 9  1  1  3  3 
z  cos    1  2  . This expression simplifies to cos    2 x2  9 
54   x x x  54   
x x 
1  1  3  3 
cos    2 x2  9  , assuming x > 0. This expression simplifies to
54   x x 
1  1  3  3 
 cos    2 x2  9  .
54   x x 

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 110 27-07-2023 16:23:41

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 111

INTEGRAL 76

Problem:

 sin x tan
1
sec x  1dx

Solution:

1
2
 
cos1 cos x  cos x 1  cos x   cos x tan 1 sec x  1  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Using the integration by parts technique we can write
d

 sin x tan sec x  1 dx   cos x tan sec x  1   cos x dx tan sec x  1 dx
1 1 1

dg f

c x  1   cos x
d
dx
 
tan 1 sec x  1 dx. But letting tan 1 sec x  1  , or tan   sec x  1 ,
we can write, by differentiating both sides,
d sin x
 dx . Now using tan   sec x  1, we
cos2  2 cos2 x sec x  1


have cos2   cos x and d  tan 1 sec x  1 
 sin x dx

2 cos x sec x  1
.

sin x 1 sin x
 2 cos x sec x  1 dx  2  sec x  1 dx . For cal-
Therefore, cos x
 
d

integral, let cos x  cos z  sin x dx  2 sin z cos z dz

2
culating the latter
cos z  sin x dx  2 sin z cos z dz and write
2
the integral in terms of the variable z as
1 sin x sin z cos z
2  sec x  1
dx   dz   cos2 zdz. Now using the
1 / cos z  1
2

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 111 27-07-2023 16:25:54

 112 • 100 Integrals

1  cos 2 z 1
 cos 1  cos 2 z  dz 
2
trigonometric identity cos2 z  , we have 2
zdz 
2
1 z sin 2 z
 cos
2
zdz  1  cos 2 z  dz   . Therefore, in terms of the orig-
2 2 4
inal variable x, we can write
z sin 2 z 1
2

4 2
1
2

  z  sin z cos z   cos1 cos x  c
1 1
  z  sin z cos z   cos
2 2

1

cos x  cos x 1  cos x  . Collecting all related terms,

we receive the answer as

1
2
 
cos1 cos x  cos x 1  cos x   cos x tan 1 sec x  1


cos x 1  cos x   cos x tan 1 sec x  1.

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 112 27-07-2023 16:26:52

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 113

INTEGRAL 77

Problem:
1
 x x  x2
dx

Solution:
 
2 sin 1 2 x  1  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  z  dx  2 zdz, and write the integral in terms of the
1 z 1
­variable z as  dx  2  dz  2  dz. Write
x xx 2
z z
3 4
z  z2
1
the denominator as z  z2  1 / 4   z  1 / 2   1   2 z  1 .
2 2

2
Now let  2 z  1   u  2 dz  du and write the new integral in terms of
1 1 1
the variable u as 2  dz  4  dz  2  du.
z  z2 1   2 z  1 1  u2
2

1
But we have 2  du  2 sin 1 u. Or in terms of the original vari-
1 u 2


able x we get 2 sin 1 u  2 sin 1  2 z  1   2 sin 1 2 x  1 . 

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 113 27-07-2023 16:28:43

 114 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 78

Problem:

x  ln  x   5  dx
3 ln x  6

Solution:

x4
32
 8 ln 2 x  52 ln x  53   constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:


Write the integral as a summation of its terms, x3 ln  x ln x  6   5 dx  5 x3 dx  x3 ln 
3
 
3 3 ln x  6 3 5 4
x ln  x   5 dx  5x dx  x ln  x  dx. But 5x dx  4 x . For the remain-
ln x  6

ing integral, rewrite the integrand by using logarithm rule as,

x ln  x  dx  x  ln x  6  ln x dx  x3 ln 2 x dx  6 x3 ln x dx.  

3 ln x  6 3

Now, let ln x  z  x  e z, dx  e z dz , and rewrite the new

integrals in terms of the variable z. Therefore, x ln 2 x dx  e4 z z2 dz
3

x ln 2 x dx  e4 z z2 dz . Using the integration by parts technique twice, we

3

e4 z 2 1 4 z e4 z 2 e4 z e4 z
get  e z dz  z   e z dz  z  z
4z 2
. Similarly,
dg f
4 2 4 8 32

 e4 z 1  e4 z e4 z .
6  x3 ln x dx  6  e4 z z dz  6  z  e4 z dz   3 z3
dg f  4 4  2 8
nal
Collecting all answers and rewrite them in terms of the origi
5 e4 z 2 e4 z e4 z e4 z e4 z 5 e4 z
variable x, we get x 4 
4 4
z 
8
z
32
 3
2
z 3
8
 x4 
4 32
 8 z2  5
e4 z e4 z 5 e4 z 5 x4
 3
2
z 3
8
 x4 
4 32
 8 z2  52 z  13   x 4 
4 32
 8 ln2 x  52 ln x  13  .  
x4
The answer simplifies to  53  8 ln 2 x  52 ln x .
32

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 114 27-07-2023 16:30:47

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 115

INTEGRAL 79

Problem:

 tan  
1
x  1  x dx

Solution:

1
2
 
x  tan 1 x  x tan 1  x  1  x  constant 
Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identi-

ties, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
Using the integration by parts technique, we can write the



integral as  tan 1 x  1  x dx
  x tan
 dg
1
d
x  1  x  x  tan 1
 dx
   x 1 
f

1
 d
x  1  x  x  tan 1
 dx
 

x  1  x  dx . But having tan 1

 
x  1  x  , or  

tan   x  1  x , we get, after differentiating both side,

d  1  1  cos2 
1
 
2
  dx . But we have tan 2
   x 1  x
cos2   2 x  1 2 x  cos2 
1  cos2  1
 
2
 x  1  x . Or cos  
2
tan 2   . Therefore,
 
2
cos 
2
x 1  x 1
d  1 1  1
  . Now by plugging back
dx  2 x  1 2 x   x 1  x 
2
1
 1
d
into the new integral, we get  x  tan 1
 dx
 

x  1  x  dx   


1
2 x 2 x
 1 
an 1  

x  1  x  dx    
1

x
dx . Now, let x  z  dx  2 zdz
 
2
  2 x 2 x 1  x1  x 1

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 115 27-07-2023 16:32:28

 116 • 100 Integrals

x  z  dx  2 zdz and write the integral in terms of the variable z as

 1 1  x 1 1  z3
  2 x 2 x  1  x  1  x 2  1   z z2  1  2
 dx   dz
   
2
z 1  z 1
1 1  z3
dx      dz. For performing the latter inte-
 
2
z z2  1  z2  1  z  1
1 1  z3
. Therefore,   z
du    dz
gral, let z  tan u  dz 
 
2
2 z2  1  z2  1  z  1
cos u
1 1  z 3
 cos u 
3
sin u / coos u 3
du sin 2
  z  z2  1  dz     cos u  . 2 
   1 / cos u  sin u / cos u   1 cos u cos2 u 1
2 2
z2  1  z  1  sin u
3 3
n u / co
os u du sin 2 u
2
.
 sin u / cos u   1 cos u
2
  cos2 u 1  sin u  du. Using ­ trigonometric half-angle
sin 2 u 4 tan 2 u / 2
identities we can write the integral as  du   .
cos u 1  sin u  1  tan2 u / 2  
2 2
sin 2 u 4 tan 2 u / 2 1
du   . du. For performing the new
os2 u 1  sin u  1  tan2 u / 2   2 tan u  
2

2 
1  u  
 1  tan 2 
 2
u 2
integral let tan  y  du  dy, and rewrite the integral
2 1  y2
4 tan 2 u / 2 1 y2 1  y2 
in terms of the variable y as  . du  8  1  y 2 2 1  y2 
1  tan2 u / 2   2 tan u   
2

1  2
 u
 1  tan 2 
 2
1
du  8 
y 2
 1  y 2
 .
dy
 8
y 2
dy. Now by
 1  y  1  y  2 y  1  y
2 2
1  y  1  y 
4 2
u  2 2
2 tan
1 2 
u using the partial fractions technique, we can write the integrand as
1  tan 2 
2 y2 1 1 1 1
   
1  y 1  y 16  y  1 16  y  1 4  y  1 4  y  1
4 2 2 2 3 4

y2 1 1
and the integral as a combination of its terms 8  dy   dy
1  y  1  y  2  y  1 2
4 2

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 117

y2 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 dy   dy   dy  2  dy  2  dy.
1  y  1  y  2  y  1 2  y  1  y  1  y  1
4 2 2 2 3 4

1 1 1
The new integrals can be worked out as 
2  y  1 2
dy  
2  y  1
,

1 1 1 1 1
 
2  y  1 2
dy 
2  y  1
, 2
 y  1
3
dy  
 y  1
2
, and

1 2
2 dy   . by subsequent change of variables
 y  1 3  y  1
4 3

u 1 x 1
=(y tan= , z tan u = x ) we get y  , assuming y > 0.
2 x
Therefore, after collecting all results and writing them
in terms of the original variable x, we get the answer as
 x tan 1 x  1  x  1
2
x  tan 1 x .  

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 117 27-07-2023 16:34:42

 118 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 80

Problem:
x9
 x20  48 x10  575 dx

Solution:
1  x10  25 
ln    constant
20  x10  23 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
The denominator of the integrand can be written as
x  48 x  575   x  25   x  23 . Therefore, using the partial
20 10 10 10

x9 1 x9 1 x9
fractions technique we get  x20  48 x10  575 2  x10  25 2  x10  23 dx
dx  dx 
1 x9 1 x9 1 x9 1 1 x9 1
dx 
2  x  25
10
dx 
2  x  23
10
dx. Or 
2 x  25
10
dx 
20
ln  x10
 25  and  
2 x  23
10
dx  
20
1 x9 1
  10 dx   ln  x10  23  . Collecting the answers, we get the
2 x  23 20
1 x10 − 25
solution as ln 10 .
20 x − 23

100_Integrals.008_3pp.indd 118 27-07-2023 16:35:45

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 119

INTEGRAL 81

Problem:

 sin
1
x dx

Solution:

x sin 1 x  1  x2  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let sin 1 x    x  sin  and dx  cos  d. Therefore, we can
write the integral in terms of the variable α as  sin 1 x dx   cos  d
 sin x dx   cos  d . Using the integration by parts technique, we get
1

  cos
f
  d   sin    sin d   sin   cos  .
dg
The results in

terms of the original variable x reads,  sin   cos   x sin 1 x  1  x2

sin   cos   x sin 1 x  1  x2 .

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 119 27-07-2023 16:30:52

 120 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 82

Problem:

 tan
1
x dx

Solution:
1
x tan 1 x  ln 1  x2   constant
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let tan 1 x    x  tan  and dx  cos2  d. Therefore, we can

 tan x dx   cos2  d
1
write the integral in terms of variable α as

 tan x dx   cos2  d . Using the integration by parts technique, we get

1

  cos  d   tan    tan  d . But  tan  d   sin  d  ln cos 

2

f

dg   cos 
sin 
n  d    d  ln cos  . The results in terms of the original variable x reads,
cos 
 1  1
 tan   ln cos   x tan 1 x  ln    x tan 1 x  ln 1  x2  .
 1 x 
2 2
1
Note that having x  tan  we can calculate, cos  .
1  x2

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 120 27-07-2023 16:32:30

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 121

INTEGRAL 83

Problem:

 sinh
1
x dx

Solution:

x sinh 1 x  1  x2  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let sinh 1 x    x  sinh  and dx  cosh d. Therefore, we
 sinh x dx    cosh  d
1
can write the integral in terms of variable α as

 sinh x dx    cosh  d . Using the integration by parts technique, we get

1

  cosh  d   sinh    sinh d   sinh   cosh . The results

 
f dg
in terms of the original variable x reads,  sinh   cosh   x sinh 1 x  1  x
 sinh   cosh   x sinh 1 x  1  x2 . Note that cosh   1  x2 , using the trigono-
metric identity cosh 2   sinh

 
2
   1.
x2

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 121 27-07-2023 16:33:39

 122 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 84

Problem:

 tanh
1
x dx

Solution:
1
x tanh 1 x  ln 1  x2   constant
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let tanh 1 x    x  tan h  and dx  cos h 2  d. Therefore, we

 tanh x dx   cosh 2  d
1
can write the integral in terms of variable α as

 tanh x dx   cosh 2  d. Using the integration by parts tech-

1

nique, we get    cosh


2
  d   tan h    tan h  d. But
f dg

sinh 
  tanh  d    d   ln cosh . The results in terms
cosh   1 
of the original variable x reads,  tanh   ln cosh   x tanh 1 x  ln    x tan
 1 x
2
 1  1 
  x tanh x  ln 1  x . Note that having x  tanh 
1 1
cosh   x tanh x  ln  2

 1 x 
2 2
1
we can calculate, cosh   .
1  x2

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 122 27-07-2023 16:34:55

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 123

INTEGRAL 85

Problem:
1
 cos
1
  dx
 x

Solution:
1  x2  1 
x cos1    tanh 1    constant
 x  x 


Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let cos1 1 / x     x  1 / cos  and dx  sin  / cos2  d .
Therefore, we can write the integral in terms of the variable α as

 cos 1 / x  dx    sin  / cos   d. Using the integration by parts

1 2

technique, we get   sin  /cos   d   /cos   1

   cos  d.
2

f dg

1
But  d  tanh 1  sin   (see Integral 5). Therefore, we can
cos 
1
write the results as  / cos    d   / cos   tanh 1  sin  .
cos 
The results in terms of the original variable x reads,
 x2  1 
 / cos   tanh 1  sin    x cos1 1 / x   tanh 1  .
 x 


100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 123 27-07-2023 16:36:20

 124 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 86

Problem:
1
x 4
4
dx

Solution:
1  x2  2 x  2  1
   tan  x  1   tan  x  1    constant
1 1
ln  2
16  x  2 x  2  8

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:

Write the denominator of the integrand as x 4  4   x2  2   4 x2   x2  2 x  2   x2  2

2

4   x2  2   4 x2   x2  2 x  2   x2  2 x  2 . Using the partial fractions techniques, write

2

1 1 2 x 1 2x
the integral as  4 dx   2 dx   2 dx.
x 4 8 x  2x  2 8 x  2x  2
1 2 x 1 11 x 1 1 1 2  2x
But 
8 x  2x  2
2
dx   2
8 x  2x  2
dx   2
8 x  2x  2
dx   2
16 x  2 x  2
dx
1 1 2  2x
 x2  2 x  2 dx  16  x2  2 x  2 dx. The latter integral can be worked out, since
d 2 1 2  2x 1
dx
 x  2 x  2   2 x  2 , as 
16 x  2 x  2
2
dx  ln  x2  2 x  2 .
16
1 1 1 1
For the former integral, write it as 8 x  2 x  2
 2
dx  
8  x  1 2  1
dx

1 1 1 1

8 x  2x  2
2
dx  
8  x  1 2  1
dx. Now let x  1  z  dx  dz and write the

1 1 1 1 1 1
integral in terms of variable z as  dx   2 dz  tan 1 z  tan 1  x
8  x  1  1
2
8 z 1 8 8

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 124 27-07-2023 16:37:53

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 125

1 1 1 1
dz  tan 1 z  tan 1  x  1 .
8  z2  1
dx  Similarly, The remaining integral
 1
2
8 8
1 2x 1 x 11 1 2x  2
8  x2  2 x  2
can be worked out as dx    2 dx    2
8 x  2x  2 16 x  2 x  2
1 x 11 1 2x  2 1 1 1 2x  2 1
  2 dx    2 dx   2 dx. But   2 dx   ln  x2  2 x 
8 x  2x  2 16 x  2 x  2 8 x  2x  2 16 x  2 x  2 16
1 2x  2 1 1 1 1 1
  2 dx   ln  x2  2 x  2 . For the former integral  2 dx   d
16 x  2 x  2 16 8 x  2x  2 8  x  1 2  1
1 1 1 1 1
 dx   dx  tan 1  x  1 . Collecting all related terms,
8 x  2x  2
2
8  x  1  1
2
8
1 1 1
we receive the answer as ln  x2  2 x  2   tan 1  x  1   ln  x2  2 x 
16 8 16
1 1 1
2 x  2   tan  x  1   ln  x  2 x  2   tan  x  1 . This expression simplifies to
1 2 1

8 16 8
1  x2  2 x  2  1
   tan  x  1   tan  x  1   .
1 1
ln 
16  x2  2 x  2  8 

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 126 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 87

Problem:
x5
 dx
4x  4
2 5/2

Solution:
1  3 x 4  12 x2  8 
 constant
12   4 x2  4 3 / 2 
 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:

4x  4  4 5 / 2  x2  1 
5/2 5/2
Expand the denominator of the integrand as 2
 32
4x  4 x  1
 32 x  1  x  1  . Therefore, the integral reads
5/2 5/2 2
2
4 5/2 2 2 2

x5 1 x5
 4 x2  4 5 / 2 dx 
32  x2  1  x2  1 2
dx . Now, using the partial
  
1 x5 1  x
32  x2  1  x2  1 2 32  x2  1
fractions technique1, we get dx  dx  

 
x5 1  x 2x x
x2  1  x2  1 
dx 
32  x2  1
dx   x2  1 3 / 2 dx   x2  1 5 / 2 .Now,perform
dx
    
2


1 x 1 2x
the new integrals, one by one. For
32  x 1
2
dx 
64  x2  1
dx 

x2  1 . For  1 2x 1
1

x
dx 
1

2x
dx  
32  x  1 3 / 2
2
dx 
16 x2  1
. For
32 x 1
2 64 x2  1 32

1
A CAS tool (e.g., Wolfram Alpha) can be employed for this step.

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 127

1 x 1 2x 1
32   x2  1 5 / 2 64   x2  1 5 / 2
dx  dx   . Collecting
96  x  1 
2 3/2

all related results, we receive the answer as

x 1
2
1 1
  . This expression simplifies to
16 x2  1 96  x2  1 
3/2
32

3 x 4  12 x2  8 1  3 x 4  12 x2  8 
 .
96  x2  1  x2  1 12   4 x2  4 3 / 2 
 

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 127 27-07-2023 16:40:15

 128 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 88

Problem:
1
x 4
1
dx

Solution:

2   x2  2 x  1  
ln  2
8   x  2 x  1 
  2  tan
1
 
2 x  1  tan 1  
2 x  1    constant


  x2  2 x  1  
ln  2   2  tan
  x  2 x  1 
1
 
2 x  1  tan 1  
2 x  1    constant



Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Partial fractions

Step-by-step solution:
Write the expression in the denominator of the integral as a prod-


uct of two terms. Therefore, x 4  1   x2  1   2 x2  x2  2 x  1 x2  2 x  1  
2

  
2 x2  x2  2 x  1 x2  2 x  1 . But, using the partial fractions technique, we can
1 1 2 x 2
write the integral as  4 dx   2 dx  
x 1 x  2x  1 x  2x  1
2

4 x  2x  1
2
 
1 2 x 2 2 x 2

x  1 x  2x  1
2

dx  
4 x  2x  1
2
dx   2
4 x  2x  1
dx. Now we perform the

­integration of the new integrals. Rewrite the former integral as

2 x 2 2 2x  2  2 2 2x  2 2

4 x  2x  1
2
dx 
8  x  2x  1
2
dx   2
8  x  2x  1
dx   2
x  2x  1
dx

2 2x  2  2x  2
 2
8  x  2x  1
dx   2
2
dx . Therefore,
x  2x  1 
2

8 x  2x  1
2
dx 
8
2

ln x2  2 x  1 

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 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 129

2x  2
x  2x  1
2
dx 
8
2

ln x2  2 x  1 . Note that
d 2
dx
 
x  2 x  1  2 x  2 . Now, after 
manipulating the expression in the denominator of the latter
2
 2 1 1 
 
2
integral, we have x  2 x  1   x 
2
   1  2 x  1 .
 2  2 2  
2 2 1 1
Therefore, we have  dx   dx.
8 x  2x  1 2 1  2x  1 2  
2

Let 2 x  1  z  2 dx  dz and write the integral in terms of the

1 1 1 1 2
variable z, as  dx   dz  tan 1 z.
 
2 2 1 z
2 2
2 1  2x  1 4

Or in terms of the original variable, x we get

4
2
tan 1  2x  1 . 
Similarly, for the remaining integral, we have
2 x 2 2 2x  2  2 2 2x  2 2
 
4 x  2x  1
2
dx  
8  x  2x  1
2
dx    2
8  x  2x  1
dx   2
x 
2x  2  2 2 2x  2 2 
 x2  2 x  1 dx  8   x2  2 x  1 dx   x2  2 x  1 dx .
2x  2
Therefore, 
2
8  x2  2 x  1
dx  
8
2

ln x2  2 x  1 . Note 
that
d 2
dx
 
x  2 x  1  2 x  2 . Now, after manipulating the
expression in the denominator of the new integral, we have
2
 2 1 1 
 
2
x  2x  1   x 
2
   1  2 x  1  . Therefore, we
 2  2 2  
2 2 1 1
have  dx   dx. Let 2 x  1  u  2 dx  du
8 x  2x  1 2 1  2x  1 2  
2

2 x  1  u  2 dx  du and write the integral in terms of the variable u, as

1 1 1 1 2
2  1  2x  1 2 
dx  du  tan 1 u. Or in terms
  2
2 2 1 u 4

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 129 27-07-2023 16:43:03

 130 • 100 Integrals

of the original variable x, we get

4
2
tan 1  
2 x  1 . Collecting all
related results, we get the answer as

8
2

ln x2  2 x  1 
4
2
 
tan 1 2 x  1  
8
2

ln x2  2 x  1 
4
2

tan 1  2x  1 
2

ln x2  2 x  1 
4
2
  
tan 1 2 x  1 . This expression simplifies to

2  x  2 x  1
2
  

ln 2   
 2  tan 1 2 x  1  tan 1 2 x  1  . 
8  x  2x  1
  
 


100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 130 27-07-2023 16:43:21

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 131

INTEGRAL 89

Problem:

 sin  ln x  dx
2

Solution:

x
 5  cos  2 ln x   2 sin  2 ln x    constant
10 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let ln x  z  dx  e z dz. Now write the integral in terms of

 sin  ln x  dx  e
2
variable z, as z
sin 2 z dz . Using the trigo-
1  cos 2 z
nometric identity, sin 2 z  rewrite the integral as
2
1 z 1 1
 e 1  cos 2 z  dz   e z dz   e z cos 2 z dz. For the new integrals,
2 2 2
1 z 1 z
we get e dz  e and, using the integration by parts technique,
2 2
1 z 1 1 1 1 1
  e cos 2 z dz   e z sin 2 z   e z sin 2 z dz   e z sin 2 z   e z cos 2 z  
2 f dg  4 4 4 8 8
1 1 1
n 2 z dz   e z sin 2 z   e z cos 2 z   e z cos 2 z dz. Therefore, rearranging terms in the
4 8 8 1
last expression gives e z cos 2 z dz  e z  cos 2 z  2 sin 2 z . Now,
5
1 z 1 z
we can write e sin z dz  e  e  cos 2 z  2 sin 2 z . This
z 2

2 10
expression written in the original variable x gives the answer as
1 z 1 z 1 1 
e  e  cos 2 z  2 sin 2 z   x    cos  2 ln x   2 sin  2 ln x    .
2 10  2 10 

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 131 27-07-2023 16:44:58

 132 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 90

Problem:

∫ sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x dx

Solution:
1
24
 6 sin 2 x  3 sin 2 2 x  2 sin 2 3 x   constant

Or

1

24
 6 cos2 x  3 cos2 2 x  cos2 3 x   constant

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
1
Using the trigonometric identity, sin a sin b  cos  a  b   cos  a  b  
2
1 1 1
n b  cos  a  b   cos  a  b   , rewrite the integrand as (sin x sin 2 x)sin 3 x   cos x  cos 3 x  sin 3 x   co
2 
b

a
2 2
1 1
x)sin 3 x  cos x  cos 3 x sin 3 x  cos x sin 3 x  cos 3 x sin 3x. Now, after substitution,

a
2 2
1 1
rewrite the integral as  sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x dx   cos x sin 3 x dx   cos 3 x sin 3 x dx
2 2
1 1
2 2
cos x sin 3 x dx  cos 3 x sin 3 x dx. For the latter new integral, using the inte-
1 1
gration by parts, we get   cos 3 x sin 3 xdx  cos2 3 x.
2 12
For the former integral, using the trigonometric identity,
1 1 1
sin c cos d  sin  c  d   sin  c  d  , we have  cos x sin 3x dx    sin 4 x  sin 2 x 
2 2 d c 4

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 132 27-07-2023 16:46:18

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 133

1 1 1 1
cos x sin 3x dx    sin 4 x  sin 2 x  dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x dx   sin x cos x dx.
2
 
d c 4 2 2
1 1
The new integrals are worked out as  sin 2 x cos 2 xdx  sin 2 2 x,
2 8
1 1 2
and  sin x cos xdx  sin x. Collecting all related terms, the
2 4
1 1 1
answer reads cos 3 x + sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x. This expression simpli-
2

12 8 4
1 1
fies to   6 sin 2 x  3 sin 2 2 x  2 sin 2 3 x . Or the answer in terms
12 24
3 1
of the cosine function reads   6 cos2 x  3 cos2 2 x  cos2 3 x .
8 24

100_Integrals.009_3pp.indd 133 27-07-2023 16:47:04

 134 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 91

Problem:

 1  x2 dx

Solution:

1
2
 
sinh 1 x  x 1  x2  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  sinh z  dx  cosh z dz, and write the integral in terms of the .

variable z as  1  x2 dx   1  sinh 2 z cosh z dz   cosh 2 z dz.

Note that cosh 2 z  sinh 2 z  1. Rewriting the latter inte-
1
gral using the trigonometric identity, cosh 2 z   cosh 2 z  1 ,
2
1 1 z
as  cosh z dz    cosh 2 z  1  dz   cosh 2 z dz  . But 
2

2 2 2
1 1
2  cosh 2 z dz  sinh 2 z. Collecting related terms, the results read
4
z 1
+ sinh 2 z. This expression in terms of the original variable x
2 4
reads
sinh 1 x 1
2
1

 sinh z cosh z  sinh 1 x  x 1  x2 .
2 2


100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 134 27-07-2023 16:36:48

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 135

INTEGRAL 92

Problem:
1
ln x cos x  sin x
x
  
ln x
2
dx

Solution:
sin x
+ constant
ln x

Techniques used:

Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
1
ln x cos x  sin x
Expand the integrand, x cos x sin x . Therefore,
 
 ln x  2
ln x x ln 2 x
1
ln x cos x  sin x
x cos x sin x
  ln x  2
dx  
ln x
dx  
x ln 2 x
dx . Integrate f­
ormer

integral by using the integration by parts technique, to get

 1  sin x sin x
 cos x  ln x  dx  ln x   x ln2 x dx. Collecting all related terms
dg 
f

gives sin x  sin x dx  sin x dx  sin x .

ln x x  x ln2 x  ln x
ln 2 x 
0

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 135 27-07-2023 16:37:44

 136 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 93

Problem:
2 e2 x  e x
 3 e2 x  6 e x  1
dx

Solution:

1 1
 3ex  3 
2 3 e  6 e  1  3 cosh     constant
2x x

3   2  

Techniques used:

Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let e x  z  dx  dz / z and rewrite the integral in terms of the
2 e2 x  e x 2 z2  z 2z  1
variable z, to get  dx   dz   dz
3e  6e  1
2x x
z 3z  6z  1
2
3 z2  6 z  1
2 z2  z 2z  1
dz   dz. The expression in the denominator can be writ-
z 3z  6z  1
2
3 z2  6 z  1 2
2

2
 
ten as 3 z  6 z  1  3 z  2 z  1 / 3  3  z  1   4 / 3  2 
2
  3  z  1 
 2
 

2


3  z  1  4 / 3  2 
2
  3  z  1 
 2
  1.

Therefore, the integral reads

2z  1 1 2z  1
 3 z2  6 z  1 dz  2  dz. Let 3  z  1 2
2  u  dz  du
 3  z  1  2 3
  1
 2 
3  z  1 2 2
 u  dz  du, z  u  1. Now, write the latter integral in
2 3 3

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 136 27-07-2023 16:39:07

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 137

1 2z  1 1 4u  3
terms of the variable
2  u, as
2
dz  
3 u2  1
du
 3  z  1 
  1
 2 
2z  1 1 4u  3 1 4u  3 4 u
dz   du. Expand the new integral, as  du   du 
2 3 u 2
 1 3 2
 1 3 2
 1
 3  z  1  u u
 12 4 u 31 4 u 3 1

3  
u2  1
du  
3 u2  1
du 
3  u2  1
du. For the former integral, we

4 u 4 2
have
3  u 1
2
du 
3
u  1 . For the latter integral, let

u  cosh y  du  sinh ydy and write the integral in terms of the

3 1 3 sinh y 3 3 3
variable y, as  du   dy  dy  y cosh
3 u 1
2 3 cosh y  1
2 3 3 3
sinh y 3 3 3
3 
dy  dy  y cosh 1 u. Collecting all related terms and write them in
osh y  1
2 3 3 2
4 2 3 4  3  z  1 
terms of the original variable x, gives u 1  cosh 1 u   
3 3 3  2 
 3  ex  1 
2 2
3 4  3  z  1  3  3  z  1  4 3 
u2  1  cosh 1 u     1  cosh 1      1  cosh 1 
3 3 2 3  2   
    3 
2

3


4  3  e  1   3  ex  1 
2
x
3
   1  cosh 
1
. This expression simplifies to
3  2  3  2 
   
2 1  3  ex  1 
3 e2 x  6 e x  1  cosh 1  .
3 3  2 
 

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 137 27-07-2023 16:40:40

 138 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 94

Problem:
2
 x4 
  1  x6  dx

Solution:
1  1 3 x3 
 tan x    constant
6 1  x6 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let x3  z  3 x2 dx  dz and write the integral in terms of the
2 2 2
 x4   x 4  dz 1  z  1 z2
variable z, as   1  x6  dx    1  z2  3 x2 3   1  z2 
 dz 
3   1  z2 2
dz

2
1  z  1 z2 du
3   1  z2  3   1  z2 2
   dz  dz. Now let z  tan u  dz  and write the new
cos2 u
1 tan 2 u 1
integral in terms of the variable u, as  du   sin 2 udu
3 cos u 1  tan u 
2 2 2
3

tan 2 u 1 1  cos 2 u 1 1
. Therefore, we have  sin udu   1  cos 2 u  du 
2

u 1  tan 2 u 
2
du 
3  sin 2 udu. Butsin 2 u 
2 3 6
1 1 u 1
 sin 2 udu   1  cos 2 u  du   sin 2 u. Therefore, the answer in
3 6 6 12
u 1 tan 1 z 1 t
terms of the original variable x reads  sin 2 u   sin  2 tan 1 z  
6 12 6 12
1 tan 1 z 1 tan 1 3
x 1 2 x3
sin 2 u   sin  2 tan 1 z    sin  2 tan 1 x3  . But sin  2 tan 1 x3  
12 6 12 6 12 1  x6
3
2x
sin  2 tan 1 x3   , using tan 1 x3  , or tan   x3, and calculating sin 2α. The
1  x6
tan 1 x3 x3
answer simplifies to  .
6 6 1  x 6 

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 138 27-07-2023 16:42:51

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 139

INTEGRAL 95

Problem:
2
x3 e x
 dx
1  x  2 2

Solution:
2
ex
 constant
2 1  x 2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let x2  z  2 xdx  dz and write the integral in terms of
2
x3 e x 1 ze z
variable z, as 
2   1  z 2
dx  dz. Now, using the integra-
1  x 2 
2

1 z  1  1 e 1  z 
z
1 dz
tion by parts technique we get     ze   
z
ze dz
2 f  1  z 2 2 1 z 2 1 z

  
dg

1 z  1  1 e 1  z 
z
dz 1 ze z 1 z 1 z  1 
 z
2
 
2
ze   
1 z 2
 1 z dz    e  e 
2 1 z 2 2 1 z
 . This expression in
 
dg terms of the original variable x gives the answer as
2
1 z 1  ex
e   .
2  1  z  2 1  x 2 

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 139 27-07-2023 16:43:29

 140 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 96

Problem:
1
1 x
dx

Solution:
4 4 x3
3
 
 2 x  4 4 x  4 ln 1  4 x  constant

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let x  z  dx  2 zdz and write the integral in terms of the var-
1 z
iable z, as  dx  2  dz. Now, let 1  z  u  dz  2  u  1  du
1 x 1 z
1  z  u  dz  2  u  1  du and the new integral in terms of the variable u reads
z  u  1 3
2 dz  4  du. After expanding the poly­ nomial,
1 z u
 u  1 3 u3  3 u2  3 u  1
we have  u  1   u3  3 u2  3 u  1. Therefore, 4  du  4 
3

u u
 u  1 3
u  3u  3u  1
3 2
1
4 du  4  du  4 u2 du  12 u du  12 du  4  du.  
u u u
4 3
Performing the new integrals, gives u  6 u  12 u  4 ln u. Write
2

3
this expression in terms of the original variable x gives the answer as
4 3
3
4
3

3
 
2
 
u  6 u2  12 u  4 ln u  1  z  6 1  z  12 1  z  4 ln 1  z  1    4
3
 
    4
        
2 3 2
z  12 1  z  4 ln 1  z  1  x 6 1 x  12 1  x  4 ln 1  x
3
     4
14

2
x  12 1  x  4 ln 1  x . This expression simplifies to 4 x3  2 x  4 4 x  4 ln 1  4 x 
3 3

x  2 x  4 4 x  4 ln 1  4 x  .
4 3 14
3


100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 140 27-07-2023 16:45:21

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 141

INTEGRAL 97

Problem:

  sin x 
1 2
dx

Solution:
x  sin 1 x   2 1  x2 sin 1 x  2 x  constant
2

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let sin 1 x  z  sin z  x and dx = cos z dz. Write the inte-
  sin x 
2
gral in terms of the variable z, as 1
dx  z2 cos z dz.
Using the integration by parts technique, we get
 z dz  z sin z  2 z sin z dz  z sin z  2 z cos z  2  cos z dz .
z2 cos 2 2

f dg  
sin z
Writing the answer in terms of the original variable x, gives
z2 sin z  2 z cos z  2 sin z  x  sin 1 x   2 1  x2 sin 1 x  2 x .
2

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 141 27-07-2023 16:46:42

 142 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 98

Problem:

e 1  ln x  x
xx 2x
dx

Solution:
e x  x x  1   constant
x

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts

Step-by-step solution:
Let x x = z . Taking logarithm of both sides gives ln x x = ln z, or
dz
x ln x = ln z and after differentiating we have (1  ln x)dx  .
z
dz
Therefore, dx  x . Now, write the integral in terms of
x 1  ln x 
dz
the variable z, as e x 1  ln x  x2 x dx  e z 1  ln x  z2
z 1  ln x  
x
 ze z dz.
dz
ln x  z2
z 1  ln x  
 ze z dz. Using the integration by parts technique, the latter integral

reads ze z dz  ze z  e z. This expression in terms of the original var-

iable x gives the answer as ze z  e z  e x  x x  1 .
x

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 142 27-07-2023 16:48:04

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 143

INTEGRAL 99

Problem:
 x
ln x
dx

Solution:
x2 ln x
 constant
2  ln 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Logarithmic identities

Step-by-step solution:
Let ln x  z  dx  e z dz, and write the integral in terms of
the variable z, as xln x dx  e2 z  z dz. Using the integration by
e2 z z 1 2 z  d z  .
 e  dz    e    dz For calculating
2z z
parts, gives

dg

f
2 2  dz 
d z
π , let  z  u and take the logarithm of both sides. Therefore,
dz
ln  z  z ln   ln u. After differentiating both sides, we
d du d
get  z ln    . Or du  u ln    z ln . Note that du   z.
dz u dz
1 2z  d z  1
Back substituting into the latter integral gives  e    dz   e2 z   z ln 
2  dz  2
1 2z  d z  1 2z z ln  2 z z
 e    dz   e   ln   dz  
2 
e  dz. Now, plugin back into the for-
2  dz  2
e2 z z ln  2 z z
mer expression, gives e2 z  z dz 
2 
  e  dz. Rearranging
2
 ln   2 z z e2 z z e2 z  z
2  
the terms, gives  1   e  dz   . Or e 
2z z
dz  .
 2 2  ln 
Write this expression in terms of the original variable x, to get the
e2 z  z e2 ln x ln x x2 ln x
answer as   . Note that we used the log-
2  ln  2  ln  2  ln 
arithmic identity, e2 ln x = x2.

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 143 27-07-2023 16:50:05

 144 • 100 Integrals

INTEGRAL 100

Problem:
ln  sin x 
 1  sin x dx

Solution:

ln(sin x)   x 
2  2 ln  cos     x  constant
1  cot  x / 2    2 

Techniques used:

Change of variables, Integration by parts, Trigonometric identities

Step-by-step solution:

x x
Write the sine function as half-angle, using the identity sin x = 2 sin cos x x
ln  2 sin 2 cos 
ln  sin x 
dx    d
x x 2 2
sin x = 2 sin cos , and expand the integrand to get 
2 2 1  sin x 1  sin x
 x x
ln  2 sin cos 
ln  sin x  1 ln  sin  x / 2   ln  cos  x / 2  
dx   
2 2
 dx   ln 2   dx   dx   dx
1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x
ln  sin  x / 2   ln  cos  x / 2  
dx   dx. Now, we have three new integrals to calculate.
1  sin x 1  sin x
1
For  dx, write it in terms of half-angle using the identity
1  sin x
2 tan  x / 2 
sin x  . Therefore, after some manipulations we get
1  tan 2  x / 2 
1 1  tan 2  x / 2   x 2
 1  sin x dx   1  tan  x / 2  2 dx. Let tan  2   z  dx  2 cos  x / 2  dz  1  z2 dz
2

x 2
  z  dx  2 cos  x / 2  dz 
2
dz, and write the integral in terms of the variable z
2 1  z2

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 144 27-07-2023 16:51:09

 List of Selected Integrals with Their Step-by-Step Solutions • 145

1 1 2
. Thus  dx  2  dz  . Therefore, the answer in
1  sin x 1  z  2
1 z
1 2 ln 2 ln 1 / 4
terms of variable x reads  ln 2   dx    .
1  sin x x x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
ln  sin x / 2 
For  1  sin x
dx, using integration by parts we get
 dx  dx  dx 
 ln  sin x / 2     ln  sin x / 2      ln  sin x / 2      dx
  1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x 
f 
dg

 x
 d ln  sin 
dx  dx    x   2   cos x / 2 and we
   ln  sin x / 2      dx. But  ln  sin   
 sin x  1  sin x    2  dx 2 sin x / 2
dx 2
have   . Therefore, ln  sin x / 2  2 ln  sin x / 2 
1  sin x 1  tan
x  1  sin x dx  1  tan  x / 2 
2
ln  sin x / 2  2 ln  sin x / 2  cos  x / 2 
 1  sin x dx  1  tan  x / 2    sin  x / 2  1  tan  x / 2   dx. Write the later
integral terms of variable z (recall tan  x / 2   z )
in
cos  x / 2  1
as  dx  2  dz. For the
sin  x / 2  1  tan  x / 2   z  1  z   1  z2 
latter integral, use partial fraction technique to get
1 dz dz dz z
2 dz  2      dz. The
z 1  z  1  z    
2
2
z 1 z 1 z 1 z2
first two new integrals from the latter expression read
dz dz
2   2 ln z  2 ln  tan  x / 2  , and     ln 1  z    ln 1  tan  x / 2  
z 1 z
  ln 1  z    ln 1  tan  x / 2   . The remaining integrals can be worked out as
z
dz z 1 2z 1
   tan 1 z   tan 1  tan  x / 2  , and   dz    dz  
1 z 2 1 z 2
2 1 z 2
2
z 1 2z 1 1
 dz    dz   ln 1  z2    ln 1  tan 2  x / 2  .
1  z2 2 1  z2 2 2

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 145 27-07-2023 16:53:20

 146 • 100 Integrals

ln  cos x / 2 
For  dx, using integration by parts we get
1  sin x
 dx  dx  dx 
 ln  cos x / 2    ln  cos x / 2      ln  cos x / 2      dx
  1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x 
f 
dg
 dx   d ln  cos x / 2    sin x / 2
   ln  cos x / 2      dx. But  ln  cos x / 2    2  cos x / 2 
nx  1  sin x  dx
dx 2 ln  cos x / 2  2 ln  cos x / 2 
and we have   . Therefore,  dx  
1  sin x 1  tan
x 1  sin x 1  tan  x / 2  
2
ln  cos x / 2  2 ln  cos x / 2  sin  x / 2 
 dx   dx . Write the latter
1  sin x 1  tan  x / 2   cos x / 2  1  tan  x / 2  
integral in terms of variable z (recall tan  x / 2   z ) as
sin  x / 2  z
 dx  2  dz. For the
   
cos x / 2 1  tan  
x / 2  1  z   1  z2 
latter integral, we use partial fraction technique to get
z dz z 1
2  dz    dz   dz. The first two
1  z  1  z 
2
1 z 1 z 2
1  z2
dz
new integrals from the latter expression read   ln 1  z   ln 1  ta
1 z
dz z
  ln 1  z   ln 1  tan  x / 2  , and   dz   1 / 2  ln 1  z2    1 / 2  ln 1  tan 2 
1 z 1  z2
 1 / 2  ln 1  z2    1 / 2  ln 1  tan 2  x / 2  . The remaining integral can be worked
dz
out as     tan 1 z   tan 1  tan  x / 2     x / 2 .
1 z 2

Collection all related underlined answers, we get the solu-

ln(sin x)   x 
tion to the integral, after some simplifications, as 2  2 ln  cos     x
1  cot  x / 2    2 
ln(sin x)   x 
2  2 ln  cos     x.
1  cot  x / 2    2 

100_Integrals.010_3pp.indd 146 27-07-2023 16:55:16

 PART

2
Examples Applied in
Engineering

In this part of the book, we present some integrals along with their
solutions related to engineering topics. The list is not exclusive but
meant to help readers with their learning from Part 1 with some
application examples in technical computations. The examples will
focus on area properties of sections, structural beams, and a couple
of probability distributions commonly used in engineering fields.

100_Integrals.011_3pp.indd 147 27-07-2023 16:36:29

 148 • 100 Integrals

1  SEMI-CIRCLE SHAPES
We consider a half-circle shape with radius R as shown in Figure 1.
Its area, centroid, and moment of inertia is calculated using related
integrals and the worked-out solutions.
A half-circle shape can be the cross section of a beam, rod, or
shape of hydraulic gate, for example.

dr dθ

r
dA
C
θ
y
x

R
0

Figure 1  A Semi-circle shape and differential area element

πR 2
Area is equal to , from geometry. We calculate the area using
2
integration of area differential element dA  rdrd, where r is the
radial disctance from the center and θ is polar angle w.r.t x-axis.
R   
R
 R2  R2 R 2
Therefore, A  rdrd  drdr   
2 0
 d   d   .
00 0 0 0
2  2
Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total area and
is located at  0, y  when symmetry about y-axis exists as shown in

Figure 1. Or y 
ydA  ydA , where y  r sin . Note that y is
dA A R 
measured from the centroid of the differential element. But ydA   r 2 sin drd   si
R  
R
 R3  R3 R03 0 2R3 0
ydA  0 0r 2
sin drd   0 sin d  0r 2
dr  0  3  sin  d    cos

0
   1  1  
3 3 3

 d  
R3 R3
cos 0    1  1  
 2R3
. Therefore, y 
ydA  2R3 2  4R .
3 3 3 R 2 / 2 3 R 2 3 

100_Integrals.011_3pp.indd 148 27-07-2023 16:38:41

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 149

Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with

reference to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
­
R  R 
R 4  1  cos 2 
I x  y dA  r sin drd   sin dr dr 
4 0 
2 3 2 2 3
  d.
00 0 0
2 
Note that y is measured from the centroid of the differential

R 4  1  cos 2  R 4  sin 2
element. Performing the integrations gives 
4 0

2


d   
8 
 
2
 
R 4  1  cos 2  R 4  sin 2   R 4 R 4
4 0 
  d          . Note that I y  I x  . We can calcu-
2  8  2 0 8 8
R
late Iy  x dA  r 3 cos2 drd, directly as well.
2

00

Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment of

inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid, Ic. Or I x  Ic  Ad 2 ,
where d is the normal distance between x-axis and that parallel
passing through the point C at the centroid, or d = y. Therefore
2
R 4 R 2  4 R   9 2  64  4
Ic  I x  Ad 2      R .
8 2  3    72  

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area with refer-

ence to a desired point. Considering the origin as the reference,
R  R 
R4 R 4
Jo  r 2 dA  r 3 drd  dr 3 dr 
4 0
d   . Note that
00 0 0
4
Jo  I x  Iy.

Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the polar moment
of inertia with respect to the centroid, Jc. Or Jo  Jc  Ad 2, where
d is the distance between origin and the centroid. Therefore,
2
R 4 R 2  4 R   9 2  32  4
Jc  Jo  Ad 2      R .
4 2  3    36  

Table 2 lists the results for semi-circle shape.

TABLE 2  Results for Semi-circle

Shape Area Centroid Ix Ic Jo Jc

πR 4  9   64  4 πR 4  9 2  32  4
2
Semi-circle πR 2 4R
 R  R
2 3π 8  72   4  36  

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 150 • 100 Integrals

2  CIRCULAR SEGMENT SHAPES

We consider a segmental shape of a half circle with radius R as
shown in Figure 2, shaded area. Its area, centroid, and moment
of inertia is calculated using related integrals and the worked-out
solutions.
A circular segmental shape can be the cross section of a beam,
rod, or shape of hydraulic gate, for example.

a a

θ2 θ2 y
b b
R
β
x

Figure 2  A Circular segment area shape


Assuming total angle θ, from geometry we have a  R sin ,
2
 
b  R cos , and   . The equation of a circle reads x2  y2  R 2.
2 2
x2
Therefore, for the sector we can write y  R 1  2 .
R

100_Integrals.012.indd 150 28-07-2023 11:22:16

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 151

Area: We calculate the area using the integration of area differential

y a a a
element dA = dxdy. Therefore, A   dxdy  dy  dx 
b a
  y  b dx  2   y  b d
a 0
y a a a a a a a a
x2
dy  dy  dx 
b a
  y  b dx  2   y  b dx  2 ydx  2 bdx  2 ydx  2 ab.
a 0 0 0 0
But 2 ydx  2 R 
0 0
1  2 dx
R
a a 2
x
2 ydx  2 R  1  2 dx . Let x  cos   dx  R sin  d. Therefore, the
0 0
R R
   
limits of the integral reads x   0, a  R sin      , 
 2 2 2 
and write the latter integral in terms of the variable β to get
 

a
 sin 2
2 2 2
x  2
2R  1  2 dx  2 R 2 sin  d   R  1  cos 2  d  R 
2 2 2
 
0 R    2 
2
2 2

    
sin 
2
 s in 2  2
2  sin 2  2  sin    
 1  cos 2  d  R  2    . After applying the limits, we get R  2     R  2 
2 2

2 2

2 
   
sin 

 sin 2  2  sin         sin    R 2
R2     R2         sin  . Collecting all
 2   2 2 2 2  2
2

R 2
R2  
related answers, we get A     sin    2 ab     sin    2R 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
2
R 2
  R R 2
sin 
 2 ab     sin    2R 2 sin cos . Hence, A  2    sin  .
2 2  2
R 2 sin 

Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total area

and is located at C  0, y  when symmetry about y-axis exists as

shown in Figure 2. Or y 
ydA  ydA , where y is measured
dA A
from the x-axis to the centroid of the differential element. But
y a a a
1
  b a 2 a 
   y2 dx  ab2 .

2 2
ydA ydy dx y b dx
0

100_Integrals.012_3pp.indd 151 27-07-2023 16:46:20

 152 • 100 Integrals

a
a
a
 2 x3  a3
0  0        
2 2 2 2
The latter integral reads y dx R x dx R x aR
 3  0 3
3 3 
 3

a 3 a R sin
 dx  R2 x  x3   aR2  a3 . Therefore, y2 dx  ab2  aR2  a3  ab2  R3 sin 2  3 2  R3 sin 2
3

 0 0

3 
2 3 3 4R s
3
R sin R sin
a 3
 2  2  2 3 3  . Now, we have y  3 2 
 ab  R sin 
2 3
 R sin cos  R sin
3

3 2 3 2  2 3 2 R2 3 
   sin  
1  si n 2
 2
2

2 3 3 
R sin 4 R sin 3  
y  32 2   2 .
   sin   
R 3   sin  
2
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y a a a
2 2 2
I x  y dA  y2 dy  dx    y3  b3  dx  y3 dx  ab3 . But 
2

b a
30 30 3
2 2   R 4
 
 ab3   R 4 sin cos3   sin   1  sin 2  . Now, after sub-
3 3 2 2 3  2
3
2  a
2R3
x2
a 
stituting for y, the latter integral reads y3 dx 
0  R2
 1   dx.
30 3 
 
After rewriting the latter integral in terms of the varia-

3

ble β(recall x  R cos), we get 2 R  1  x  dx   2 R

2 3 a
4 2

 1  cos  
3

3 0 
2
sin
R 2  3 
 
3 2
x2  2R 4 2
2R 4 2

 1  cos  
3
 2  dx   sin  d    sin 4  d.
2
But using the
R  3 3
  
2 2
1
trigonometric relation, sin 4    3  4 cos 2  cos 4  we get
8


R4 2
R4  1  2 R4  3
   3  4 cos 2  cos 4  d    3  2 sin 2  sin 4       2 sin  
12  12 4 12  2
2
2

100_Integrals.012_3pp.indd 152 27-07-2023 16:47:56

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 153


1  2 R4  3 1 1 1 1 
2 sin 2  sin 4      2 sin   sin 2 . But we have sin 2  sin  cos   sin   1  2 sin
4   12  2 4  4 2 2 
2

1 1 1   1  R4  3 1
sin 2  sin  cos   sin   1  2 sin 2   sin   sin  sin 2 . Therefore,    2 sin   sin 2
4 2 2  2 2 2 12  2 4
R4  3 1  R 4
 3 5  
   2 sin   sin 2      sin   sin  sin . Collecting the
2

12  2 4  12  2 2 2
R4  3 5 2  R4  
results, we get I x     sin   sin  sin   sin   1  sin 2 
12  2 2 2 3  2
  R 4
   R 4
  
 sin 2   sin   1  sin 2 . After simplification, we get I x     sin   2 sin  sin .
2

2 3  2  8  2 
y a a
Similarly, considering y-axis as reference, Iy  x2 dA  dy  x2 dx  2   y  b  x2 dx 
b a 0
y a a a a a
2a b 3
2  
y  x2 dA  dy  x2 dx  2   y  b  x2 dx  2 yx2 dx  2 bx2 dx. But 2 bx2 dx     R 4 sin 3 cos
b a 0 0 0 0
3 3 2 2
a
2 a3 b 2   R4 
2 bx dx  
2
  R 4 sin 3 cos   sin  sin 2 . Now, after substituting for y,
0
3 3 2 2 3 2
a a
x2
the latter integral reads 2 yx2 dx  2 R x2 1 dx. After rewrit-
0 0
R2
ing the latter integral in terms of variable β (recall x  R cos),

a 2 2
x
we get 2 R x2 1  dx  2 R 4  sin 2  cos2 d. But using
0
R2 
2
1
the trigonometric relation, sin 2  cos2   1  cos 4  we get
8
 

2
R4 2
R4  1  2 R4   1
2 R 4
 sin 2  cos2 d    1  cos 4  d     sin 4     
 4  4 4 4 2 4
2
2 2

R4  1  2 R4   1 1 1 1
 cos 4  d     sin 4      sin 2 . But we have sin 2  sin  cos  
4 4 4 2 4  4 2 2
2

1 1 1   1 
sin 2  sin  cos   sin   1  2 sin 2   sin   sin  sin 2 . Therefore,
4 2 2  2 2 2

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 154 • 100 Integrals

R4   1  R  1
4
2 
  sin 2     sin   sin  sin . Collecting the
4 2 4  4 2 2 2
R4  
results, after some simplifications, we get Iy   3  3 sin   2 sin  sin
2

24  2
R4  2 
  3  3 sin   2 sin  sin .
24  2
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment of
inertia with respect to the centroid, Ic. Or I x  Ic  Ad 2 , where d
2
is the distance between x-axis and the centroid, or y. Therefore  3   
 4 R sin  
R4  2  R2  2 
Ic  I x  Ad 2     sin   2 sin  sin      sin   
8  2 2  3    sin   
 
 
2
 3   
 4 R sin  
2  R2  2   . Or, after simplification, I  R   sin   2 sin  sin 2     64
4

     sin     
 3    sin   
c
2 2 8  2 9
  
   
sin 6   
R4  
  64  2 
Ic    sin   2 sin  sin 2    .
8   2  9   sin  
 

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area

with reference to a desired point. Considering the ori-
gin as the reference, Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy.
Therefore, using previously obtained results, we have
R4  2  R4  2 
Jo     sin   2 sin  sin    3  3 sin   2 sin  sin  .
8  2  24  2
R4  2 
After some simplifications, we have Jo     sin   sin  sin
2

4  3 2
R4  2 
   sin   sin  sin
2
.
4  3 2

100_Integrals.012_3pp.indd 154 27-07-2023 16:50:52

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 155

Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the polar moment
of inertia with respect to the centroid, Jc. Or Jo  Jc  Ad 2, where
2
d is the distance between origin and the centroid, or y. Therefore  3   
 4 R sin  
R4  2 2  R2  2 
Jc  Jo  Ad 2     sin   sin  sin      sin   
4  3 2 2  3    sin   
2  
 3   
 4 R sin  
  R2  2  .
 sin 2      sin   
2 2  3    sin   
 

Table 3 lists some of the results for circular segment shape.

TABLE 3  Results for circular segment

Shape Area Centroid Ix Jo


Circular R 2 4 R sin 3   R 4  2  R 
4
2 2 
segment 2    sin   2    sin   2 sin  sin 
8  2 4 
   sin   sin  sin 
3 2
3    sin  

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 156 • 100 Integrals

3  SEMI-ELLIPSE SHAPES
We consider a half-ellipse shape with major and minor radii a and
b, respectively. Its area, centroid, and moment of inertia is calcu-
lated using integrals.
A half-ellipse shape can be the cross-section shape of beams,
rods, or hydraulic gates for example.

dA

dy
b
x

x
a

Figure 3  A Semi ellipse area shape and differential element

πab
Area is equal to , from geometry. We calculate the area using
2
integration of the area differential element dA = 2 xdy as shown
x2 y2
in Figure 3. Using the equation of ellipse, 2  2  1 we have
a b
b
y2 y
A  2 xdy  2 a  1  2 dy. Let  sin   dy  b cos  d  and
0
b b
  
2 2 2
A  2 ab 1  sin 2  cos  d   2 ab cos2  d   ab 1  cos 2  d .
0 0 0
/2
 sin 2  ab
Performing the integration gives ab     . Note
 2 0 2
that due to symmetry, area of an ellipse is πab.
Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total area
and is located at  0, y  when symmetry about y-axis exists.

100_Integrals.012_3pp.indd 156 27-07-2023 16:54:04

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 157

ydA  ydA . b b
y2
Or y But ydA  2 0 xydy  2 a0 y 1  b2 dy.
dA A
Performing the integration, after writing it in terms of
 
the variable θ, for values y   0, b      0,  gives,
 2
 
b
y2 2
 cos3   2 2 ab2
2 a y 1  2 dy  2 ab2  sin  cos2 d  2 ab2    .
0
b 0  3  0 3
2 ab2 / 3 4 b
Therefore, y   .
ab / 2 3 
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with refer-
ence to a desired axis. Considering the x-axis as reference,

b b
y2 2
I x  y2 dA  2 y2 xdy  2 a y2 1  2 dy  2 ab3  sin 2  cos2 d.
0 0
b 0
 

ab3 2 2 ab3 2
Performing the integrations gives
2 0
sin 2 d  
4  1  cos 4  d
0
  
3 2
ab ab 3 2
ab3  sin 4   ab3
2

 sin 2d   1  cos 4  d      I x . Similarly, we

2
 
2 0
4 0
4  4   0 8
a3 b
can calculate Iy  x2 dA  . Note that x is measured from the
8
centroid of the differential element.
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment
of inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid, Icx. Or
I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between axis x
and that parallel passing through the centroid, or y. Therefore
2
ab3 ab  4 b   9 2  64  3
Icx  I x  Ad 
2
     ab . Similarly, 
8 2  3    72  
2
a3 b ab  4 b   9 2  64  3
Icy  Iy  Ad 2
     a b.
8 2  3    72  

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 158 • 100 Integrals

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area with

­reference to a desired point. Considering the origin as the reference,
ab3 a3 b ab 2
Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy     a  b2 .
8 8 8
we can calculate the moment of inertia with respect to the cen-
 9 2  64  3
troid, Jc. Or Jc  Jcx  Jcy.Therefore, Jo     a b  ab .
3

 72  
Table 4 lists the results for semi-ellipse shape.
Table 4  Results for semi-ellipse
Shape Area Centroid Ix Icx Jo Jc

Semi- πab πab3  9   64  3 ab 2  9 2  64  3

2
4b
ellipse 3π


 ab  a  b2     a b  ab 
3

2 8  72  8  72  

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 Examples Applied in Engineering • 159

4  TWO-DEGREE POLYNOMIAL SHAPE-QUADRATIC

 x2 
Consider a quadratic polynomial shape of degree two, y  b  1  2 
 a 
which is bounded between coordinate axes in the first quadrant
(i.e., x > 0 and y > 0) as shown in Figure 4.

3.0
2.5
2.0
b=3 dx
1.5
dy
1.0
dA
0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

a=2
Figure 4  A quadratic area shape with a=2 and b=3.

Area, we calculate the area using integration of the differential

area element dA = dxdy. Using the equation of polynomial, we
y a a a
 x2 
have A  dA  dydx  ydx  b  1  2  dx. Performing the
0 0 0 0
a 
a
 x3  2 ab
integration gives A  b  x  2   . Simply, subtracting this
 3a 0 3
area from that of the enclosing rectangle, ab we get the value of
ab
the area over the polynomial, or .
3
Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total

area. Or yc 
ydA  ydA . But y a
1 2
a
b2 
a
x2 
2

dA A ydA  0 ydy0 dx  2 0 y dx  2 0  1  a2  dx 

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 160 • 100 Integrals

2
b2  x2  b2  x2 
a a a a
1 2 x4
ydx 
2 0 2 0  2 0 
y dx   1   dx   1   2  dx. Performing the integration,
0
a2  a4 a2 
a
b2  x 5 2 x3  4 ab2 4 ab2 / 15 2 b
gives,  x  4  2   . Therefore,
= yc = .
2  5a 3a 0 15 2 ab / 3 5
Similarly, we can calculate the x-coordinate of the centroid,

xc 
 xdA xdA

y a a a
 x2 
a
 x3 
. But xdA  dyxdx  yxdx  bx  1  2  dx  b  x  2  dx
dA A 0 0 0 0 
a  0
a 
a
a
 x2 
a
 x3   x2 x4  a2 b
 bx  1  2  dx  b  x  2  dx. Performing the integration, gives, b   2  
0 
a  0
a   2 4a 0 4
a
 x2 x4  a2 b. Therefore, a2 b / 4 3 a
b  2   = xc = .
 2 4a 0 4 2 ab / 3 8
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y 3
b3  x2  b3 
a a a a
1 x6 3 x 4 3
I x  y dA   y dxdy  y dydx  y3 dx    1  2  dx    1  6  4 
2 2 2

0 0
30 3 0 a  3 0 a a a
3
a
 x2  b3 
a
x6 3 x 4 3 x2 
0  a2 
 1   dx 
3 0 
 1  
a6 a 4
 2  dx. Performing the integrations gives
a 
a
b 
3
x 7
3 x 5 x3  16 ab3
Ix   x  6  4  2   . Similarly, we can calcu-
3  7a 5a a 0 105
y
a a a
 x4 
late Iy  x dA   x dxdy  dyx2 dx  yx2 dx  b  x2  2  dx.
2 2

0 0 0 0
a 
a
x 3
x 
5 3
2a b
Performing the integrations gives Iy  b   2   .
 3 5 a 0 15
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the
moment of inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid, Icx.
Or I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between
axis x and that parallel passing through the centroid, or yc.

100_Integrals.012_3pp.indd 160 27-07-2023 17:01:45

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 161

2
16 ab3 2 ab  2 b  8 ab3
Therefore Icx  I x  Ayc  2
    . Similarly,
105 3  5  175
2
2 a3 b 2 ab  3 a  19 3
Icy  Iy  Axc 
2
    a b.
15 3  8  480
Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area
with reference to a desired point. Considering the origin,
16 ab3 2 a3 b 2 ab
Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy     7 a2  8 b2 .
105 15 105
we can calculate the polar moment of inertia with respect to the
8 ab3 19 a3 b ab
centroid, Jc. Or Jc 
175

480

16800
 665a2  768 b2 .
Table 5 lists the results for a quadratic/parabolic polynomial shape.
TABLE 5  Results for a parabolic shape

Shape Area Centroid, Ix Icx Jo Jc

yc
Semi- 2 ab 2b 16 ab3 8 ab3 2 ab ab
ellipse 3 5 105 175 105
7 a2  8 b2  a 16800  665a2  768 b2 

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 162 • 100 Integrals

5  THREE-DEGREE POLYNOMIAL SHAPE-CUBIC

 x3 
Consider a cubic polynomial shape of degree three, y b  1  3 
 a 
which is bounded between coordinate axes in the first quadrant
(i.e., x > 0 and y > 0) as shown in Figure 5

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Figure 5  A cubic area shape with a=2 and b=4

Area, we calculate the area using integration of the differential

area element dA = dxdy. Using the equation of polynomial, we
y a a a
 x3 
have A  dxdy  dydx  ydx  b  1  3  dx . Performing the
0 0 0 0
a 
a
 x4  3 ab
integration gives A  b  x  3   . Simply, subtracting this
 4 a 0 4
area from that of the enclosing rectangle, ab we get the value of
ab
the area over the polynomial, or .
4
Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total

area. Or yc 
ydA  ydA . But y a a
1 2 b2 
a
x3 
2
b2
a

dA A ydA  0 0 2 0
ydy dx  y dx 
2 0 
 1  
a3 
dx 
2 
0

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 Examples Applied in Engineering • 163

2
b2  x3  b2  x3 
a a a a
1 2 x6
ydydx 
2 0 2 0  2 0 
y dx   1   dx   1   2  dx. Performing the integration,
0
a3  a6 a3 
a
b2  x7 2 x 4  9 ab2 9 ab2 / 28 3 b
gives,  x    . =
Therefore, = .
7 a6 4 a3  0
y
2  28 c
3 ab / 4 7
Similarly, we cancalculate the x-coordinate of the

centroid, xc 
xdA

 xdA y a a a
 x3 
. But xdA  dyxdx  yxdx  bx  1  3  dx
dA A 0 0 0 0 
a 
y
a a a
 x3 
a
 x4 
dA  dyxdx  yxdx  bx  1  3  dx  b  x  3  dx. Performing the integration, gives,
0 0 0 0 
a  0
a 
a
 x2 x5  3 a2 b 3 a2 b / 10 2 a
b  3   . Therefore,
= xc = .
 2 5a  0 10 3 ab / 4 5
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y 3
b3  x3  b3 
a a a a
1 3 x9 3
I x  y dA    y dxdy  y dy  dx  y dx    1  3  dx    1  9 
2 2 2

0 0
30 3 0 a  3 0 a a
3 3 3 3
b 
3 a
x  b 3 a
x 9
3x 6
3x 
dx    1  3  dx    1  9  6  3  dx. Performing the integrations gives
3 0 a  3 0 a a a 
a
b3  x10 3 x7 3 x 4  81ab3
Ix   x  9
 6  3  . Similarly, we can calcu-
3  10 a 7 a 4a 0 140
y a a a
 x5 
late Iy  x2 dA    x2 dxdy  dyx2 dx  yx2 dx  b  x2  3  dx.
0 0 0 0
a 
a
 x3 x6  a3 b
Performing the integrations gives Iy  b   3   .
 3 6a 0 6
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment
of inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid, Icx. Or
I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between axis x
and that parallel passing through the centroid, or yc. Therefore
2
81ab3 3 ab  3 b  108 3 a3 b 3 a
Icx  I x  Ayc 2      ab . Similarly, I cy  I y  Ax c
2
 
140 4  7  245 6 4
3 2
a b 3 ab  2 a  7 3
Icy  Iy  Axc 2      a b.
6 4  5  150

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 164 • 100 Integrals

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area

with reference to a desired point. Considering the origin,
81ab3 a3 b ab
Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy     70 a2  243 b2 
140 6 420
a3 b ab

6

420
 70 a 2
 243 b 2
.

we can calculate the polar moment of inertia with respect to the

108 ab3 7 a3 b ab
3
centroid, Jc  Icx  Icy. Or Jc 
245

150

7350
 343 a2  3240 b2 
a b ab

50 7350
 343 a2  3240 b2 .
Table 6 lists the results for a cubic polynomial shape.
Table 6  Results for cubic polynomial shape
Centroid, Ix I cx Jo Jc
Shape Area yc

7 a3 b ab
ab 3b 81ab3 108 3 ab 
Cubic
4 7 140 245
ab
420
70 a2  243 b2  150 7350
 343 a2  3240 b2 

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 Examples Applied in Engineering • 165

6  n-DEGREE POLYNOMIAL SHAPE-SPANDREL

As shown in Figure 6, consider a polynomial of degree n with its
n
 x
vertex at the origin. The polynomial equation reads y  b   . The
a
area under the polynomial, Spandrel is of interest in engineering. A
differential element dA = dxdy is used for the following calculation.

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Figure 6  A spandrel area shape with a=2 and b=4

Area, we calculate the area using integration of the area differen-

tial element dA = dxdy. Using the equation of polynomial, we have
ay y n a
b  x n 1 
a a a
 x ab
A  dxdy  dx dy  ydx  b   dx  n    .
00 0 0 0 0 
a a  n  1 0 n  1
Simply, subtracting this area from that of the enclosing rectangle,
nab
hb we get the value of the area over the polynomial, or . Note
n+1
that for n = 2, previous results for a parabolic are obtained.
Centroid is the first moment of area scaled by total area. Or
ydA  ydA . But ydA  a yydxdy  adx yydy  a  y2  dx.
yc    0 0 0  2 
dA A 00

After substituting for y and performing the integration, gives,

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 165 27-07-2023 16:45:33

 166 • 100 Integrals

a
a
 y2
 b2
a
b2  x 2 n 1  ab2
0  2 
2 a2 n 0
 
2n
 dx x dx  2n  1  . Therefore,
 2 a2 n   0 2  2 n  1
ab2
2  2 n  1  n  1 b
yc   .
ab 4n  2
n1
Similarly, we can calculate the x-coordinate of the centroid,

xc 
 xdA xdA

ay a y a
. But xdA  xdxdy  xdx dy  yxdx . 
dA A 00 0 0 0

After substituting for y and performing the integration,

a
b  x n 2 
a a
b n 1 a2 b
gives, yxdx  n x dx  n    . Therefore, 
0
a 0 a  n  2 0 n  2
a2 b
 n  1 a
xc  n  2  .
ab n2
n1
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y
a a
 y3  b3  x3 n 
a
b3  a3 n1 
I x  y2 dA  dx y2 dy     dx    3 n  dx  3 n  .
0 0 0
3  3 0 a  3a  3n  1 
ab3
Performing the integrations gives I x  . Similarly, we
9n  3
y
a a a
 x n 2  b  a n  3  a3 b
can calculate Iy  x dA  x dx dy  x ydx  b  n  dx  n  
2 2 2

0 0 0 0
a  a  n3 n3
a
 x n 2  b  a n  3  a3 b
 b  n  dx    .
0
a  an  n  3  n  3
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment
of inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid, Icx. Or
I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between axis x
and that parallel passing through the centroid, or yc. Therefore
ab   n  1  b  
2
ab3 7 n2  4 n  1  3
Icx  I x  Ayc 
2
     2 
ab .
9 n  3 n  1  4 n  2   12  3 n  1   2 n  1  

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 166 27-07-2023 16:47:53

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 167

ab   n  1  a  
2
a3 b 1  3
Similarly, Icy  Iy  Axc 2      2 
a b
n  3 n  1  n  2    n  3   n  2  
ab   n  1  a  
2
b 1  3
    2 
a b.
 3 n  1  n  2    n  3   n  2  

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area

with reference to a desired point. Considering the origin,
ab3 a3 b ab  a2 b2 
Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy      
9n  3 n  3 2  n  3 9n  3 
3
a3 b ab  a2 b2 
    .
 3 n  3 2  n  3 9n  3 
We can also calculate the polar moment of inertia with
respect to the centroid, Jc. Or Jc  Icx  Icy.Therefore

Jc  
 7 n2  4 n  1  3 

1  3



a2

7n
 ab   a b ab
 12  3 n  1   2 n  1     n  3   n  2     n  3   n  2  12  3
2 2 2

1  3



a2

 7 n2  4 n  1 b2  .
2 
a b ab
n  3   n  2     n  3   n  2  12  3 n  1   2 n  1  
2 2

Table 7 lists the results for a parabolic shape.

TABLE 7  Results for Spandrel

Shape Area Centroid, Ix Icx Jo Jc

yc

b3  a2 
   a2   2 
7 n2  4 n  1         
Spandrel, ab  n  1 b 3 a3 n  2  ab n  3  ab 
n 3 n 2 
order n  12  3 n  1   2 n  1   2  7 n2  4 n  1  b2 
n+1 4n  2  a3 n1 
  
b2 
   
 3n  1  ab3  9n  3   12  3 n  1   2 n  1 2 
 

These results are comparable to those obtained in the previous sec-

tions for two- and three-degree polynomials.

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 168 • 100 Integrals

7  SINUSOIDAL SHAPES
 x 
Consider a sinusoidal shape, y b sin   which is bounded
 a 
between coordinate axes in the first quadrant (i.e., x > 0 and y > 0)
as shown in Figure 7, for example for a = 2 and b = 3.

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5
dx
1.0 dy
dA
0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 x

 x 
Figure 7  A sinusoidal area shape, 3 sin  .
 2 

Area, we calculate the area using integration of the differential

area element dA = dxdy. Using the equation of the profile, we
y a a a
 x 
have A  dxdy  dydx  ydx  b sin   dx. Performing the
0 0 0 0  a 
a
 a x  2 ab
integration gives A  b   cos   . Simply, subtracting this
  a 0 
area from that of the enclosing rectangle, ab we get the value of the
 2
area over the sinusoidal curve, or ab  1    0.363 ab.
  

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 168 27-07-2023 16:50:46

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 169

Centroid is the first moment of area scaled by total area.

The y-coordinate of the centroid is yc 

ydA  ydA .
dA A
y y
a a a
 y2 
But ydA  ydxdy  dx ydy     dx. After substituting 
00 0 0 0
2 
for y and performing the integration, we get
a
y 
2
b 2 a
2  x 
2 a
b  2 x  2
b  a 2 x 
a
ab2
0  2  dx 
2 0
sin  
 a 
dx 
4 0 
 1  cos
a 
 dx 
4 
x 
2
sin
a  0

4
2
ab
ab . Therefore, y  4  b.
a
2 x  2
b  a 2 x  2

 dx   x  sin   c
2 ab 8
a  4  2 a 0 4

Similarly, we can calculate the x-coordinate of the centroid,

xc 
 xdA xdA

ay a y a
. But xdA  xdxdy  xdx dy  yxdx . After
dA A 00 0 0 0

substituting for y and performing the integration, we get

a a a a
 x   ab x  ab xx a2 b
0 yxdx  b 0  a   
x sin dx   x cos
a  0  0
 cos
a
dx 

.

0
2
a b
a
Therefore, xc    . This result confirms that from the shape
2 ab 2

a
symmetry (i.e., the shape is symmetric about the line at = ).
2
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y
a a
 y3  b3
a
 x 
I x  y dA  dx y2 dy     dx   sin 3   dx. 
2

0 0 0
3  3 0  a 
a a
b3 x 2  x  b3 x   x  
Rewrite the latter integral as
3 0 sin
a
sin  
 a 
dx 
3 0 sin  1  cos2   
a  a 

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 169 27-07-2023 16:52:43

 170 • 100 Integrals

a
x  b3 x  2  x  
 dx   sin  1  cos    dx and performing the integration, we get
a  3 0 a  a 
a a a
 a x  b3
b3 x 2  x  2 ab3 b3  a 3  x   2 ab3 2 ab3
a  0 3 0
 cos  sin cos   dx    cos    
  3 a  a  3 3  3   a 0 3 9
a 3 a a
3
 a x  b x  x  2 ab3
b  a
3
 x  
3
2 ab 2 ab 3
4 ab 3

  cos    sin cos2   dx     cos3        0.1415 a3 b

3   a 0 3 0 a  a  3 3  3  a 0 3 9 9
a
x  2 ab3 2 ab3 4 ab3
     0.1415 a3 b.
a 0 3 9 9
y a a a
 x 
Similarly, we can calculate Iy  x2 dA  dyx2 dx  yx2 dx  bx2 sin   dx
0 0 0 0  a 
y a a a
 x 
0 dy0 x dx  0 yx dx  b0 x sin  a  dx. Performing the integration gives
2 2 2

a a a
 ab 2 x  2 ab x a3 b 2 ab x
Iy    x cos  
  a 0  0  x cos
a
dx 


 0  x cos dx.
a
a
a
x  a x  a
a
x  a2 
The latter integral reads x cos a
dx   x sin    sin dx   2 cos
  a 0  0 a 
0   
0

a3 b 2 ab 2 a2    4  a b
a a 2 3
 a x  a
a
x  a2 x  2 a2
  x sin    sin dx   2 cos    2 . Therefore, Iy   . 2   0.189
  a 0  0 a   a 0     3
 
a3 b 2 ab 2 a2    4  a b
0 2 3

  . 2   0.1893 a3 b.
   3
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment of
inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid parallel to the x-axis,
Icx. Or I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between axis
x and that parallel passing through the centroid, or yc. Therefore
4 ab3  2 ab   b  128  9   ab
2 2 3

Icx  I x  Ayc 2      . Similarly,

9     8  288 

Icy  Iy  Axc 
 2  4  a3 b  2 ab   a 2  2  8  a3 b
     0.03 a3 b.
2

 3
   2  2 3

Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area

with reference to a desired point. Considering the origin,

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 170 27-07-2023 16:54:39

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 171

4 ab3    4  a b 13   36  a b
2 3 2 3

Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy     0.330
9 3 9 3
4 ab3    4  a b 13   36  a b
2 3 2 3

    0.3308 a3 b.
9 3 9 3
We can also calculate the polar moment of inertia with
respect to the centroid, Jc. Or Jc  Icx  Icy.Therefore

Jc 
 128  9 2  ab3  2  8  a3 b  272 2  9 4  1152  a3 b
   0.0734 a3 b
288  2 3
288  3

2 2  9 4  1152  a3 b
 0.0734 a3 b.
288  3

Table 8 lists the results for the sinusoidal shape area:

TABLE 8  Some results for sinusoidal shape

Centroid, Ix Icx Jo Jc
Shape Area yc

sinusoidal 2ab πb 4 ab3 128  9  ab 13

2 3 2
 36  a3 b  272 2  9 4  1152  a3 b
π 8 9π 288  9 3 288 3

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 172 • 100 Integrals

8  TRIANGULAR SHAPES
We consider an equilateral triangle shape with side a. Its area,
centroid, and moment of inertia are calculated using related
­
integrals.
A triangular shape can be the cross-section shape of beams,
rods, or hydraulic gates for example.

a a
h dx
dy

60° 60° x
a/2 a/2
Figure 8  A triangular area shape

a2 3
Area is equal to , from geometry. We calculate the area using
4
the integration of the area differential element dA = dxdy as shown
in Figure 8. Using the geometrical properties of the triangle we
 2x  a 3
have y  h  1   , where h = is the height of the triangle.
 a  2
y a/2
x2 
a/2 a/2
 2x   a
Therefore, we have A   dxdy  dy  dx  2 h   1   dx  a 3  x   
0 
0 a/2
a   a 0
a/2 a/2
 2x   x2  a2 3
 2 h   1   dx  a 3  x    .
0 
a   a 0 4

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 Examples Applied in Engineering • 173

Centroid is the first moment of area divided by its total area and is

located at  0, y  when symmetry about y-axis exists. Or y 

ydA  ydA
2 
dA A
   . But ydA  2 ydy dx  y2 dx  h2  1  2 x  dx  a .
y a/2 a/2 a/2
ydA ydA 3

y  0 0 0 0  a 
dA A 8
a3 / 8 a 3
=
Therefore, y =2
.
a 3 /4 6
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with ref-
erence to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as reference,
y a/2 a/2 a/2 3
2 2 h3  2x 
I x  y dA  2 y dy  dx   y dx 
3 0 
 1   dx.
2 2 3

0 0
3 0 a 
Performing the integral gives
a/2 3 a/2
2 h3  2x  2 h3  3 2 4 3 2 4 3 4
3 0 
Ix   1   dx   x  a x  a2 x  a3 x   32 a .
a  3 0

Similarly, we can calculate the moment of inertia with respect to the

y a/2 a/2 a/2
 2x 
y axis. Or Iy  x dA  2 dy  x2 dx  2  yx2 dx  2 h  x2  1   dx .
2

0 0 0 0  a 
Performing the integral gives
a/2 a/2
 2x   x3 x 4  3 4
Iy  2 h  x  1   dx  2 h    
2
a
0  a   3 2a 0 96
Using the parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment
of inertia with respect to the parallel axis at the centroid, Icx. Or
I x  Icx  Ad 2 , where d is the normal distance between axis x and
the parallel axis passing through the centroid, or y. Therefore
2
3 4 a2 3  a 3  3 4
Icx  I x  Ad  2
a     a.
32 4  6  96
Polar moment of inertia is the second moment of area with refer-
ence to a desired point. Considering the origin as the reference,
3 4 3 4 3 4
Jo  r 2 dA    x2  y2  dA  I x  Iy  a  a  a.
32 96 24

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 174 • 100 Integrals

9  RECTANGULAR SHAPES
We consider a rectangular shape with base b and height h. The
area, centroid, and moment of inertia are calculated using related
integrals.
A rectangular shape can be the cross-section shape of a beam,
rods, or hydraulic gates for example.

h dy
dx
x
b
Figure 9  A rectangular area shape

Area is equal to bh, from geometry. We can calculate the area

using integration of the differential area element dA = dxdy
as shown in Figure 9. Therefore, considering a coordinate
system, x − y with its origin at the down left vertex, we have
h b b
A   dxdy  dydx  h dx  bh.
0 0 0

Centroid is the first moment of area divided by total area. We

h b

can write y
ydA   ydy dx .
0 0
Therefore. After performing
A bh
h b h
 ydy dx  b  y / 2  0
2
h
the integration operation, we get y  0 0
 .
bh bh 2
b h b
xdA   0xdx 0dy  h  x / 2  0  b . Therefore, the
2

Similarly, x 
A bh bh 2
centroid is at C  b / 2, h / 2 . Theses results are consistent with those
obtained from the symmetry property of the rectangular shape.

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 174 27-07-2023 17:00:54

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 175

Moment of inertia is the second moment of area with reference

to a desired axis. Considering x-axis as the reference, we can write
h b h
h bh3
I x  y dA  y dydx. Therefore, I x  by2 dy  b  y3 / 3  0 
2 2
.
0 0 0
3
Similarly, moment of inertia about y-axis reads
b h 3
hb
Iy  x2 dA  x2 dx dy  .
0 0
3
Using parallel axis theorem, we can calculate the moment iner-
tia about a system of coordinates, xc − yc with its origin at
2
bh3 h bh3
the centroid. Or I xc  I x  Ay  2
 bh    , and
3 2 12
2
hb3  b hb3
Iyc  Iy  Ad 2   bh    .
3 2 12
bh 2
 h  b2 .
Polar moment of inertia about origin O, is Jo  I x  Iy 
3
Also, the polar moment of inertia about centroid reads
bh 2
Jc  I xc  Iyc 
12
 h  b2 .
We can also calculate Jc using the parallel axis theorem, as
bh 2  b2 h 2  bh 2
Jc  Jo  Ar 2 
3
 h  b2   bh    
4 4 12
 h  b2 .
 

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 175 27-07-2023 17:02:40

 176 • 100 Integrals

10  COMPLEX SHAPES

A complex shape can be divided into simple shapes. This ­facilitates
the calculation of the area properties for complex shapes using those
of simple shape components. The only requirement is this that for
each simple shape property, for example moment of inertia, we
consider a common reference axis. Again, parallel axis theorem can
be used for transformation of properties.

10.1  Example: A semi-circle with a semi-elliptical hole

We consider a semi-circular shape with radius R and with its center
located at the origin. A semi elliptical shape is taken away from the
original area with its semi radii being a  R and b  R , respec-
tively (0    1 and 0    1, are constants). Figure 10 shows the
complex shape.

b
x
a
R
Figure 10  A complex semi circular area shape with a semi ellipse hole

Area can be obtained by subtracting the area of the semi-ellipse

from that of the semi-circle. As shown in the previous sections (see
R 2 R 2  1    2
Table 3 and Table 5), we have A    R.
2 2 2

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 176 27-07-2023 17:03:21

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 177

Centroid is located at y distanced from the x- axis on the y-axis.

Using the obtained results from the previous sections, we have
 R 2   4 R   R 2   4R 
     4 1  2 
 2   3   2   3 
y  R.
 1    2 3  1   
R
2
Moment of inertia with respect to x-axis is simply that of
semi-ellipse part subtracted from the semi-circle’s. Therefore,
R 4 3 R 4 R 4
Ix 
8

8

8
1  3 . But moment of iner-
tia with respect to the axis at the centroid of the complex
shape requires the application of the parallel axis. For the
semi-circle part we have, using the previously obtained
 9 2  64  4  R 2   4 R 4 1    R 
2
2

results, Icx  cirle   R      . For

 72    2   3  3  1    
the semi-ellipse part we have, using the previously obtained results,
  4R 4 1    R 
2
2
 9 2  64  3 4  R 2
Icx  ellipse    R     .
 72    2   3  3  1    

As a numerical example, let   0.75, and   0.5. Therefore, we

get the following results as shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9  Results for a composite shape

Shape Area Centroid, y Ix Icx _ circle Icx _ ellipse

composite 0.9817 R 2 0.5093 R 0.3559 R 4 0.39795R 4 0.06228 R 4

10.2  Example: A rectangle with circular segment sides

We consider a rectangular shape with base b and height h. The
two vertical sides are composed of two circular segments where
the corresponding circles’ centers are located at h / 2 with radii R.
Figure 11 shows the complex shape.

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 177 27-07-2023 17:06:07

 178 • 100 Integrals

A B
4

2 R
θ
2
h
-4 -2 0 2 4 θ
2
-2

-4
D C

b
Figure 11  A complex rectangular area shape with circular segment sides

Considering the complex shape composed of two parts: a rectangle

and two circular segments. We use the results obtained in previous
sections for calculations.
Area can be obtained by subtracting the area of the segments
from that of the rectangle. As shown in previous sections we
R2 
have A  bh  2    sin  . But, from geometry, h  2 R sin .
2 2

Therefore, we have A  2 bR sin  R 2    sin  . Note that θ is
2
the angle corresponding to the circular arc.
Centroid is simply at the geometrical center of the shape, due to
h 
symmetry. Therefore, y   R sin .
2 2
Moment of inertia with respect to the axis at the centroid and parallel
to the base is simply that of rectangle part subtracted by the circular
bh3 R4  
segments. Therefore, Icx   2  3  3 sin   2 sin  sin 2 .
12 24  2 3
R 
Therefore, after simplifications, we have Icx   8 b sin 3   / 2  
12 
R3   2  
Icx  8 b sin 3
  / 2   R  3   3 sin   2 sin  sin  . Similarly, the
12   2  

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 178 27-07-2023 17:07:08

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 179

moment of inertia with respect to axis at the centroid and ­parallel

to the sides is that of the rectangle part subtracted by the circular
segments. But the distance from the centroid of the circular arc

4 R sin 3  
b   2 .
to the y-axis reads, from geometry, d   R cos 
2 2 3    sin  
Therefore, the moment of inertia of the circular sectors with
respect to the y-axis , using the parallel axis theorem, reads
    
sin 6    4R
R4  2   64  2 R 2 b 
Iys    sin   2 sin  sin    .     sin     R cos 
8   2  9   sin   2 2 2 3
  
2
    3   
in 6    4 R sin  
 2    R   sin   b  R cos  
2
 2  .
 
 sin   2 2 2 3    sin   
  

Therefore, for the complex shape we can write

    
b3 R sin    sin 6   
hb3 2  R
4

  64  2    R2
Icy   2 Iys    sin   2 sin  sin 2    . 
12 6 4   2  9   sin  
 
2
      
sin 6     4 R sin 3   

  64 b 
 2    R 2   sin    R cos   2  .
  2 sin  sin 2    .  
 2  9   sin    2 2 3    sin  
  

From these results, the polar moment of inertia about centroid can
be calculated Jc  Icx  Icy.

10.3  Example: A semi-circle with a triangular shape hole

We consider a semi-circle with radius R when a triangular shape
with base b and height h. Is subtracted from it, as show in Figure 12.
The complex shape is symmetric about the y-axis with conditions
b
that < R and h < R .
2

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 179 27-07-2023 17:07:56

 180 • 100 Integrals

E
2

1 h

F D C G
O
X X
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

b/2
−1

−2

Figure 12  A complex semi-circular area shape with a triangular shape hole

Considering the complex shape composed of two parts: a rectangle

and two circular segments. We use the results obtained in the pre-
vious sections for calculations.
Area can be obtained by subtracting the area of the triangle from
R 2  bh
that of the semi-circle. Or A  .
2
Centroid is simply at the geometrical center of the shape.
Therefore, with reference to the base x − x axis we have

y
 R2 / 2   4R / 3    bh / 2  h / 3  . After some simplifica-
 R2  bh  / 2
4 R 3  bh2
tions, we have y  . Due to symmetry, x = 0.
3  R 2  bh 

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 180 27-07-2023 17:08:22

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 181

Moment of inertia with respect to the x-x axis can be

bh3 πR 4
­calculated as that of triangle, from the semi-circle’s, .
12 8
R 4 bh3
Or I x   . After using the parallel axis the
8 12
orem, we can calculate the moment inertia about the
2
 R 4 bh3   R 2  bh   4 R 3  bh2 
centroid as I xc      .
  3  R  bh  
2
 8 12   2

Icx 
 64  9  R
2 6

Or, after simplifying this expression we get

Icx 
 64  9  R
2 6
 9 bhR 4  32 bh2 R 3  6 bh3 R 2  2 b2 h 4
.
72  bh  R 2 

Similarly, using symmetry, the moment of inertia with respect to

R 4 hb3
the y-axis can be written as Iy  Icy   .
8 12
From these results, the polar moment of inertia about the centroid
can be calculated Jc  Icx  Icy.

100_Integrals.013_3pp.indd 181 27-07-2023 17:09:07

 182 • 100 Integrals

11 A CANTILEVER BEAM WITH CUBIC LOAD

DISTRIBUTION
A cantilever beam is loaded with a cubically distributed load, as
3
x
shown in Figure 13. The load is given as q     where, ω is
L
the maximum load density per unit length (in N/m), and L beam
length. We calculate the equivalent load, its acting location xc, and
the distribution of the shear and bending moment for this beam.

X
A L B

Z
Figure 13  A Cantilever beam with cubic load distribution.

Equivalent load W, is the area under the distribution. Therefore,

L L 3
x
we can write W  q dx     dx. Performing the integration
0 
0
L
3
L
x  L  L
4
gives    dx    3   .
0 
L  4L  4
Centroid of the load, xc is where W is acting. Therefore,
L x
3
  L5 
 xq dx   0  L   L3  5   4 L . We can calcu-

L
x
xc  0
L L L 5
4 4 4
L
late the support reaction force RA  , and the moment
4

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 182 27-07-2023 16:52:13

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 183

 L   4 L  L 2
MA      , after writing the balance of forces in
 4  5  5
the z-direction and the that of the moments of point A.
Shear force distribution, V as a function of x, is given as
V   q dx  C1 where, C1 is determined by the boundary condi-
tions for the shear force, for example V x = L = 0. Performing the

integration, gives V   q dx  C1   3 x 4  C1 . Applying the
4L
 4 L
boundary conditions gives  3 L  C1  0  C1  . Hence
4L 4
 L
V   3 x4  . Note that the shear force equation recovers the
4L 4
L
reaction force at the support A, or V( x  0)  .
4
Bending moment distribution, M as a function of x, is given as
M  V dx  C2 where, C2 is determined by the boundary conditions
for the moment, for example M x = L = 0. Performing the integra-
  L   5 L
tion, gives M     3 x 4   dx  C2   x  x  C2 .
 4L 4  20 L3 4
Applying the boundary conditions gives
 5 L 2
L 2
 5 L L2
 L   C 2  0  C2   . Hence M   x  x 
20 L3 4 5 20 L3 4 5
 5 L L 2
M x  x . Note that the bending moment equation recovers the
20 L3 4 5
L2
reaction moment at the support A, or M( x  0)   .
5

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 183 27-07-2023 16:55:26

 184 • 100 Integrals

12 A CANTILEVER BEAM WITH QUARTER-ELLIPSE

LOAD DISTRIBUTION
A cantilever beam is loaded with an elliptical quarter distributed
2
x
load, as shown in Figure 14. The load is given as q   1   
L
where, ω is the maximum load density per unit length (in N/m),
and L beam length. We calculate the equivalent load, its acting
location xc, and the distribution of the shear and bending moment
for this beam.

X
A B

Z
Figure 14  A Cantilever beam with quarter-ellipse load distribution.

Equivalent load W, is the area under the distribution.

L L 2
x
Therefore, we can write W  q dx   1    dx.
0 0 L
x
Let  sin   dx  L cos  d. Writing the integral in terms
L
of the variable α and performing the integration gives
 

L 2
x
2
L 2 L 1 L
1  cos 2  d    sin 2  
2
 1    dx  L  cos2  d  
0 L 0
2 0 2  2 0 4

L  1 2 L
2  d     sin 2   .
2  2 0 4

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 184 27-07-2023 16:56:24

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 185

Centroid of the load, xc is where W is acting. Therefore,

2
L x
 x 1    dx L 2
0
L 4 x
L 0
xc   x 1    dx. Writing the inte-
L L
4
gral in terms of the variable α and performing the integration
 
L 2 2 2
x 21 2 L
gives x 1    dx  L  sin  cos d   L  cos    .
2 2 3

0 L 0 3 0 3
 4   L  4L
2
Therefore, xc      .
 L   3  3 
L
We can calculate the support reaction force RA  , and the
4
 L   4 L  L2
moment M A        , after writing the balance
 4   3  3
of forces in the z-direction and the that of the moments about
point A .
Shear force distribution, V as a function of x, is given as
V   q dx  C1 where, C1 is determined by boundary conditions
for the shear force, for example V x = L = 0. Performing the inte-
2
x
gration, gives V    1    dx  C1 . Writing the integral
L
x
in terms of variable α (recall  sin   dx  L cos  d) gives
L
L L  1
  1  cos 2  d  C1      sin 2   C1. Applying the
2 2  2 
boundary condition, V x  L  V   / 2  0 gives  L  C1  0  C1  L
4 4
L L L  1  L
  C1  0  C1  . Hence, V      sin 2   . Writing the
4 4 2  2  4
shear force equation in terms of the original variable x,

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 185 27-07-2023 16:59:16

 186 • 100 Integrals

L  1  L L L L  2x
gives V  
   sin 2       sin  cos       1
2  2  4 2 4 4 
 L

L L L  2x x 2
x 
   sin  cos       1  2  2 sin 1   . Note that the shear
2 4 4  L L  L  
force equation recovers the reaction force at the support A, or
L
V ( x  0)  .
4
Bending moment distribution, M as a function of x, is given as
M  V dx  C2 where, C2 is determined by boundary conditions
for the moment, for example M x = L = 0. writing the integral,
L  2x x2 1 x
 L  x2 L
gives M  
4 


 
L
1 
L2
 2 sin
L


dx  C2 
4
x 
2  x 1 
L2
dx 
2 
sin

L  x2 L x
 C2  x  x 1  2 dx   sin 1 dx  C2. But writing the former integral
4 2 L 2 L
 x 
in terms of the variable   recall,  sin   dx  L cos  d 
 L 
3/2
 x2 L2 L2 L2  x2 
reads  x 1  2 dx    sin  cos2  d  cos3   1  2 
2 L 2 6 6  L 
2 3/2
L 2
L 2
x 
 cos3    1  2  . Similarly, the latter integral can be written as
6 6  L 
L 1 x L2 L2 L2  x 1  x 
 
2  2 
 sin dx    cos  d     sin   cos     sin    1
L 2 2  L L
L2 L2  x 1  x  x2 
  sin   cos      sin    1  2 . After collecting all related
2  L L L 
3/2
L L2  x2  Lx 1  x  L
answers, we get the solution as M  x  1  2 
 sin   
4 6  L  2 L 2
3/2
L2  x2  Lx 1  x  L2 x2
 1  2   sin    1  2  C2 . Applying the boundary con-
6  L  2 L 2 L
L2 L2
dition, M x = L = 0 gives   C2  0  C2  0 . Hence,
4 4

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 186 27-07-2023 17:01:11

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 187

the bending moment equation, after simplification, reads

L   x2  x2 1  x 

M 3 x  2 L  2  2  1  2  6 x sin   . Note that the
12   L  L  L  
bending moment equation recovers the reaction moment at the
L2
support A, or M( x  0)   .
3

100_Integrals.014_3pp.indd 187 27-07-2023 17:01:35

 188 • 100 Integrals

13 A CANTILEVER BEAM WITH INVERSE COSINE

LOAD DISTRIBUTION
A cantilever beam is loaded with an inverse cosine distributed load.
2 x
The load is given as q  cos1   where, ω is the load density
 L
per unit length (e.g., N/m), and L beam length. In this section,
we present the calculations for the equivalent load, its acting loca-
tion xc from the support, and the distribution of shear and bending
moment along the length of this beam.
Equivalent load W, is the area under the distribution.
L L
2 x
Therefore, we can write W  q dx   cos1   dx. Let
0
 0 L
x x
cos1      cos   and dx   L sin  d. Note that the limits
L L

of integral change to   for x = 0 and   0for x = L. Writing the
2
integral in terms of the variable α and performing the integration gives
L 0
2 1  x  2 L 2 L 2 L
 cos   dx     sin  d     cos   sin  0 
 0 L    2 
2

2 L
 cos   sin  
0
  .
2 

Centroid of the load, xc is distance from the support where W is ­acting.

2 L x L x
  0
x cos1   dx  x cos1   dx
L  0
 L  . Writing the
Therefore, xc 
2 L L

integral in terms of the variable α and performing the integration gives

L 2  sin 2   0 1 0  L2 
1  x  
0     sin cos  d    L2           
2 2
x cos   dx L  sin d
 
L 0  2   2   4  
 2 2   


  / 4  

100_Integrals.015_3pp.indd 188 27-07-2023 16:57:30

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 189

 sin 2   0 1 0  L2   sin 2   L2

0

2   2 
d    L  
2
  sin  d   
2
        . Therefore,
  4   2  8
 2 2        2



  / 4   /2 

L2 L
xc  /L .
8 8
We can calculate the reaction force at the support, point A as
2L  L   2L  L2
RA  , and the moment M A      , after
  8    4
writing the balance of forces in the z-direction and the that of the
moments about point A.
Shear force distribution, V as a function of x is given by
V   q dx  C1 where, C1 is determined by the boundary con-
ditions for shear force, for example V x = L = 0. Performing the
2 x
integration gives V  
  cos1   dx  C1. But the inte-
L
gral in terms of the variable α reads (see previous paragraph)
V    cos   sin    C1. Applying the boundary condition at the
tip of the beam, or V x  L  V   0 gives C1 = 0. Hence, shear force as
2 L  x2 x 1  x 

a function of x reads V   1  2  cos    . Note that
  L L  L  
the shear force equation recovers the reaction force at the support
2L
A, or V x 0  .

Bending moment distribution, M as a function of x, is given by
M  V dx  C2 where, C2 is determined by the boundary con-
dition for moment, for example M x = L = 0. Performing the
2 L  x2 x 1 x

  
integration, gives M  1   cos  dx  C2 .
L2 L L 

100_Integrals.015_3pp.indd 189 27-07-2023 17:00:39

 190 • 100 Integrals

But the integral in terms of the variable α reads (recall

x 2L2
cos  ),
L
M
 
 sin2    sin  cos   d  C2 . But,
using the integration by parts technique, we have
2L2 2L2   sin 2  1 
  sin  cos  d  
 

2
  sin 2  d   .
2 
Therefore, after combing the results we have
2 L 2
 sin  1
2
 2L2  3  si
M           2    sin 2  d  
2 2
 sin d sin d C 
  2 2    2 2
 2 L  3
2
 sin 
2

 d   C2      sin 2  d    C2 . The remaining integral can be
   2 2 
3 3 3 sin 2
written as 
 sin  d     1  cos 2  d     
2
.
2 4 4 8
2L2  3 sin 2  sin 2  
Therefore, M        C2 . Applying
  4 8 2 
the boundary condition, M x  L  M   0  0, we get C2 = 0 . Now,
writing the equation for M in terms of the original variable x, we get
2L2  3 sin 2  sin 2   2L2  3 1  x  1 x x2 1 x
M          cos    1   cos1 
  4 8 2    4 L 4 L
2
L 2 L
3 x 1 x x2 1  x  x2  
 cos1    1  2  cos1    1  2  . After collecting similar terms in
4 L 4 L L 2  L  L  
L2  x x2  2 x2  1  x 
this expression and simplifying, we have M   1    1   cos  
2   L L2  L2  L
L2  x x2  2 x2   x 
  1  2   1  2  cos1    .
2   L L  L   L  

100_Integrals.015_3pp.indd 190 27-07-2023 17:02:32

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 191

14 A CANTILEVER BEAM WITH PARABOLIC LOAD

DISTRIBUTION
A cantilever beam is loaded with an inverse cosine distributed
 x2 
load. The load is given as q    1  2  where, ω is the load density
 L 
per unit length (e.g., N/m), and L beam length. In this section,
we present the calculations for the equivalent load, its acting loca-
tion xc from the support, and the distribution of shear and bending
moment along the length of this beam.
Equivalent load W, is the area under the distribution. Therefore,
L L
 x2 
we can write W  q dx    1  2  dx. Performing the integra-
0 0
L 
L
 x3  2 L
tion gives W    x  2   .
 3L 0 3

Centroid of the load, xc is distance from the support where W is

L
L  x2   x2 x4 
 x  1  2  dx 3   2 
0
 L   2 4L 0 3L
acting. Therefore, xc    .
2 L 2L 8
3
We can calculate the reaction force at the support, point A as
2 L  3 L   2 L  L2
RA  , and the moment M A      , after
3  8  3  4
writing the balance of forces in the z-direction and the that of the
moments about point A.
Shear force distribution, V as a function of x is given by
V   q dx  C1 where, C1 is determined by the boundary conditions
for shear force, for example V x = L = 0. Performing the integration
 x2   x3 
gives V    1  2  dx    x  2 . Applying the boundary
 L   3L 
2 L
condition at the tip of the beam, or V x = L = 0 gives C1  . Hence,
3
2 L 
the shear force as a function of x reads V   x  2 x3. Note
3 3L

100_Integrals.015_3pp.indd 191 27-07-2023 17:05:26

 192 • 100 Integrals

that the shear force equation recovers the reaction force at the
2 L
­support A, or V x 0  .
3
Bending moment distribution, M as a function of x, is given by
M  V dx  C2 where, C2 is determined by the boundary condi-
tion for moment, for example M x = L = 0. Performing the integra-
 2L x3 
tion, gives M     x  2  dx  C2. But the integral reads
 3 3L 
 2L x 
3
 2L x2 x4 
   x  2  dx    x   . Applying the bound-
 3 3L   3 2 12 L2 
L2
ary condition, M x = L = 0, we get C2   . Now, writing the equa-
4
 1 4 1 2 2L L2 
tion for M we get M    2
x  x  x  .
 12 L 2 3 4 

100_Integrals.015_3pp.indd 192 27-07-2023 17:07:05

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 193

15 A CANTILEVER BEAM WITH CIRCULAR

SEGMENT CROSS-SECTION AND QUARTER-
ELLIPSE LOAD DISTRIBUTION
We consider a cantilever beam with a circular segment cross-­
section. The beam is under a quarter elliptical distributed load. We
calculate the bending and shear stresses at the point of maximum
value.
In previous sections, we calculated the moment of inertia and the
centroid of a circular segment. These results are repeated here for
convenience, after some simplifications:


4 R sin 3  
2 θ
Centroid yc  R cos , distance of centroid from the
3    sin   2

segment base. y

 

4 64 sin 6   
R  2   , with
Moment of inertia Ic    sin  cos  
8  9    sin   
 
respect to the neutral axis at the centroid.
Also, in the previous section, we calculated the maximum bending
moment and the shear force due to a quarter-ellipse load distribu-
tion. These results are repeated here for convenience:
L L2
Vmax  , Mmax   . where, ω is the maximum load den-
4 3
sity per unit length measured at the beam support location, and L
beam length.
Mmax
The bending stress is given as   y. Where, y is the dis-
Ic
tance measured from the neutral axis in the plane of the cross
section. Assuming a bending moment that puts the top fiber
of the beam at the tension (i.e., negative moment), we get

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 193 27-07-2023 17:02:43

 194 • 100 Integrals

    
4 R sin 3    sin 3   
ytop  R  y  R   2   4R  3   2  . Therefore, 
3    sin   3  4   sin  
 
     
2  sin 3    4  64 sin 6   
M 4 RL 3  2   / R   sin  cos   2
 top  max ytop    
Ic 9  4   sin   8  9    sin  
   
 
4  64 sin 6   
R  2  . After some simplifications, we get 
  sin  cos  
8  9    sin  
 

192    sin    256 sin 3  
L2 2
 top   3 . . Similarly,
8R 6
9    sin      sin  cos    64 sin  
2
the stress due to bending at the bottom fiber of the beam reads
 3   
2  4 R sin    4  64 sin 6  
M L  2   R cos   / R   sin  cos    2   L
L2
 bottom  max yc  
Ic 3  3    sin   2 8  9    sin   8 R 3
   
 
   
4  64 sin 6   256 sin 3    192    sin   cos
 2   L
2
R L 2 2
  sin  cos   . .
8  9    sin   8 R 3

9    sin      sin  cos    64 sin 6  
  2
Note that the ratio of the stress at the top and the bottom of
ytop
the beam cross section is exactly equal to the value of . Or
ybottom

3    sin    4 sin 3  
 top ytop  2  . These results con-
 
 bottom ybottom  
4 sin 3    3    sin   cos
 
2 2
firm that the variation of the stress is linear across the cross section
of the beam.

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 194 27-07-2023 17:03:30

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 195

Exercise problems
1. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a quarter circle. Consider the axis through cen-
troid for the calculations.
2. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half circle with a half circular hole. Consider
the axis through centroid for the calculations.
3. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a quarter ellipse. Consider the axis through
centroid for the calculations.
4. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half ellipse with a half circle hole. Consider
the axis through centroid for the calculations.
5. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half ellipse with a half ellipse hole. Consider
the axis through centroid for the calculations.
6. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half circle with a half ellipse hole. Consider
the axis through the centroid for the calculations.
7. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a quadratic polynomial shape. Consider the axis
through centroid for the calculations.
8. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half ellipse with a quadratic hole. Consider
the axis through centroid for the calculations.
9. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half ellipse with a spandrel hole. Consider the
axis through centroid for the calculations.
10. Calculate area, centroid, moment of inertia, polar moment
of inertia for a half circle with a rectangular add on to it
along the diameter. The width of the rectangle is equal to
the circle radius divided by two. Consider the axis through
the centroid for the calculations.

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 195 27-07-2023 17:03:30

 196 • 100 Integrals

16  PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS-PDF

Probability density functions/distributions (e.g., Normal, Weibull)
are used in engineering and statistics. Usually, the integral of these
functions is needed and are referred to as CDF (cumulative dis-
tribution function). In practice, engineers use standard tables for
related calculations. In this section, we use the integration tech-
niques for calculating the CDF related to Gaussian/Normal and
Weibull distributions.

16.1  Normal distribution

Basic form of Normal distribution is given as N  x   e x dx, also
2

2
related to as Error function. Plotting the e− x shows that it has a
maximum value of 1 at x = 0 and symmetrically decreases about the
vertical axis. This so-called bell-shape can represent many natural
and industrial random data probability distributions. In this sec-
tion, we show how to perform integration this function and calcu-
late N  x  for an infinite range, x  0,  .
 
We can write the integral as N  e x dx  e y dy. Since the answer
2 2

0 0
is equivalent regardless of the variable x or y. Now, we calculate
  
  x2  y2 
N 2  e x dx e y dy  e
2 2
dxdy. This equation is valid since,
0 0 00
for example, the value of the integral in terms of the variable y is
treated as a constant for the integral in terms of x, or vice versa.

Now, we transform the integral from Cartesian  x, y  to polar coor-

dinate  r, . We can write x  r cos and y  r sin . Therefore,
x2  y2  r 2 and dxdy  rdrd (i.e., the differential area elements
defined in each coordinate system). This can be shown as follow:
x x y y
dx  dr  d  cos  dr  r sin  d and dy  dr  d   sin  dr  r cos  d 
r  r 
y y
y dr  d   sin  dr  r cos  d  . But the Jacobian of transformation reads
r 
cos   r sin 
J  r , determinant of the Jacobian matrix.
sin  r cos 

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 196 27-07-2023 17:06:02

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 197

Therefore, the differential elements are related through

dxdy  Jdrd  rdrd.
 /2 

 x2  y2 
e  de
 r2
Now we can write dxdy  rdr. Note that the
00 0 0
limits of the integrals read r  0,  and   0,  / 2 , consistent with

x and y  0, . Now we calculate this integral in terms of r, or e r rdr .
2

0
Let r  u  2 rdr  du and write the new integral in terms of
2

 
1 1  1 1
the variable u as e r rdr  e u du    e u  0    0  1   .
2

0
2 0
2 2 2
/2  /2
1  

 d e rdr  0 . Or N  x   e x dx 
2
r
Therefore, N   
2 2
d
0 0
2 4 0
2

1 / 2
 

N  x   e x dx  . Note that due to symmetry,  e x dx   .
2 2

0
2 

The normalized form of the integral, N̂  x  can be calculated by


π 2  x2
, or N̂  x  
 0
dividing both side with e dx  1. Similarly, we
2

1

2
have e x dx  1.
 

The standard form of the integral, N  x  can be calculated by using

z dz
the change of the variable technique. Let x   dx  and
2 2
the normalized form of the integral in terms of the variable z reads
 z2  z2
2  1 
as N̂  z    e 2
dz  1. Similarly, we have  e 2
dz  1.
2 0 2  
It is customary to plot the distribution about its mean µ, versus
x
origin and scale it with its standard deviation σ, or z  . Mean

is defined as the integral of the first moment of distribution. Or

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 197 27-07-2023 17:08:51

 198 • 100 Integrals



 e x 
2
1
  xe dx   
 x2
  . The Variance (or Standard deviation
0  2  0 2
square, σ ) is defined as the integral of the second moment of dis-
2



tribution. Or   x2 e x dx 
2
2
.
0
4

16.2  Weibull distribution

b
b 1 t
b t   
Weibull density function is given as f  t     e    . It gives

distribution of the function f vs. time for given shape factor, b and
scale factor, θ. Here we use two-parameter Weibull for our calcula-
tions. For a given set of data, the values of b and θcan be obtained
to fit a given set of data. For example, for b = 3 Weibull and Normal
distributions are closely alike.
t b
 b
The CFD, is F  t    f  t  dt . Let    z  dt  b1 dz.
t
0 
  bt
Therefore, writing the integral in terms of z gives
b
t t
b t 
t
 b  t  b 1   b
b 1 t
 
t

0 f  t  dt  0    
      b1 e z dz  e z dz.
e 

0      bt 0
t
  t  
b b
t
 
Performing the integration gives F  t    e    e
z 
 1  e 
.
 
0

Mean and variance can be calculated as well. These quanti-

ties involve special function, Gamma [8]. The Gamma func-

tion is defined as   x   t x 1 e t dt. It can be shown that
0

  x    x  1    x  1    x  1  ! . The mean for Weibull distri-

b
 b 1 t
bt  t   
 1
bution can be worked out as      e

   1  .

   
Similarly, the variance     1  2 b    1  1 / b   .
2 2 2

Weibull distribution has extensive applications in Reliability

engineering.

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 198 27-07-2023 17:09:34

 Examples Applied in Engineering • 199

REFERENCES
[1] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_
integrals.
[2] K. Charlwood, “Integration on Computer Algebra Systems,”
The Electronic Journal of Mathematics and Technology, vol.
2, no. 3, pp. 291-301, 2008.
[3] J. e. Sasikala, “Applications of Integral Calculus in Engi-
neeing,” International Journal of Science, Engineering and
Management (IJSEM), vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 112-116, 2017.
[4] “University of South Carolina,” [Online]. Available: https://
people.math.sc.edu/girardi/m142/integration/100problems.
pdf. [Accessed 2022].
[5] “LibreTexts,” CXone Expert knowledge management,
[Online]. Available: https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Mon-
roe_Community_College/MTH_211_Calculus_II/Chap-
ter_7%3A_Techniques_of_Integration. [Accessed 2023].
[6] “Openstax,” [Online]. Available: https://openstax.org/books/
calculus-volume-1/pages/a-table-of-integrals. [Accessed 2023].
[7] M. Math, “Integration Bee,” [Online]. Available: https://math.
mit.edu/~yyao1/integrationbee.html. [Accessed 2023].
[8] Daniel Zwillinger (Editor), CRC Standard Mathematical
Tables and Formulas, 33rd Edition, Chapman and Hall/
CRC, 2018.
[9] “engineering Fundamentals-eFunda,” eFunda Inc.,
[Online]. Available: efunda.com. [Accessed 2023].
[10] D. Z. (Editor), Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, 8th
Edition, Academic Press, 2014.

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 199 27-07-2023 17:09:34

100_Integrals.016_3pp.indd 200 27-07-2023 17:09:34