SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY in which everything moved around a single center at

Lesson 1:  unvarying rates.

Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society  Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the
universe. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or
Objectives  orbiting the Sun each year. The moon, however, would still
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: be seen orbiting the Earth. 
discuss how the ideas postulate by Copernicus, Darwin, and  Copernicus'model of Earth orbiting around the Sun
Freud contributed to the spark of scientific revolution; and  automatically positioned the planets into a logical
Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the sequence.
world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and
Africa.  Two Kinds of Planetary Motion according to Copernicus'
Model: 
SCIENCE REVOLUTION: How can Science be defined?  1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the
Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; 
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all 2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's 
available systematic explanations and observations about the orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. 
natural and physical world. 
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a  From Copernicus'model, he would work on the length of
systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the
This process of study involves systematic observation and Sun. The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with
experimentation.  a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a Saturn with the longest year. He placed the order of
discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals increasing distance from the Sun.
with the process of learning about the natural and physical  One of the greatest problem of Copernicus model was the
world. This is what we refer to as school science.  position of the stars. The stars cannot be placed in a fixed
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that position like crystals in a distance sphere. 
science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings  During the 16th century, the Copernican model was judged
to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a to be heretic and therefore was unacceptable to be taught to
mean to improve life and to survive in life. Catholics. It was also banned by the Catholic Church for
the rest of the century.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 
 Started in the early 16th century up to 18th century in CHARLES DARWIN 
Europe, because of the invention of printing machine and
the blooming intellectual activities done in various places  Famous for his theory of evolution 
of learning   In 1589, he published his book,"The Origin of Species",
 Was the period of enlightenment when the developments in which was also considered to be one of the most important
the fields of Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology works in scientific literature. Darwin collected significant
and Chemistry transformed the views of society about materials to support his theory. His book presented
nature.  evidence on how species evolved over time and presented
 Was the Golden Age for people committed to scholarly life traits and adaptation that differentiate species. 
in science.  In his book called "The Descent of Man", he introduced the
 It is very significant in the development of human beings, idea of all organic life, including human beings under the
transformation of the society, and the formulation of realm of evolutionary thinking. This rep;aced the dominant
scientific ideas.  views of religious or biblical design that places human
 Led to the creation of new research fields in science and beings in a privileged position of having been created by
prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for God.
modern science.  Darwin made major contributions to: 
 Evolutionary biology 
 Philosophy Science
 More than Darwin's works, what made him really
remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and
unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during
those days. His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave
more value to evidence-based science.

SIGMUND FREUD 

 Is a famous figure in the field of psychology 

 He also made a significant contribution in the scientific
Figure 1. Influences to Scientific Revolution world through the development of an important
observational method to gather reliable data to study
Three Notable Scientists and their Revolutionary Ideas.  human's inner life. This method is known as
psychoanalysis. 
1. Nicolaus Copernicus   For Freud, Psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study
2. Charles Darwin  human mind and neurotic illness. 
3. Sigmund Freud  His method was unorthodox ─ focusing on human
sexuality and the evil nature of man.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 
 He was interested in Astronomy and his ideas were an
example of what is presently called as a thought DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
experiment. 
 Written the manuscript called "Commentariolus" (Little Maya Civilization 
Commentary) 
 The publication of his book "De revolutionibus orbium  One of the famous civilizations that lasted for
coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly approximately 2,000 years. Known for their works in
Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific Astronomy ─ they incorporated their understanding of
revolution. In his book, he wanted a model of the universe astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.
(e.g. The Pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at
 the location of the Sun during the spring and fall India 
equinoxes.) 
 They used their knowledge in celestial bodies such as  Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical
predicting eclipse and astrological cycles in planting and workers 
harvesting.   Iron steel - considered to be the best and held with high
 Mayans are also known for measuring time using two regard in the whole of Roman Empire 
complicated calendar system which is used in planning  Famous in medicine (e.g. Ayurveda - a system of
their activities and to observe religious rituals and cultural traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before
celebrations. 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative
 They also developed the technology for growing crops and medicine.) 
building elaborate cities using ordinary machines and tools.  Susruta Samhita - ancient text that describes different
(e.g. Hydraulic system with sophisticated waterways to surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient
supply water to different communities.) The Mayans built India. 
looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery  Ancient India is also notable in the field of Astronomy
paints made from a mineral called mica.  (e.g. They developed theories on the configuration of the
 Mayans are considered as one of the most scientifically universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year
advanced societies in Mesoamerica.  of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.)
 One of the world's first civilizations to use a writing  Siddhanta Shiromani - According to Sama, it is an
system known as Mayan hieroglyphics.  ancient text that covered topics such as: 
 They were also skilled in mathematics and created a 1.  Mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the
number system based on the numeral 20. planets 
2. Lunar eclipses 
3. Solar eclipses 
Inca Civilization  4. Latitudes of the planets 
5. Risings and settings 
 The following were scientific ideas and tools that they 6. The moon's crescent 
developed to help them in everyday life: 7. Conjunctions of the planets with each other
 roads paved with stones  8. Conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars
 stone buildings that surmounte earthquakes and other 9. The three problems of diurnal rotation
disasters irrigation system and technique for storing 10. Sygyzies  -Paths of the Sun and Moon 
water for their crops to grow in all types of land 
 calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season 
 the first suspension bridge 
 quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that China 
only experts can interpret 
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially  Known for traditional medicines - a product of centuries of
prized artistic achievements  experiences and discovery of the Chinese people (e.g.,
Acupuncture) 
 In terms of technology, Chinese's famous discoveries and
inventions are were compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
and printing tools. In the field of Astronomy, Chinese
observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather
changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. 
Aztec Civilization   Chinese are also known in seismology, making them more
prepared in times of natural calamities.
 The following are their substantial contributions to science
and technology and to the society as a whole: Middle East Countries 
 Mandatory Education. The Aztec puts value on
education; that is why their children are mandated to  Ibn al-Haytham - a Muslim scientist, and is also regarded
get education regardless of their social class, gender, as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof
or age. It is an early form of universal off inclusive of the intromission theory of light. Muhammad ibn Musa
education.  al-Khwarizmi - a Muslim mathematician, gave his name to
 Chocolates. They developed chocolate in Mexico the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is
during their time. In Mayan culture, they used it as derived from al-jabr. 
currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly  Jabir ibn Hayyan - Father of Chemistry 
and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.   Ibn Sina - he pioneered the science of experimental
 Antipasmodic medication. They used a type of medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
antipasmodic medication that could prevent muscle trials. Among his many contributions are th discovery of
spasm and relax muscles, which could help during the contagious nature of infectious disease and the
surgery.  introduction of clinical pharmacology.
 Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for
agriculture farming in which the land was divided into Development of Science in Africa
rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 
 Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their
activities, rituals, and planting season.  Egyptian Civilization 
 Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for
traveling in water systems.  Made significant advances in the fields of astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine (e.g., the development of
geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the layout
and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along
Development of Science in Asia the Nile River.) 
 Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy, which is
Asia  known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. 
 Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental
 Biggest continent in the world  mathematical operations and other mathematical skills.
 Home of the ancient civilizations   Astronomy was famous in African region (e.g., Africans
 In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a
civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle combination of the three. 
East civilizations.  Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy, which is
known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. 
 Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of  In basic education, science education focuses on nature
early people in the African continent.  studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject
 The Lebombo Bone - used as a tool for multiplication, formally known as "Science."
division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-
month lunar calendar. Also considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.

SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Lesson 2: 
Science, Technology, and Nation-Building

Objectives 
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:discuss
the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-
building; 
evaluate government policies pertaining to science and
technology in terms of their contributions to nation-building;
and 
identify actual science and technology policies of the
government and appraise their impact on the development of the
Filipino nation. 

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology

in the Philippines

Pre-Spanish Philippines 

 Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant

their crops that provide them food, in taking care of
animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food
production. 
 Technology is used by people in building houses,
irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in
everyday life. (e.g., they developed tools for planting,
hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
during war. The sophisticated designs of gold and silver
jewelries, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their
technological ideas helped in the development of different
tools. 
 Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and nearvy countries
have influenced their lives by providing different
opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.

Spanish Era 

 The Spaniards established schools for boys and girls and

introduced the concept of subjects ad disciplines. 
 School of Science and Technology - the beginning of
formal science and technology in the country. 
 Learning of Science in school focuses on understanding
different concepts related to human body, plants, annimals,
and heavenly bodies. 
 Learning of Technology in school focuses on using
developing house tools used in everyday life.
 Galleon trade - brought additional technology an
development in the Philippines. 
 The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade in
Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one
of the most developed places in the region.

Influences of America 

 Americans established the public education system,

improved the engineering works and the health conditions
of the people. 
 They established a research university, the University of
the Philippines, and created more public hospotals than the
former colonial master. 
  Science education develops a strong foundation for
studying science and for considering science-related
careers in the future. 
 In tertiary education, science education deals with
developing students'understanding and appreciation of
science ideas and scientific works. 
 It also focuses on the preparation of science teachers,
scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various
science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture,
medicine, and health sciences.

Science Schools in the Philippines 

1. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) - It is a

service institute of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
Figure 3. Influences in the Development of Science and secondary courses with special emphasis on subjects pertaining
Technology in the Philippines to the sciences. 
2. Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project - It aims
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science  to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values. 
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding research on tissue 3. Quezon City Regional Science High School - The school was
culture in Philippine mangoes.  a product of a dream to esablish a special science school for
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on observing the talented students in science and mathematics. It envisions to
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images serve as a venue in providing maximum opportunities for
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the field of science-gifted students to develop spirit of inquiry and
electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous creativity.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering  4. Manila Science High School - It is the first science high
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her research on sea snail school in the Philippines. The organization and curriculum of
venom  the school puts more emphasis on science and mathematics. It
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine  aims to produce scientists with scientists with souls. 
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - for his research on herbal 5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation- It is the home and
medicine  pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - for inventing the meconium drugs Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The school takes pride in its
testing  Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP), which
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena - for doing research on plant organizes small international workshops to foster the informal
biotechnology  but intense exchange of ideas and perspectives on outstanding
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz - for being an outstanding educator problems in physics and mathematics.
and graph theorist 
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in the field of
communications technology

Filipino Scientists who are recognized abroad fortheir

outstanding contributions to science: 

1. Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally renowned physicist 

2. Edgardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine science
3. William Padolina - chemistry and president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) - Philippines 
4. Angel Alcala - marine science

SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Lesson 3: 
Science Education in the Philippines

Objectives 
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:discuss
the concept of science education; and identify science schools
established to promote science education in the Philippines 

Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education 

SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Lesson 4: 
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

Objectives 
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:discuss
the concept of indigenous science; and discuss the contributions
of indigenous science in the development of science and
technology in the Philippines 

Indigenous Knowledge System 

Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and
practiced by the indigenous people are:
 predicting weather conditions and seasons using
knowledge in observing animals' behavior and celestial
bodies 
 using herbal medicine 
 preserving foods 
 classifying plants and animals into families and groups
based on cultural properties preserving and selecting good
seeds for planting 
 using indigenous technology in daily lives 
 building local irrigation systems 
 classifying different types of soil for planting based on
cultural properties producing wines and juices from
tropical fruits 
 keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the
yard 

Indigenous Science 

 It is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by

different groups of people and early civilizations. 
 According to Cajete, Indigenous Science includes
everything from metaphysics to philosophy and various
practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples
both past and present. It has also developed diverse
structures and contents through the interplay between the
society and environment.

Pawilen developed a simple framework for understanding

indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous science is
composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process
skills and guided by community values and culture.
1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as
observing comparing, classifying, measuring, problem
solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community
values such as the following:
 The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the
creator. The Earth is reverred as"Mother Earth." It is the
origin of their identity as people. 
 All living and nonliving things are interconnected and
interdependent with each other. 
 Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other
natural resources. They have a responsibility to preserve
it. 
 Nature is a friend to human beings - it needs respect and
proper care 
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge
practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-
biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk
astronomy. 
4. Indigenous science is important in the development of science
and technology in the Philippines