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Summary 299

Chapter 4 SUMMARY

Section 4.1 Introduction to Relations

Key Concepts Examples
Any set of ordered pairs (x, y) is called a relation in Example 1
Let A  5 10, 02, 11, 12, 12, 42, 13, 92, 11, 12, 12, 42,
x and y.
13, 92 6.
Domain of A: 50, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 36
Range of A: 50, 1, 4, 96

The domain of a relation is the set of first compo- Example 2

nents in the ordered pairs in the relation. The range of
a relation is the set of second components in the or- y
dered pairs. 4

x
0
6 6

Domain: 36, 64
Range: 30, 4 4

Section 4.2 Introduction to Functions

Key Concepts Examples
Given a relation in x and y, we say “y is a function of Example 1
5 11, 32, 12, 52, 16, 326
x” if for every element x in the domain, there corre-
Function
sponds exactly one element y in the range.
Nonfunction 5 11, 32, 12, 52, 11, 426

The Vertical Line Test for Functions Example 2

Consider a relation defined by a set of points (x, y) in y y
a rectangular coordinate system. Then the graph defines
y as a function of x if no vertical line intersects the graph
in more than one point.

x x

Function Not a Function

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300 Chapter 4 Introduction to Relations and Functions

Function Notation Example 3

f(x) is the value of the function f at x. Given f (x)  3x 2  5x, find f (2).
f122  3122 2  5122
 12  10
 22

The domain of a function defined by y  f1x2 is the Example 4

set of x-values that when substituted into the function Find the domain.
produces a real number. In particular,
• Exclude values of x that make the denominator of a 1. f 1x2  x  4 ; 1, 52 ´ 15, 2
fraction zero. x5
• Exclude values of x that make a negative value within 2. f1x2  1x  3; 33, 2
3. f1x2  3x2  5; 1, 2
a square root.

Section 4.3 Graphs of Functions

Key Concepts Examples
A function of the form f 1x2  mx  b 1m  02 is a linear Example 1
function. Its graph is a line with slope m and
f1x2  2x  3 y
f(x)  2x  3
y-intercept (0, b). 5
4
3
2
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5

A function of the form f 1x2  k is a constant Example 2

f 1x2  3
function. Its graph is a horizontal line. y
5
4
3
2
f(x)  3
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
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Summary 301

A function of the form f 1x2  ax2  bx  c 1a  02 Example 3

f 1x2  x2  2x  1
is a quadratic function. Its graph is a parabola. y
5
4
3
Graphs of basic functions:
2
f 1x2  x f 1x2  x2 1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
f(x)  x2  2x  1
4
5

f 1x2  x3 f 1x2  0 x 0
Example 4 f(x)
5
Find the x- and 4
y-intercepts for the (0, 1)
3
2
function pictured. 1
(1, 0) (5, 0)
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3 y  f (x)
4

f 1x2  1x f 1x2 
1 5

x
f1x2  0, when x  1 and x  5.
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (5, 0).
f102  1. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

The x-intercepts of a function are determined by

finding the real solutions to the equation f1x2  0.
The y-intercept of a function is at f(0).
Let I be an open interval in the domain of a function, f. Example 5 y
5
Then,
4

1. f is increasing on I if f 1a2 6 f 1b2 for all a 6 b 3

2
on I.
2. f is decreasing on I if f 1a2 7 f 1b2 for all a 6 b on
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
I.
3. f is constant on I if f 1a2  f 1b2 for all a and b
2
3
on I. 4
5

f is increasing on 10, 2
f is decreasing on 12, 02
f is constant on 1, 22
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302 Chapter 4 Introduction to Relations and Functions

Section 4.4 Variation

Key Concepts Examples
Direct Variation Example 1

y is directly proportional to x. f
y varies directly as x. t varies directly as the square root of x.
y  kx
t  k1x

Inverse Variation Example 2

y is inversely proportional to x. f y  x
y varies inversely as x. k W is inversely proportional to the cube of x.
k
W
x3

Joint Variation Example 3

y is jointly proportional to w and z. f

y varies jointly as w and z. y is jointly proportional to x and to the square of z.
y  kwz
y  kxz2

Steps to Find a Variation Model Example 4

1. Write a general variation model that relates the C varies directly as the square root of d and inversely
variables given in the problem. Let k represent the as t. If C  12 when d is 9 and t is 6, find C if d is 16
constant of variation. and t is 12.
k1d
2. Solve for k by substituting known values of the vari- Step 1: C 
ables into the model from step 1. t

k19 k3
3. Substitute the value of k into the original variation Step 2: 12  1 12  1 k  24
6 6
model from step 1.
24 1d 24 116
Step 3: C  1C 1C8
t 12

Chapter 4 Review Exercises

y
Section 4.1 3.
70
1. Write a relation with four ordered pairs for (3, 60) 60 (9, 60)
50
which the first element is the name of a parent 40
and the second element is the name of the 30
parent’s child. 20
10
x
108 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
10
For Exercises 2–5, find the domain and range. 20
30

2. e a , 10b, a6, b, a , 4b, a7, b f

1 1 1 2
3 2 4 5