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Assig of Oracle

The document discusses various topics related to database languages and distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It provides definitions and examples of different database languages including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, and transaction control language. It also discusses key concepts such as data independence, database architecture levels, data redundancy, data replication in DDBMS, and natural joins in database queries.

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Student Ritwan
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Assig of Oracle

The document discusses various topics related to database languages and distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It provides definitions and examples of different database languages including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, and transaction control language. It also discusses key concepts such as data independence, database architecture levels, data redundancy, data replication in DDBMS, and natural joins in database queries.

Uploaded by

Student Ritwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assig of Orcle

1: Write a brief note on database languages?


Database languages, also known as query languages or data query languages, are a classification
of programming languages that developers use to define and access databases
There are four categories of Database Languages and they are:-
 Data definition language (DDL)
Data definition language (DDL) creates the framework of the database by specifying
the database schema. (Create, Alter, Drop,Rename)
 Data manipulation language (DML)
Data manipulation language (DML) provides operations that handle user requests,
offering a way to access and manipulate the data that users store within a database.
(Insert,Update,Delete,Select).
 Data control language (DCL)
Data control language (DCL) controls access to the data that users store within a
database. Essentially, this language controls the rights and permissions of the database
system.(Grant, Revoke)
 Transaction control language (TCL)
Transaction control language (TCL) manages the transactions within a database.
Transactions group a set of related tasks into a single, executable task.(Commit,
Rollback)
2: Differentiate between data independence and structural independence?
 Structural independence:- exists when changes in the database structure do not
affect DBMS ability to access data.
 Data Independence:- exists when The changes done in the lower level will not
affect the upper layers.
3: Which data model does not support the many-to-many relationship between
entities?
 Relational database systems

 Advantages of Relational Database


 Speed
 Security
 Simplicity
 Accessibility
 Accuracy
 Multi User
 Disadvantages of Relational Database
 Cost
 Performance

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Assig of Orcle
 Physical Storage
 Complexity
 Information Loss
 Structure Limitations
4: Which are the three level of database architecture? Explain each in detail with diagram?
External/ View level
 This is the highest level of database abstraction. It includes a number of external schemas
or user views. This level provides different views of the same database for a specific user
or a group of users. An external view provides a powerful and flexible security
mechanism by hiding the parts of the database from a particular user.

Conceptual or Logical level


 This level describes the structure of the whole database. It acts as a middle layer between
the physical storage and user view. It explains what data to be stored in the database,
what the data types are, and what relationship exists among those data. There is only one
conceptual schema per database.

Internal or Physical level


 This is the lowest level of database abstraction. It describes how the data is stored in the
database and provides the methods to access data from the database. It allows viewing the
physical representation of the database on the computer system.

(Don’t forget the diagram)

5: Discuss data redundancy and data inconsistency with relevant example?


 What is data inconsistency explain with example?
 For instance, assume a hospital database. Changing the address of one patient can affect
many other tables. Only one record will have correct data while the others will have false
data. Hence, this is data inconsistency.

 Data redundancy
 Data redundancy refers to the practice of keeping data in two or more places within a
database or data storage system.
 A common example of data redundancy is when a name and address are both present
in different columns within a table. If the link between these data points is defined in
every single new database entry it would lead to unnecessary duplication across the entire
table.
6:Write a short note on file-based management system?

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Assig of Orcle
 A file-based data management system (also called a file system) is a type of software that
allows users to access and organize small groups of data. It is usually integrated into a
computer’s operating system and is responsible for storing and retrieving files from a
storage medium, such as a hard disk or flash drive. File systems are effectively a digitized
version of paper-based filing systems for a wider range of file types.
7: What is data replication? Why is data replication useful in DDBMSs? What
typical units of data replicated?
 Data replication?
 Data replication is the process by which data residing on a physical/virtual server(s) or
cloud instance (primary instance) is continuously replicated or copied to a secondary
server(s) or cloud instance (standby instance).
 Why is data replication useful in DDBMSs?
 It is useful in improving the availability of data.
 What typical units of data replicated?
 Full table replication
 Transactional replication
 Snapshot replication
 Merge replication
 Key-based incremental replication
8: What are the main advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases?
Advantages
 Modular development Costly software
 Reliability
 Lower communication costs
 Better response
Disadvantages
 Improper data distribution
 Data integrity
 Large overhead
 Costly software
9: Write short notes on the following?
 Transactions:- is a sequence of multiple operations performed on a database, and all
served as a single logical unit of work — taking place wholly or not at all.
 Transaction Analogy:- is that selecting a reporting database denormalization is like
selecting a workhorse for an effort. It can carry a heavier weight,
 Changes Visible :-
 changing the name of a database, table, view, or column.

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Assig of Orcle
 modifying a stored procedure, trigger, or user-defined function.
 changing or adding relationships using referential integrity features.
 changing or adding database partitioning.
 Locking:- is used to “lock” some data in a database so that only one database
user/session may update that particular data.

10: what is natural-JOIN in a DDBS query processing? Explain with an example?


 Is When two tables have a column with the same name (and type) then this is a ‘natural’
join, like:
 E.g Select * from table1 NATURAL JOIN table2

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