MAT323(Dynamical Systems) Assignment 3 Ahnaf Shahriar Asif (22301787)

5.2.1

(a)

ẋ = 4x + y, ẏ = 2x + y. The system ẋ = Ax will be in the following form:

     
ẋ a b x
= Now, from the equations, we can easily see that a = 4,b = −1,c = 2, and d = 1.
ẏ c d y       
ẋ 4 −1 x 4 −1
Therefore, ẋ = Ax means = Now, here, A = , and in order to find the char-
ẏ 2 1 y 2 1
acteristic polynomial, we have to find the determinant of A − λI.

   
A − λI  =  4 −1 + λ 0  = 0
   
 2 1 0 λ 
 
4 − λ −1 
= =0
2 1 − λ
= (4 − λ)(1 − λ) + 2 = 0
= λ2 − 5λ + 6 = 0
So, the characteristic polynomial is indeed λ2 −5λ+6. Now, from the equation, we can find λ1 = 2, λ2 = 3.
Now, let’s say our eigenvectors are V1 = (x1, y1), and V2 = (x2, y2).Now for the first eigenvalue,
  
4 − 2 −1 x1
= 0 =⇒ 2x1 − y1 = 0 =⇒ V1 = (1, 2)
2 1 − 2 y1
For the second eigenvalue,
  
4 − 3 −1 x2
= 0 =⇒ x2 − y2 = 0 =⇒ V2 = (1, 1)
2 1 − 3 y2

(b)

We know that
     
x x x
= c1 1 eλ1 t + c2 2 eλ2 t
y y1 y2
   
1 2t 1 3t
= c1 e + c2 e
2 1
c e2t + c e3t
 
= 1 2t 2 3t
2c1 e + c2 e

Therefore, x(t) = c1 e2t + c2 e3t and y(t) = 2c1 e2t + c2 e3t .

(c)

From (a), we know that a = 4,b = −1,c = 2, and d = 1. So, ad − bc = 6 > 0 and (a + d)2 − 4(ad − bc) > 0,
and a + d > 0, which means the point is unstable.

(d)

(x0 , y0 ) = (3, 4), and t = 0. From (b), c1 + c2 = 3, and 2c1 + c2 = 4 =⇒ c1 = 1, c2 = 2.

Therefore, x(t) = e2t + 2e3t , and y(t) = 2e2t + 2e3t

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MAT323(Dynamical Systems) Assignment 3 Ahnaf Shahriar Asif (22301787)

5.2.2

(a)

ẋ = x − y and ẏ = x + y. Now,
       
ẋ 1 −1 x 1 −1
= =⇒ A = . Now, the characteristic polynomial is λ2 − τ λ + ∆, where
ẏ 1 1 y 1 1
√
2± 4−8 2±2i
τ = 1 + 1 = 2, and ∆ = 1.1 − 1.(−1) = 2 =⇒ λ2 − 2λ + 2 = 0. Therefore, λ = 2 = 2 = 1 ± i.
So, λ1 = 1 + i, and λ2 = 1 − i.
 
v
Now, if the eigenvector is V = 1 , we have (A − λI)V = 0.
v2
    
1−λ −1 v1 0
=
1 1−λ v2 0
(1 − λ)v1 − v2 = 0
v1 + (1 − λ)v2 = 0
 
i
Now, putting λ1 = 1 + i, v1 = iv2 , and take v1 = i and v2 = 1. Therefore, one eigenvector V1 = .
1
 λ2 = 1 − i, v1 = −iv2 , and take v1 = −i and v2 = 1. Therefore, another eigenvector
Now, putting
−i
V2 = .
1
(b) We know that eit = cos(t) + i sin(t) and e−it = cos(t) − i sin(t). Now,

X(t) = c1 eλ1 t V1 + c2 e2 t V2
     
x(t) t+it i t−it −i
= c1 e + c2 e
y(t) 1 1
   
i −i
= c1 et eit + c2 et e−it
1 1
   
i −i
= c1 et (cos(t) + i sin(t)) + c2 et (cos(t) − i sin(t))
1 1
t t
   
ic1 e (cos t + i sin t) −ic2 e (cos t − i sin t)
= +
c1 et (cos t + i sin t) c2 et (cos t − i sin t)
ic1 et (cos t + i sin t) − ic2 et (cos t − i sin t)
 
=
c1 et (cos t + i sin t) + c2 et (cos t − i sin t)
Therefore, x(t) = ic1 et (cos t+i sin t)−ic2 et (cos t−i sin t), and y(t) = c1 et (cos t+i sin t)+c2 et (cos t−i sin t).

5.2.11
 
λ b
Given that A = Where b ̸= 0. We know that if the eigenvector is V , then (A − λI)V = 0.
0 λ
    
λ−λ b v1 0
= =⇒ bv2 = 0 =⇒ v2 = 0 [since b ̸= 0]
0 λ−λ v2 0

Now, we cannot choose v1 = 0 as the norm

 has to be nonzero and we can choose any other arbitrary
1
number, let’s choose v1 = 1. So, V = . So, the solution becomes X(t) = c1 eλt . The phase portrait
0
will be in the next page.

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MAT323(Dynamical Systems) Assignment 3 Ahnaf Shahriar Asif (22301787)

Ẋ = Ax. Now,
    
ẋ λ b x
=
ẏ 0 λ y
ẋ = λx + by
ẏ = λy
I made the phase portrait taking λ = 1 and b = 1. I generated the phase portrait from This Link

5.3.2

(a) Ṙ = J, J˙ = −R + J.

Romeo’s affection increases or decreases depending on Juliet’s state and size of affection. The more
Juliet loves him, the faster his love for her grows and vice versa. In contrary, the more Romeo loves
Juliet, the more Juliet’s love decreases.

(b)

    
Ṙ 0 1 R
=
J˙ −1 1 J
√
The characteristic equation is λ2 − λ + 1 which implies the eigenvalues are λ1,2 = 12 ± 23 i. Both of the
eigenvalues are complex with a positive real part, which means it has an unstable spiral at the origin
fixed point.

(c)

R(0) = 1 and J(0) = 0.

Let V 1 and U are the 2 eigenvectors.

" √ #   
− 21 ± 23 i 1√ V1 0
=
−1 1
± 3
i V2 0
2 2

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MAT323(Dynamical Systems) Assignment 3 Ahnaf Shahriar Asif (22301787)

√ √
From above, we get V2 = ( 21 + 23 i)V1 and −V1 +V1 = 0. Choosing V1 = 1 arbitrarily, we get V2 = 12 + 23 i.
√
Similarly, for the second eigenvector, we can find U2 = 1 and U1 = 21 − 23 i. So, the general solution is:
√ √
   
1√ ( 21 + 23 i)t 1√ ( 12 + 23 i)t
X(t) = c1 e + c2 e
1
2 + 23 i 1 3
2 − 2 i
√ √
1 3 1 3
From the initial values given above, we find c1 = 2 + 6 i and c2 = 2 − 6 i. Using the Euler’s formula,
further simplification yields,

√  !
3 1 1
R(t) = cos t − √  e2t
2 √
3 sin 23 t
√ 
2 3 1
J(t) = √ sin t e2t
3 2
Here is a sketch of R(t) and J(t).

And Here is the phase plot.

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