MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 2: Transformations of functions

Exercise 2.01 Vertical translations of functions

Question 1

a Let f ( x) = x 2
=y f ( x) + 3
This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 3 units up.

b Let f ( x) = x 2
=y f ( x) − 7
This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 7 units down.

c Let f ( x) = x 2
=y f ( x) − 1
This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 1 unit down.

d Let f ( x) = x 2
=y f ( x) + 5
This is a vertical translation of f(x) by 5 units up.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

Question 2

a Let f ( x) = x3
=y f ( x) + 1

This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 1 unit up.

b Let f ( x) = x3
=y f ( x) − 4

This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 4 units down.

c Let f ( x) = x3
=y f ( x) + 8

This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 8 units up.

Question 3

1
Let f ( x) =
x
1
y= + 9 = f ( x) + 9
x

This is a vertical translation of f (x) by 9 units up.

Question 4

a Let f ( x) = x 2 d Let f ( x) = x 3
y = f ( x) − 3 = x 2 − 3 y = f ( x) − 4 = x3 − 4

b Let f ( x) = 2 x e f ( x) = log x
y = f ( x) + 8 = 2 x + 8 3 units upwards means
f=( x) log x + 3
c Let f ( x) = x
f 2
y = f ( x) + 1 = x + 1 Let f ( x) =
x
2
y = f ( x) − 7 = −7
x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

Question 5

a Let y = x 4 b Let y = x 4
f ( x)= y − 1 f ( x)= y + 6
y is translated 1 unit down y is translated 6 units up

Question 6

a i Let f (=
x) 2 x3 + 3 ii =y f ( x) + 3
=y f ( x) − 5 = 2 x3 + 3 + 3
= 2 x3 + 3 − 5 = 2 x3 + 6
= 2 x3 − 2

b i Let f ( x=
) x −4 ii =y f ( x) − 2
=y f ( x) + 1 = x −4−2
= x − 4 +1 = x −6
= x −3

c i Let f ( x=
) ex + 2 ii =y f ( x) + 3
=y f ( x) − 1 = ex + 2 + 3
= ex + 2 −1 = ex + 5
= ex + 1

d i Let =
f ( x) log e x − 1 ii =y f ( x) − 7
=y f ( x) + 11 = log e x − 1 − 7
= log e x − 1 + 11 = log e x − 8
= log e x + 10

Question 7

a y → y+2 c y → y+m
(1, −3 + 2) = (1, −1) (1, −3 + m)

b y → y−6
(1, −3 − 6) = (1, −9)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

Question 8

a =
yimage yoriginal + 1 b =
yimage yoriginal − 3
=2 yoriginal + 1 =2 yoriginal − 3
yoriginal = 1 yoriginal = 5

Original point is (–1, 1). Original point is (–1, 5).

Question 9

a =
y x 2 + 2 is the graph of y = x 2 b =
y 3x − 4 is the graph of y = 3x
translated 2 units up. translated 4 units down.

=
y x 2 − 3 is the graph of y = x 2
translated 3 units down.

c y= x − 3 is the graph of y = x translated 3 units down.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

Question 10
a 1 b 1 1
Let f ( x) = y= + 1 is the graph of y = translated
x x x
1 1 unit up.
+=
1 f ( x) + 1
x
1
The graph of y = is vertically
x
translated 1 unit up.

Question 11
a vertical translation of f (x) 1 unit b vertical translation of f (x) 2 units up
down

Question 12
a 3x + 1 3x 1 b 3x + 1 1
= + y= translates the graph y =
x x x x x
1 3 units up.
= +3
x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

Exercise 2.02 Horizontal translations of functions

Question 1
a Let f ( x) = x 2
=y f ( x − 4)
The graph of y= ( x − 4) 2 is a horizontal translation 4 units right

b =y f ( x + 2)
The graph of y= ( x + 2) 2 is a horizontal translation 2 units left

Question 2
a Let f ( x) = x 3
=y f ( x − 5)
The graph of y= ( x − 5)3 is a horizontal translation 5 units right

b =y f ( x + 3)
The graph of y= ( x + 3)3 is a horizontal translation 3 units left

Question 3
a Let f ( x) = x 2 d Let f ( x) = x3
y = f ( x + 3) = ( x + 3) 2 y = f ( x − 4) = ( x − 4)3

b Let f ( x) = 2 x e Let f ( x) = log x

y= f ( x − 8)= 2 x −8 y= f ( x + 3)= log( x + 3)

c Let f ( x) = x
y = f ( x + 1) = x + 1

Question 4
1
Let f ( x) =
x
1
y= f ( x − 3)=
x −3
1
A translation of y = , 3 units to the right.
x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

Question 5

a Let f ( x) = x 4
f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) 4
1
A translation of f ( x) = , 2 units to the left.
x

b f ( x − 5) = ( x − 5) 4
1
A translation of f ( x) = , 5 units to the right.
x

Question 6

a i Let f ( x) = − x 2 ii f ( x − 8) =−( x − 8) 2
f ( x + 4) =−( x + 4) 2

b i Let f ( x) = x ii f ( x + 4) = x + 4
f ( x − 3) = x − 3

c i Let f ( x) = e x + 2 ii e x + 2−7
f ( x − 7) =
= e x + 2+=
f ( x + 4) 4
e x+6 = e x −5

d i Let=
f ( x) log 2 ( x − 3) ii f ( x +=
3) log 2 (( x + 3) − 3)
f ( x −=
2) log 2 (( x − 2) − 3) = log 2 x
= log 2 ( x − 5)

Question 7

a f ( x − 4) is a horizontal translation 4 units right.

Co-ordinates of image (1 + 4, –3) or (5, –3)

b f ( x + 9) is a horizontal translation 9 units left.

Co-ordinates of image (1 – 9, –3) or (–8, –3)

c f ( x + t ) is a horizontal translation t units.

Co-ordinates of image (1 + t, –3)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

Question 8

a Image (–1, 2) after a translation 4 units left.

Original point is 4 units right: (–1 + 4, 2) ≡ (3, 2).

b Image (–1, 2) after a translation 8 units right

Original point is 8 units left: (–1 – 8, 2) ≡ (–9, 2).

Question 9

a =
Let y f=
( x) x3
The graph of f ( x + 1) is a horizontal translation of the graph of y 1 unit left.
Each x-coordinate is translated 1 unit left.

b =
Let y f=
( x) ln x
The graph of f ( x + 2) is a horizontal translation of the graph of y 2 units left.
Each x-coordinate is translated 2 units left.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

 Question 10
a The graph of f ( x − 1) is a horizontal translation of the graph of y 1 unit right.
Each x-coordinate is translated 1 unit right.

b The graph of f ( x + 3) is a horizontal translation of the graph of y 3 units left.

Each x-coordinate is translated 3 units left.

Question 11
Let y = f ( x) .

a Transformed function is c Transformed function is

y = f ( x) − 5 = x5 − 5 y = f ( x) + 2 = x5 + 2

b Transformed function is d Transformed function is

y = f ( x − 3) = ( x − 3)5 y = f ( x + 7) = ( x + 7)5

Question 12
=
ximage xoriginal − 4
=3 xoriginal − 4
xoriginal = 7

yimage = yoriginal

Original point is (7, –2).

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

Exercise 2.03 Vertical dilations of functions

Question 1
a i Vertical dilation scale factor 6 (stretched)
y= x= 6 × x
Vertical scale factor k = 6
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretching) of y = x by a factor of 6 from the
x-axis.

ii 1
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
2
1
y= ×x
2
1
Vertical scale factor k =
2
1
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) of y = x by a factor of
2
from the x-axis.

iii Vertical dilation by a factor of –1 (reflection in the x-axis)

y =−1× x
Vertical scale factor k = −1 , so there is a reflection of y in the x-axis.

b i Vertical dilation scale factor 2 (stretched)

y= 2 × x 2
Vertical scale factor k = 2
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretch) by a factor of 2 from the x-axis.

ii 1
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
6
1 2
y= ×x
6
1
Vertical scale factor k =
6
1
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from
6
the x-axis.
iii Vertical dilation by a factor of –1 (reflection in the x-axis)
y =−1× x 2
Vertical scale factor k = −1 , so there is a reflection of y in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

c i Vertical dilation scale factor 4 (stretched)
y= 4 × x3
Vertical scale factor k = 4
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretch) by a factor of 4 from the x-axis.
ii 1
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
7
1 3
y= ×x
7
1
Vertical scale factor k =
7
1
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from the x-axis.
7
iii 4
Vertical dilation scale factor (stretched)
3
4 3
y= ×x
3
4
Vertical scale factor k =
3
4
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretching) by a factor of from the x-axis.
3
d i Vertical dilation scale factor 9 (stretched)
y= 9 × x 4
Vertical scale factor k = 9
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretch) by a factor of 9 from the x-axis.
ii 1
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
3
1 4
y= ×x
3
1
Vertical scale factor k =
3
1
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from the x-axis.
3
iii 3
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
8
3 4
y= ×x
8
3
Vertical scale factor k =
8
3
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from the x-axis.
8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

e i Vertical dilation scale factor 5 (stretched)
y= 5 × x
Vertical scale factor k = 5
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretch) by a factor of 5 from the x-axis.

ii 1
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
8
1
y= ×x
8
1
Vertical scale factor k =
8
1
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from the x-axis.
8

iii Vertical dilation scale factor –1 (reflection in the x-axis)

y =−1× x

Vertical scale factor k = −1 , y = x is reflected in the x-axis.

f i Vertical dilation scale factor 9 (stretched)

f ( x)= 9 × log x
Vertical scale factor k = 9
k > 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (stretch) by a factor of 5 from the x-axis.

ii Vertical dilation scale factor –1 (reflection in the x-axis)

f ( x) =−1× log x
Vertical scale factor k = −1 , so f ( x) = log x is reflected in the x-axis.

iii 2
Vertical dilation scale factor (compressed)
5
2
y= × log x
5
2
Vertical scale factor k =
5
2
0 < k < 1 , so there is a vertical dilation (compression) by a factor of from the x-axis.
5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

Question 2

a y = 6 x 2 , domain (−∞, ∞) , range [0, ∞)

k = 6 , the transformed function is= =
y kx 2
6x2

y = 6 x 2 is a parabola with a minimum turning point at (0, 0).

The domain is all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
The range is [0, ∞) or { y : y ≤ 0}

1
b y= ln x , domain (0, ∞) , range (−∞, ∞)
4
1 1
k = , the transformed function= is y k=ln x ln x
4 4
1
The domain and range of y = ln x are the same as the domain and range of y = ln x .
4
x > 0 , so the domain is (0, ∞)
The range is all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)

c f ( x) = − x , domain (−∞, ∞) , range (−∞, 0]

k = −1 , the transformed function is f ( x) = k x = − x

There are no restrictions on x, so the domain of f ( x) is all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)

The range of x is [0, ∞) , so the range of − x is (−∞, 0]

d f ( x) = 4e x , domain (−∞, ∞) , range (0, ∞)

k = 4 , the transformed function is f ( x) =k × e x =4e x
The domain and range of the transformed function is the same as the domain and
range of the original function.
There are no restrictions on x, so the domain of f ( x) is all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 and the function increases as x increases, so
the range is (0, ∞) .

7
e f ( x) = , domain (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) , range (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
x
1 7
k = 7 , the transformed function is f ( x) = k × =
x x
The domain and range of the transformed function is the same as the domain and
range of the original function.
x ≠ 0 (vertical asymptote), so the domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 , so the range is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

Question 3

a y = 5 × 3x
Vertical scale factor is k = 5 , so the transformed function is f ( x) =k × 3x =5 × 3x

1 2
b f ( x) = x
3
1 1 1
Vertical scale factor is k = , so the transformed function is f ( x) = × x 2 = x 2
3 3 3

c y = − x3
Vertical scale factor is k = −1 , so the transformed function is y =−1× x3 =− x3

1
d y=
2x
1 1 1 1
Vertical scale factor is k = , so the transformed function is y = × =
2 2 x 2x

2
e y= x
3
2 2 2
Vertical scale factor is k = , so the transformed function is y = × x = x
3 3 3

Question 4

a Vertical scale factor k = 4 , the image is at (3, 6k ) = (3, 24)

b Vertical scale factor k = −1 , the image is at (3, 6k=

) (3, −6)

c Vertical scale factor k = 12 , the image is at (3, 6k ) = (3, 72)

5 5
d Vertical scale factor k = , the image is at (3, 6 × ) =
(3,5)
6 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Question 5

a (4, 4) d (4,16)
x-coordinate is unchanged. x-coordinate is unchanged.
k =3
3
ky = 12 k=
4
3 y = 12
y=4 ky = 12
3
b (4, 6) y = 12
4
x-coordinate is unchanged. y = 16
k =2
ky = 12
2 y = 12
y=6

c (4,36) e (4, −12)

x-coordinate is unchanged. x-coordinate is unchanged.
1
k= k = −1
3
ky = 12 ky = 12
1
y = 12 −1 y =12
3 y = −12
y = 36

Question 6

a The graph of f ( x) = 2 log 2 x is a vertical dilation

(stretching) by a scale factor of 2 of the graph of
f ( x) = log 2 x . The x-intercepts ( x = 1) and the
vertical asymptote ( x = 0) are the same for both
functions.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

b The graph of f ( x)= 2 × 3x is a vertical dilation
(stretching) by a scale factor of 2 of the graph of
f ( x ) = 3x .

There are no x-intercepts. The y-intercept of

f ( x) = 3x is at (0, 1) and the

y-intercept of f ( x)= 2 × 3x is at (0, 2 ×1) =

(0, 2)

Both functions have a horizontal asymptote at

y = 0.

c 3 1
The graph of y = = 3 × is a vertical dilation
x x
(stretching) by a scale factor of 3 of the graph
1
y= .
x

There are no axial intercepts.

Both functions have a vertical asymptote at

x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 .

d The graph of y = 2 x is a vertical dilation

(stretching) by a scale factor of 2 of the graph of
y = x . Axial intercepts are at 0.

e Scale factor is –1. The graph of y = − x3 is a

reflection in the x-axis of the graph of y = x 3 .
Axial intercepts are at 0.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

Question 7
a Vertical scale factor 3

(−2, −1) → (−2,3 × −1) =(−2, −3)

(1, 0) → (1,3 × 0) =
(1, 0)

(2,3) → (2,3 × 3) =
(2,9)

b 1
Vertical scale factor
2
1 1
(−2, −1) → (−2, − × −1) =(−2, )
2 2
1
(1, 0) → (1, × 0) = (1, 0)
2
1 1
(2,3) → (2, × 3) = (2,1 )
2 2

c Vertical scale factor −1

(−2, −1) → (−2, −1× −1) =(−2,1)

(1, 0) → (1, −1× 0) =(1, 0)

(2,3) → (2, −1× 3)= (2, −3)

Question 8

The graph of= y 2 1 − x 2 is a vertical dilation by a scale factor 2

(stretching) of the graph of the top half of the unit circle,
=
y 1 − x2 .
The y-intercept is (0, 1) and the x-intercepts are at ±1 .
y2
The dilation creates the ellipse with equation x 2 + =
1.
4

The domain of=

y 2 1 − x 2 is the set of x values such that 1 − x 2 ≥ 0 . That is, [−1,1] .
The range is [0, 2 ×1] =
[0, 2] .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

Exercise 2.04 Horizontal dilations of functions

Question 1

1
a Horizontal dilation, scale factor (compressed)
8
1
Horizontal scale factor is .
8
1
The scale factor is graph is dilated (compressed) horizontally using a scale factor .
8

b Horizontal dilation, scale factor 5 (stretched)

1
Horizontal scale factor is 1 ÷ =5.
5
The graph is dilated (stretched) horizontally using a scale factor 5.

7
c Horizontal dilation, scale factor (stretched)
3
3 1
Horizontal scale factor is 1 ÷ =
2 .
7 3
1
The graph is dilated (stretched) horizontally using a scale factor 2
3

d Horizontal dilation scale factor –1 (reflection in y-axis)

Horizontal scale factor is 1 ÷ −1 = −1 .
Since the magnitude of the scale factor is 1, there is no dilation, but there is reflection
in the y-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

Question 2

1
a i y= (2 × x) 2 , horizontal dilation (compression), scale factor is .
2
1
ii y= (5 × x) 2 , horizontal dilation (compression), scale factor is .
5
2
1  1
iii y  × x  , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 1 ÷ =
= 3.
3  3

b i y= 4 × x3 , vertical dilation (stretching), scale factor is 4 .

3
1  1
ii y  × x  , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 1 ÷ =
= 2.
2  2
iii y = (−1× x)3 , horizontal dilation, scale factor is −1 .
There is no stretch or compression, but there is reflection in the y-axis.

1
c i y= (7 × x) 4 , horizontal dilation (compression), scale factor is .
7
1 4 1
ii y= × x , vertical dilation (compression), scale factor is .
8 8
4
3  3 4
iii y  × x  , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 1 ÷ = .
=
4  4 3

1
d i y= 5 × x , horizontal dilation (compression), scale factor is ;
5
but function can also be written as y= 5 × x , so vertical dilation

(stretching), scale factor is 5

1
ii y= × x , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 2;
2
1
but function can also be written as y= × x , so vertical dilation
2
1
(compression), scale factor is
2

3 5
iii y= × x , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is ;
5 3
3
but function can also be written as y= × x , so vertical dilation
5
3
(compression), scale factor is
5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

 1
e i y = 53× x , horizontal dilation (compression), scale factor is
3

ii y =−1× 5 x , vertical dilation, scale factor is −1 .

The magnitude of the scale factor is 1, so there is no compression
or stretching. There is reflection in the x-axis.
1
×x 1
iii y = 5 2 , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 1 ÷ =
2.
2

f i f ( x)= 8 × log x , vertical dilation (stretching), scale factor is 8 .

ii f (=
x) log(− x) , horizontal dilation (no stretching/compression),
scale factor is 1 ÷ −1 = −1 .
There is reflection in the y-axis.

1  1
iii f ( x) log  × x  , horizontal dilation (stretching), scale factor is 1 ÷ =
= 7.
7  7

Question 3
1
a f ( x) = ax , a =1 ÷ =5
5
f ( x) = 5 x
There is no restriction on the values x can take, so the domain is (−∞, ∞)

x is always positive, and the minimum y-value is 0. The range is [0, ∞)

1 1
b y = (ax) 2 , =3 ⇒ a =
a 3
2
1 
y =  x
3 
There is no restriction on the values x can take, so the domain is (−∞, ∞)
2
1 
 x  is always positive, and the minimum y-value is 0. The range is [0, ∞)
3 

c Reflection in the y-axis means a horizontal dilation of –1.

y = (ax)3 , a = −1

y = ( − x )3
There is no restriction on the values x can take, so the domain is (−∞, ∞)
There is no restriction on the values y can take, so the range is (−∞, ∞)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

 1
d y = ke x , where k =
9
1
y = ex
9
There is no restriction on the values x can take, so the domain is (−∞, ∞)
1
For all x, e x > 0 , so the range is (0, ∞)
9

e Reflected in the x-axis means a vertical dilation with scale factor –1.
y= k × log 4 x , k = −1

y = − log 4 x
log 4 x requires positive values for x. The domain is (0, ∞)
There is no restriction on the values y can take, so the range is (−∞, ∞)

Question 4
1
a a = 2 ⇒ y = f (2 x) is a horizontal dilation (compression) with scale factor
2
1
X = (−2, 7) has image at X = (−2 × , 7) = (−1, 7)
2

b a =−1 ⇒ y = f (− x) is a reflection of y = f ( x) in the y-axis. The scale factor is −1

X = (−2, 7) has image at X = (−2 × −1, 7) = (2, 7)

1 1 
c a= ⇒ y = f  x  is a horizontal dilation (stretching) with scale factor 3
3 3 
X = (−2, 7) has image at X = (−2 × 3, 7) = (−6, 7)

Question 5
1
a a =3 ⇒ y = f ( 3 x ) is a horizontal dilation (compression) with scale factor
3
1
( x × , y) =
(−24,1) so ( x, y ) =−
( 24 × 3,1) =−
( 72,1)
3
1
b a = 2 ⇒ y = f ( 2 x ) is a horizontal dilation (compression) with scale factor
2
1
( x × , y) =
(−24,1) so ( x, y ) =−
( 24 × 2,1) =−
( 48,1)
2
1 1 
c a= ⇒ y = f  x  is a horizontal dilation (stretching) with scale factor 4
4 4 
 −24 
(−24,1) so ( x, y ) = 
( x × 4, y ) = ,1 = (−6,1)
 4 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

Question 6

a The graph of f ( x) = log e (2 x) is a horizontal

1
dilation by a scale factor of (compression) of the
2
graph of f ( x) = log e ( x) .

f ( x) = log e ( x) has x-intercept at 1 with domain

(0, ∞) and range (−∞, ∞) .
1
f ( x) = log e (2 x) has x-intercept at with domain
2
(0, ∞) and range (−∞, ∞) .
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote for both functions.
As x → +∞, y → +∞ and as x → 0, y → −∞ .

b x 1
x
The graph of = y 2= 2 is a horizontal dilation by
3 3

1
a scale factor of 1 ÷ =3 (stretching) of the graph
3
of y = 2 x .
Both functions have y-intercept 20 = 1 , domain
(−∞, ∞) and range (0, ∞) .
As x → +∞, y → +∞ and as x → −∞, y → 0 .
y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote for both functions.

c 1 1 1
The graph of y= = × is a vertical dilation by
3x 3 x
1
a scale factor of (compression) of the graph of
3
1 1
y= = .
x x
There are no axial intercepts.
Both functions have y = 0 as the horizontal
asymptote and x = 0 as the vertical asymptote.
Domain of both functions is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) and the
range is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) .
As x → +∞, y → 0 and as x → −∞, y → 0 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

d The graph of y = 2 x is a horizontal dilation by a
1
scale factor of (compression) of the graph of
2
y= x .
Both functions have an x-intercept and a y-intercept
at (0, 0) .
Domain of both functions is (−∞, ∞) and the range is
(0, ∞)

e The graph of the parabola f ( x) = (3 x) 2 is a

1
horizontal dilation by a scale factor of
3
(compression) of the graph of the parabola
f ( x) = x 2 .
Both functions have an x-intercept and a minimum
turning point at (0, 0) .
Domain of both functions is (−∞, ∞) and the range is
(0, ∞) .

f The graph of the parabola = y ln(− x) is a horizontal

dilation by a scale factor of −1 of the graph of the
parabola =y ln(− x) . It is a reflection in the y-axis.
y = ln( x) has an x-intercept at (1, 0) and =
y ln(− x)
has an x-intercept at (−1, 0) .
The domain of y = ln( x) is (0, ∞) and the range is
(−∞, ∞) .
y ln(− x) is (0, −∞) and the range is
The domain of =
(−∞, ∞) .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

Question 7

The graph of the exponential y = e 2 x is a horizontal

1
dilation by a scale factor of (compression) of the graph
2
of the parabola y = e .
x

The graph of the exponential y = 2e x is a vertical dilation

by a scale factor of 2(stretching) of the graph of the
parabola y = e x .

There are no x-intercepts. All three functions have y = 0

as a horizontal asymptote.

Their domain is (−∞, ∞) and their range is (0, ∞)

The y-intercept of y = e x , y = e 2 x and y = 2e x is (0,1) , (0,1) and (0, 2) respectively.

Question 8

a The graph of the parabola y = x 2 is an even function. That is, y = f (− x) = f ( x) , so

y= (− x) 2 =x 2 . There is a reflection of y = x 2 in the y-axis.

b The graph of the parabola y = x is an even function. That is, y = f (− x) = f ( x) , so

y =− x =x . There is a reflection of y = x in the y-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

Question 9

1 
a = y f= (ax) f  x  is a horizontal dilation
2 
1
(stretching) with scale factor 1 ÷ = 2
2

(−2, 2) → (−2 × 2, 2) = (−4, 2)

(0, −1) → (0 × 2, −1) = (0, −1)

(2, 0) → (2 × 2, 0) =
(4, 0)

(4, 4) → (4 × 2, 4) =
(8, 4)

b = (ax) f ( 2 x ) is a horizontal dilation (compression) with

y f=
1
scale factor
2

1
(−2, 2) → (−2 × , 2) = (−1, 2)
2

1
(0, −1) → (0 × , −1) = (0, −1)
2

1
(2, 0) → (2 × , 0) =
(1, 0)
2

1
(4, 4) → (4 × , 4) =
(2, 4)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

Exercise 2.05 Combinations of transformations

Question 1

a translation 3 units right means x = 2 → x = 2 + 3 = 5

translation 5 units down means y =−6 → y =−6 − 5 =−11
image is at (5, –11)

b translation 3 units left means x =2 → x =2 − 3 =−1

translation 4 units up means y =−6 → y =−6 + 4 =−2
image is at (–1, –2)

c translation 7 units left means x = 2 → x = 2 + 7 = 9

translation 9 units up means y =−6 → x =−6 + 9 =3
image is at (9, 3)

d translation 4 units left means x =2 → x =2 − 4 =−2

translation 11 units down means y =−6 → y =−6 − 11 =−17
image is at (–2, 17)

Question 2

a Reflection in the x-axis means –f (x).

The transformed function is f ( x) = − x5 .
f (x) dilated vertically with scale factor 4 is 4 f ( x) .

The transformed function is f ( x) = −4 x5 .

5
1  1 
b f (x) dilated horizontally with scale factor 3 is f  x  =  x  .
3  3 
5
1  1 5
Reflection in the y-axis means f (–x) = = − x =
− x .
3  243
1 5
The transformed function is f ( x) = − x .
243

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

Question 3

a Translated 3 units down means f ( x) − 3

The transformed function is =

y x3 − 3
Translated 4 units left means f ( x + 4)

The transformed function is y =( x + 4)3 − 3

b Translated 9 units up means f ( x) + 9, so f ( x) =

x +9

The transformed function is f ( x=

) x +9

Translated 1 unit right means f ( x − 1), so f ( x) = x − 1 + 9

The transformed function is f ( x) = x − 1 + 9

c f (x) dilated vertically with scale factor 3 is 3 f ( x)

The transformed function is f ( x) = 3 x
Translated 6 units down means f ( x) − 6
The transformed function is f ( x=
) 3x − 6

d Reflected in the x-axis means − f ( x)

The transformed function is f ( x) = −e x

Translated 2 units up means f ( x) + 2

The transformed function is f ( x) =−e x + 2

1
( 2x)
is f = (=
2x)
3
e f (x) dilated horizontally with scale factor 8 x3
2
The transformed function is y = 8 x 3
Translated 5 units down means f ( x) − 5

The transformed function is=

y 8 x3 − 5

1 2
f f (x) dilated vertically with scale factor 2 is 2 f ( x) =2 × =
x x
2 6
f (x) dilated horizontally with scale factor 3 is f ( 3 x ) =3 × =
x x
6
The transformed function is f ( x ) =
x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

g Reflected in the y -axis is f (− x)

The transformed function is f ( x)= −x

f (x) dilated vertically with scale factor 3 is 3 f ( x=

) 3 −x

The transformed function is f ( x) = −3 x

is f ( 2 x=
) 3 −2 x
1
f (x) dilated horizontally with scale factor
2
The transformed function is f ( x=
) 3 −2 x

1  1 
h Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of 3 f  x  = ln  x 
3  3 
1  1 
Translated upward 2 units f  x =
 + 2 ln  x  + 2
3  3 
1 
=
The transformed function is f ( x) ln  x  + 2
3 

1
i Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of f ( 4 x ) = log 2 ( 4 x )
4
Vertical dilation by a scale factor of 3 3 f ( 4 x ) = 3log 2 ( 4 x )

The transformed function is 3 f ( 4 x ) = 3log 2 ( 4 x )

2
1  1  1 2
j Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of 2 f =
 x  =
x x
2  2  4
2
1  1  1 2
Translated down 3 units f  x  − =
3  x  −=
3 x −3
2  2  4
2

)  x  − =
1 1 2
The transformed function is f ( x= 3 x −3
2  4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

Question 4

a Horizontal translation 1 unit to the right, vertical translation 7 units up

=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

horizontal translation 1 unit right y = f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1)3

translation 7 units up y = f ( x − 1) + 7 = ( x − 1)3 + 7

b Vertical dilation scale factor 4, vertical translation 1 unit down

=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

vertical dilation with scale factor= f ( x ) 4 x3

4 y 4=

translation 1 unit down y= 4f ( x ) − 1= 4 x3 − 1

c Vertical dilation scale factor 5, reflection in x-axis, vertical translation 3 units down
=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

vertical dilation with scale factor= f ( x ) 5 x3

5 y 5=

−5 f ( x ) =
reflection in the x-axis y = −5 x3

translation 3 units down y =−5f ( x ) − 3 =−5 x3 − 3

d Horizontal translation 7 units to the left, vertical dilation scale factor 2

=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

horizontal translation 7 units left y = f ( x + 7 ) = ( x + 7)3

vertical dilation with scale factor 2 y = 2 f ( x + 7 ) = 2( x + 7)3

Note that in this case the transformations can also be performed in reverse order.
vertical dilation with scale factor= f ( x ) 2 x3
2 y 2=

horizontal translation 7 unit left y = 2 f ( x + 7 ) = 2( x + 7)3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

 1
e Horizontal dilation scale factor , horizontal translation 2 units to the right, vertical
2
dilation scale factor 6, vertical translation 5 units up
=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

1
horizontal dilation by a scale factor of= ( 2 x ) (2 x)3
y f=
2
horizontal translation 2 units right y = f ( 2 [ x − 2]) = (2 x − 4)3

vertical dilation by a scale factor of 6=y 6 ( 2x − 4)

3

vertical translation 5 units up y= 6 ( 2 x − 4 ) + 5

3

1
f Horizontal dilation scale factor , horizontal translation 3 units to the left, vertical
3
dilation scale factor 2, vertical translation 10 units down
=
Let y ( x ) x3
f=

1
horizontal dilation scale factor = ( 3x ) (3x)3
y f=
3
horizontal translation 3 units to the left y = f ( 3 [ x + 3]) = (3 x + 9)3

2 y 2 ( 3x + 9 )
vertical dilation by a scale factor of =
3

vertical translation 10 units down y = 2(3 x + 9)3 − 10

Question 5

a Horizontal translation 3 units to the left, vertical dilation scale factor 2, vertical
translation 1 unit down
=
Let y f= ( x ) log( x)
horizontal translation 3 unit left y= f ( x + 3)= log( x + 3)
vertical dilation with scale factor=2 y 2 log( x + 3)
vertical translation 1 unit down= y 2 log( x + 3) − 1

1
b Horizontal dilation scale factor , reflection in x-axis, vertical translation 9 units up
3
=
Let y ( x ) x2
f=
Horizontal dilation by a scale factor= ( 3x )
of y f= ( 3x )
2

Reflection in the x-axis (vertical dilation) y = − f ( 3x ) = − ( 3x )

2

Vertical translation 9 units up y =− f ( 3 x ) + 9 =−(3 x) 2 + 9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

 1
c Horizontal dilation scale factor , vertical dilation scale factor 2, vertical translation
5
3 units down
=
Let y f= ( x ) ex
1
Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of = y f= ( 5 x ) e5 x
5
Vertical dilation by a scale factor = f ( 5 x ) 2e 5 x
of 2 y 2=
Vertical translation 3 units down y= 2 f ( 5 x ) − =
3 2e 5 x − 3

d Horizontal translation 7 units to the right, vertical dilation scale factor 4, vertical
translation 1 unit up
=
Let y f= ( x) x
Horizontal translation 7 units right y = f ( x − 7) = x−7
Vertical dilation by a scale factor of 4 y= 4f ( x − 7 )= 4 x − 7
Vertical translation 1 unit up =
y 4f ( x − 7 ) +=
1 4 x − 7 +1

1
e Reflection in y-axis, horizontal dilation scale factor , horizontal translation 1 unit to
2
the left, vertical translation 1 unit down
=
Let y f= ( x) x
Reflection in the y-axis (horizontal dilation) y =f ( − x ) =− x
1
Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of y= f ( −2 x ) = −2 x
2
Horizontal translation 1 unit to the left y =f ( −2( x + 1) ) = −2( x + 1)
Vertical translation 1 unit down y =f ( −2( x + 1) ) − 1 =−2( x + 1) − 1

1
f Horizontal dilation scale factor , reflection in x-axis, vertical translation 8 units up
2
1
=
Let y ( x)
f=
x
1 1
Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of y= − f ( 2x) =
2 2x
1
Reflection in the x-axis (vertical dilation) y = − f ( 2x) =
−
2x
1
Vertical translation 8 units up y =− f ( 2 x ) + 8 =− + 8
2x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

Question 6

a f ( x − 1) is a horizontal translation 1 unit to the right

(8, −12) → (8 + 1, −12) = (9, −12)
The 3 in 3 f ( x − 1) is a vertical dilation, scale factor 3.
(9, −12) → (9, −12 × 3) = (9, −36)
The +5 in 3 f ( x − 1) + 5 is a vertical translation 5 units up
(9, −36) → (9, −36 + 5) = (9, −31)

b f ( 2 x ) is a horizontal dilation scale factor 1

2

(8, −12) → (8 × 12 , −12) = (4, −12)

− f ( 2 x ) is a reflection of f ( 2 x ) in the x-axis
(4, −12) → (4, −(−12)) =(4,12)
The –7 in − f ( 2 x ) − 7 is a vertical translation 7 units down
(4,12) → (4,12 − 7) = (4,5)

c f ( x + 3) is a horizontal translation 3 units to the left

(8, −12) → (8 − 3, −12) = (5, −12)
2 f ( x + 3) is a vertical dilation of f ( x + 3) with scale factor 2
(5, −12) → (5, −12 × 2) = (5, −24)
The –1 in 2 f ( x + 3) − 1 is a vertical translation 1 unit down
(5, −24) → (5,12 − 24 − 1) = (5, −25)

d f ( − x ) is a reflection of f ( x ) in the y-axis

(8, −12) → (−8, −12)
6 f ( − x ) is a vertical dilation of f ( − x ) with scale factor 6
(−8, −12) → (−8, −12 × 6) =(−8, −72)
The +5 in 6 f ( − x ) + 5 is a vertical translation 5 units up
(−8, −72) → (−8,12 − 72 + 5) =(−8, −67)

e y =−2 f ( 2 x − 4 ) − 3 =−2 f (2[ x − 2]) − 3

1
The coefficient of x 2 is a horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 .
(8, −12) → (8 × , −12) = (4, −12)
1
2

f ( 2[ x − 2]) is a horizontal translation 2 units to the right

(4, −12) → (4 + 2, −12) = (6, −12)
The –2 in −2 f (2[ x − 2]) is a vertical dilation of f (2[ x − 2]) with scale factor 2
followed by a reflection in the x-axis.
(6, −12) → (6, −12 × −2) = (6, 24)
The –3 in −2 f (2[ x − 2]) − 3 is a vertical translation 3 units down
(6, 24) → (6, 24 − 3) = (6, 21)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

Question 7

a Translated 6 units down

( x, y ) → ( x, y − 6)
Translated 3 units to the right
( x, y − 6) → ( x + 3, y − 6)

b Reflected in the y-axis

( x, y ) → ( − x, y )
Translated 6 units up
(− x, y ) → (− x, y + 6)

c Vertically dilated with scale factor 3

( x, y ) → ( x, 2 y )
Translated 5 units left
( x, 2 y ) → ( x − 5, 2 y )

d Horizontal dilation with scale factor 3

( x, y ) → (3 x, y )
Translated 5 units up
(3 x, y ) → (3 x, y + 5)

e Reflection in the x-axis

( x, y ) → ( x, − y )
Vertically dilated with scale factor 8
( x, − y ) → ( x, −8 y )
Translated 6 units left
( x, −8 y ) → ( x − 6, −8 y )
Horizontally dilated with scale factor 5
( x − 6, −8 y ) → (5( x − 6), −8 y ) = (5 x − 30, −8 y )
Translated 1 unit down
(5 x − 30, −8 y ) → (5 x − 30, −8 y − 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

Question 8
a Let y = f ( x)
Translated 2 units down ⇒ y → y − 2
=y f ( x) − 2
Translated 1 unit to the left ⇒ x → x + 1
y= f ( x + 1) − 2

b Let y = f ( x)
Translated 5 units right ⇒ x → x − 5
=y f ( x − 5)
Translated 3 units up ⇒ y → y + 3
y= f ( x − 5) + 3

c Let y = f ( x)
Reflected in the x-axis ⇒ y → − y
y = − f ( x)
Translated 4 units right ⇒ x → x − 4
y= − f ( x − 4)

d Let y = f ( x)
Reflected in the y-axis ⇒ x → − x
=
y f (− x)
Translated 2 units up ⇒ y → y + 2
y = f (− x) + 2

e Let y = f ( x)
Reflected in the x-axis ⇒ y → − y
y = − f ( x)
1
Horizontal dilation with scale factor 4 ⇒ x → x
4
1 
y = − f  x
4 
f Let y = f ( x)
Vertically dilated by a scale factor of 2 ⇒ y → 2 y
y = 2 f ( x)
Translation 2 units down ⇒ y → y − 2
=y 2 f ( x) − 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

Question 9
1
a Reflected in the y-axis f ( x) = −
x
 1 9
Vertically dilated by a scale factor of 9 f ( x) =9 ×  −  =−
 x x
9
Translation 3 units up f ( x) =− +3
x
1
f ( x) = ( 5 x )
2
b Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of
5
f= [5( x + 2)]
2
Translation 2 units left ( x)

) 5 ( x + 2 )  − 6= 25 ( x + 2 ) − 6
2
f ( x=
2
Translation 6 units down

1 
c Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of 2 f ( x) = ln  x 
2 
1 
Horizontal translation 5 units right =
f ( x) ln  ( x − 5) 
2 
 1 
Vertical dilation by scale factor 8 =
f ( x) 8ln  ( x − 5) 
2 
1 
Vertical translation 3 units down f=( x) 8ln  ( x − 5)  − 3
2 

d Reflection in the y-axis (horizontal dilation) y= −x

Horizontal translation 4 units left y = − ( x + 4)

Vertical dilation by a scale factor of 9 y = 9 − ( x + 4)

Vertical translation 4 units up y = 9 − ( x + 4) + 4

1
e Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of y = 6x
6
Reflection in the x-axis y = − 6x

Vertical translation 7 units up y=

− 6x + 7

1
f Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of y = (4 x)3
4
Horizontal translation 4 units left y = (4 [ x + 4])3 = 64( x + 4)3

g Horizontal translation 2 units right y = 2 x−2

Vertical translation 5 units up =y 2 x−2 + 5
Vertical dilation by a scale factor of 6 =y 6(2 x − 2 + 5)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

Question 10

a The function f ( x) =( x + 3) 2 + 5 is obtained by translating the parabola f ( x) = x 2 left

3 units and 5 units up.
The domain of f ( x) = x 2 is (−∞, ∞) and its range is [0, ∞) .

Hence, the domain of f ( x) =( x + 3) 2 + 5 is (−∞, ∞) and its range is [5, ∞) .

b The function f ( x) =5 −2 x − 2 is obtained by:

• reflecting the graph of f ( x) = x in the y-axis to get f ( x) = − x , with domain

(−∞, ∞) , range [0, ∞)

1
• Then dilating horizontally by a scale factor of to get f ( x) = −2 x , with domain
2
(−∞, ∞) , range [0, ∞)

• Then dilating vertically by a scale factor of 5 to get f ( x)= 5 −2 x , with domain

(−∞, ∞) , range [0, ∞)

• Then translation 2 units down to get f ( x) =5 −2 x − 2 with domain (−∞, ∞) , range

[−2, ∞)

1 1
c The function f=
( x) =+1 + 1 is obtained by:
2x − 4 2( x − 2)

1 1 1
• dilating y = horizontally by a scale factor of to get f ( x) = , with domain
x 2 2x
(−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) , range (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

1 1
• Translating the graph of f ( x) = 2 units right to get f ( x) = with
2x 2 ( x − 2)
domain (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞) , range (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

1
• =
Then translate 1 unit up to get f ( x) + 1 , with domain (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) ,
2( x − 2)
range (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞)

d The function =
y 43 x + 2 is obtained by:

• Dilating horizontally by a scale factor of 3 the graph of y = 4 x to get y = 43 x with

domain (−∞, ∞) , range [0, ∞)

• Then translate 2 units up to get =

y 43 x + 2 with domain (−∞, ∞) , range (2, ∞)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

e The function =
f ( x) 3log(3 x − 6)
= − 5 3log[3( x − 2)] − 5 is obtained by:

1
• Dilate y = log x horizontally with scale factor to get f ( x) = log 3 x with domain
3
(0, ∞) , range (−∞, ∞)

• Translating the graph of f ( x) = log 3 x 2 units right to get=

f ( x) log 3( x − 2) with
domain (2, ∞) , range (−∞, ∞)

• =
Then dilate vertically with scale factor 3 to get f ( x) 3log[3( x − 2)] with domain
(2, ∞) , range (−∞, ∞)

• Then translate vertically down 5 units to get f=

( x) 3log[3( x − 2)] − 5 with
domain (2, ∞) , range (−∞, ∞)

Question 11

a y = x2 + 2x − 7
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 12 ) − 12 − 7
= ( x + 1) 2 − 8

b Horizontal translation 1 unit to the left, vertical translation 8 units down.

Translate the graph of y = x 2 1 unit left to get y= ( x + 1) 2

Then translate the graph of y= ( x + 1) 2 8 units down to get y = ( x + 1) 2 − 8

Question 12

Horizontal translation 5 units to the right, vertical translation 28 units down

y =x 2 − 10 x − 3
=( x − 5) 2 − 28

Translate the graph of y = x 2 5 units right to get y= ( x − 5) 2

Then translate the graph of y= ( x − 5) 2 28 units down to get y =( x − 5) 2 − 28

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

Question 13

1
a a= , ( x, y ) → ( 2 x, y )
2
b = −3 , ( 2 x, y ) → ( 2 x + 3, y )

k = 2 , ( 2 x + 3, y ) → ( 2 x + 3, 2 y )

c = 5 , ( 2 x + 3, 2 y ) → ( 2 x + 3, 2 y + 5 )

1 
b a = 3 , ( x, y ) →  x, y 
3 
1  1 
b = 6 ,  x, y  →  x − 6, y 
3  3 

1  1 
k = −1 ,  x − 6, y  →  x − 6, − y 
3  3 

1  1 
c = −2 ,  x − 6, − y  →  x − 6, − y − 2 
 3   3 

Question 14

a Circle (x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2 = 9 or x2 – 6x + y2 – 8x + 16 = 0

3 units to the right, ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 =
9
4 units up, ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 =
9
This describes the translation of the circle x 2 + y 2 =
32 of radius 3 units and centre at
(0, 0) to its new centre at (3, 4).

b Translated 2 units to the right, 3 units down

x 2 − 4 x + y 2 + 6 y + 12 =
0
[( x − 2) 2 − 22 ] + [( y + 3) 2 − 32 ] + 12 =
0
( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 − 22 − 32 + 12 =
0
( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 =
12
This describes a circle of radius 1 unit with centre at (2, –3).
It is obtained by transforming the circle x 2 + y 2 =
12 with centre at (0, 0) 2 units right
and 3 units down.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

Exercise 2.06 Graphs of functions with combined
transformations

Question 1
a The graph of f ( x=
) x 2 + c is a parabola with a minimum turning point at (0, c).
The function is obtained by translating the graph of f ( x) = x 2 up by c units.

i The turning point is above the x-axis.

ii The turning point is below the x-axis.

b The graph of f ( x=
) ( x + b) 2 is a parabola with a minimum turning point at (0, 0).
The function is obtained by translating the graph of f ( x) = x 2 horizontally by b units.

i The turning point is to the left of the origin.

ii The turning point is to the right of the origin.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

c The graph of f ( x) = kx 2 is a parabola with a minimum turning point at (0, 0).

The function is obtained by vertically dilating the graph of f ( x) = x 2 using scale

factor k.

i The transformed function is the graph of f ( x) = x 2 stretched vertically by

factor k.

ii The transformed function is the graph of f ( x) = x 2 compressed (stretched

horizontally) by factor k.

iii The transformed function is a reflection of the graph of f ( x) = x 2 in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

d The graph of f ( x) = (ax) 2 is a parabola with a minimum turning point at (0, 0).

The function is obtained by horizontally dilating the graph of f ( x) = x 2 using scale

1
factor .
a

i The transformed function is the graph of f ( x) = x 2 compressed horizontally by

1
scale factor .
a

ii The transformed function is the graph of f ( x) = x 2 stretched horizontally by

1
scale factor .
a

iii The transformed function is a reflection of the graph of f ( x) = x 2 in the y-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

Question 2
a The parabola y = x 2 is translated 2 units left
and translated 4 units up.
Minimum turning point at (–2, 4)
There are no x-intercepts because the turning
point is above the x-axis.
y-intercept
y = (0 + 2) 2 + 4 = 8 y-intercept at (0, 8).

b The parabola y = x 2 is translated 3 units

right and translated 1 unit down.
Minimum turning point at (3, –1)
x-intercepts
( x − 3) 2 − 1 =0
x= 3 ± 1
x-intercepts at (2, 0), (4, 0)
y-intercept
y = (0 − 3) 2 − 1 = 8 y-intercept at (0, 8)

c The parabola y = x 2 is translated 1 unit right

and translated 3 units up.
Minimum turning point at (1, 3)
There are no x-intercepts because the turning
point is above the x-axis.
y-intercept
y = (0 − 1) 2 + 3 = 4 y-intercept at (0, 4)

d The parabola y = x 2 is reflected in the x-axis,

translated 1 unit left and translated 2 units
down.
Maximum turning point at (–1, –2)
There are no x-intercepts because the turning
point is below the x-axis.
y-intercept
y =−(0 + 1) 2 − 2 =−3 y-intercept at (0, –3)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

e The parabola y = x 2 is dilated vertically by
scale 2, translated 1 unit right and translated
4 units down.
Minimum turning point at (1, –4)
x-intercepts
2( x − 1) 2 − 4 =0
x= 1± 2
x ≈ 2.41, −0.41
x-intercepts at (−0.41, 0), (2.41, 0)
y-intercept
y =2(0 − 1) 2 − 4 =−2 y-intercept at (0, –2)

Question 3

a The cubic y = x 3 has axial intercepts at (0, 0).

It is translated 1 unit right and translated 2
units up.
The image of (0, 0) is (1, 2)
x-intercept
( x − 1)3 + 2 =0
x = 1 + 3 −2 ≈ −0.26
x-intercept at (−0.26, 0)
y-intercept
y = (0 − 1)3 + 2 = 1 y-intercept at (0, 1)

b The graph of y = x 3 is translated 2 units right

and translated 3 units down.
The image of (0, 0) is (2, –3)
x-intercept
( x − 2)3 − 3 =0
x =2 + 3 3 ≈ 3.44
x-intercept at (3.44, 0)
y-intercept
y =(0 − 2)3 − 3 =−11 y-intercept at (0, –11)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

c The graph of y = x 3 is reflected in the x-axis,
translated 1 unit left and translated 4 units
up.
The image of (0, 0) is (–1, 4).
x-intercept
−( x + 1)3 + 4 =0
x =−1 + 3 4 ≈ 0.59
x-intercept at (0.59, 0)
y-intercept
y =−(0 + 1)3 + 4 =3 y-intercept at (0, 3)

d The graph of y = x 3 is vertically dilated by a

scale factor of 2, translated 3 units left and
translated 5 units down.
The image of (0, 0) is (–3, –5)
x-intercept
2( x + 3)3 − 5 =0
x = −3 + 3 2.5 ≈ −1.64
x-intercept at (−1.64, 0)
y-intercept
y= 2(0 + 3)3 − 5= 49 y-intercept at (0, 49)

e The graph of y = x 3 is vertically dilated by a

scale factor of 3, translated 1 unit right and
translated 2 units down.
The image of (0, 0) is (1, –2)
x-intercept
3( x − 1)3 − 2 =0
2
x=
1+ 3 ≈ 1.87
3
x-intercept at (1.87, 0)
y-intercept
y =3(0 − 1)3 − 2 =−5 y-intercept at (0, –5)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

Question 4

1
a y=
−2 f (3 x) + 1 transforms f ( x) by a horizontal dilation with scale factor , then by
3
a vertical dilation with scale factor 2, then reflection in the x-axis and a translation up
of 1 unit.

1 1 1 1
(6,1) → (6 × ,1) → (6 × ,1× 2) → (6 × , −1× 2) → (6 × , −1× 2 + 1) or (2, −1)
3 3 3 3

and

1 1 1 1
(−3, −2) → (−2 × , −2) → (−3 × , −2 × 2) → (−3 × , −1× −2 × 2) → (−3 × , −1× −2 × 2 + 1)
3 3 3 3
or (−1,5)

b (2, –1) is a local minimum stationary point and (–1, 5) is a local maximum stationary
point of the transformed function.

1 
The image of ( x, y ) is  x, −2 y + 1
3 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

Question 5

a i=y 3 f ( x − 1) transforms y = f ( x) by a horizontal

translation 1 unit right followed by a vertical dilation
with scale factor 3.

(−2, −1) → (−2 + 1, −1) → (−2 + 1, −1× 3) or (−1, −3)

and

(2,1) → (2 + 1,1) → (2 + 1,1× 3) or (3,3)

ii y= − f (2 x) + 3 transforms y = f ( x) by a reflection in
the x-axis, then a horizontal dilation with scale factor
1
followed by a vertical translation 3 units up.
2
1
(−2, −1) → (−2, −1× −1) → (−2 × , −1× −1)
2
1
→ (−2 × , −1× −1 + 3)
2
or (−1, 4)
and
1 1
(2,1) → (2,1× −1) → (2 × ,1× −1) → (2 × ,1× −1 + 3)
2 2
or (1, 2)

b i =
y 3 f ( x + 3) − 2 transforms y = f ( x) by a vertical
dilation with scale factor 3, then a horizontal
translation 3 units left followed by a vertical
translation 2 units down.
(−3,3) → (−3,3 × 3) → (−3 − 3,3 × 3) → (−3 − 3,3 × 3 − 2)
or (−6, 7)
(−2,1) → (−2,1× 3) → (−2 − 3,1× 3) → (−2 − 3,1× 3 − 2)
or (−5,1)
(0, −1) → (0, −1× 3) → (0 − 3, −1× 3) → (0 − 3, −1× 3 − 2)
or (−3, −5)
(2,1) → (2,1× 3) → (2 − 3,1× 3) → (2 − 3,1× 3 − 2) or
(−1,1)
(3,3) → (3,3 × 3) → (3 − 3,3 × 3) → (3 − 3,3 × 3 − 2) or
(0, 7)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

 ii x
y= −2 f   + 3 transforms y = f ( x) by a
4
vertical dilation with scale factor 2, then
reflection in the x-axis, then a horizontal dilation
with scale factor 4 followed by a vertical
translation 3 units up.
(−3,3) → (−3,3 × 2) → (−3, −3 × 2)
→ (−3 × 4, −3 × 2) → (−3 × 4, −3 × 2 + 3)
or (−12, −3)
(−2,1) → (−2,1× 2) → (−2, −1× 2)
→ (−2 × 4, −1× 2) → (−2 × 4, −1× 2 + 3)
or (−8,1)
(0, −1) → (0, −1× 2) → (0, −1× −1× 2)
→ (0 × 4, −1× −1× 2) → (0 × 4, −1× −1× 2 + 3)
or (0,5)
(2,1) → (2,1× 2) → (2, −1×1× 2)
→ (2 × 4, −1×1× 2) → (2 × 4, −1×1× 2 + 3)
or (8,1)
(3,3) → (3,3 × 2) → (3, −1× 3 × 2)
→ (3 × 4, −1× 3 × 2) → (3 × 4, −1× 3 × 2 + 3)
or (12, −3)

c i y = 2 f (− x) − 1 transforms y = f ( x) by a vertical dilation with scale factor 2,

then reflection in the y-axis followed by a vertical translation 1 unit down.

(−2, 2) → (−2, 2 × 2) → (−2 × −1, 2 × 2) → (−2 × −1, 2 × 2 − 1) or (2,3)

(−1, 0) → (−1, 2 × 0) → (−1× −1, 2 × 0) → (−1× −1, 2 × 0 − 1) or (1, −1)

(0,1) → (0, 2 ×1) → (0 × −1, 2 × 1) → (0 × −1, 2 × 1 − 1) or (0,1)

(2, −1) → (2, 2 × −1) → (2 × −1, 2 × −1) → (2 × −1, 2 × −1 − 1) or (−2, −3)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

 ii y =−3 f (2 x + 4) + 2 =−3 f (2[ x + 2]) + 2 transforms y = f ( x) by:

a vertical dilation with scale factor 3

reflection in the y-axis

1
a horizontal dilation with scale factor
2

a horizontal translation 2 units left

a vertical translation 2 units up

1 1 1
(−2, 2) → (−2, 2 × 3) → (−2, −2 × 3) → (−2 × , −2 × 3) → (−2 × − 2, −2 × 3) → (−2 × − 2, −2 × 3 + 2)
2 2 2
or (−3, −4)

1 1 1
(−1, 0) → (−1, 0 × 3) → (−1, −0 × 3) → (−1× , −0 × 3) → (−1× − 2, −0 × 3) → (−1× − 2, −0 × 3 + 2)
2 2 2
or (−2.5, 2)

1 1 1
(0,1) → (0,1× 3) → (0, −1× 3) → (0 × , −1× 3) → (0 × − 2, −1× 3) → (0 × − 2, −1× 3 + 2) or
2 2 2
(−2, −1)

1 1 1
(2, −1) → (2, −1× 3) → (2,1× 3) → (2 × ,1× 3) → (2 × − 2,1× 3) → (2 × − 2,1× 3 + 2) or
2 2 2
(−1,5)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

Question 6

Perform the vertical dilation first

(−4, −7) → (−4, −7 × 3) =(−4, −21) , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

(−4, −21) → (−4, −21 − 4) =(−4, −25) , vertical translation 4 units down

(−4, −25) → (−4 − 2, −25) =(−6, −25) , horizontal translation 2 units left

The image of (−4, −7) is (−6, −25)

(0, 6) → (0 − 2, 6 × 3 − 4) = (−2,14)

The image of the y-intercept (0, 6) is (−2,14)

The most negative x-intercept is approximately at (–5.5, 0) so its image is

(−5.5 − 2, 0) =(−7.5, 0)

The positive x-intercept is approximately at (1.5, 0) so its image is (1.5 − 2, 0) =

(−0.5, 0)

The second x-intercept is approximately midway between the two stationary points.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

Question 7

Order of transformations:

1
horizontal dilation of scale factor
2

horizontal translation 1 unit to the right

reflection in the x-axis (vertical dilation)

vertical translation 5 units down

The images of the given points are:

(−2,5) → (−1,5) → (0,5) → (0, −5) → (0, −10)

(0,1) → (0,1) → (1,1) → (1, −1) → (1, −6)

(4,12) → (2,12) → (3,12) → (3, −12) → (3, −17)

The negative x-intercept is approximately at (–3, 0) so its image is

1
(−3 × + 1, −0 − 5) = (−0.5, −5)
2

1
The positive x-intercept is approximately at (6, 0) so its image is (6 × + 1, −0 − 5)= (4, −5)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

Question 8

a Change y = x 3 to y =
−3( x − 2)3 + 1 using the transformations below.

y= ( x − 2)3 , translation, 2 units to the right

=
y 3( x − 2)3 , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

y=
−3( x − 2)3 , reflection in the x-axis

y=
−3( x − 2)3 + 1 , vertical translation, 1 unit up

The image of (0, 0) is (0 + 2, −0 × 3 + 1) =(2,1)

x-intercept

1
−3( x − 2)3 + 1 =0 , x =+
2 3 ≈ 2.69
3

x-intercept at ( 2.69, 0 )

y-intercept

y =−3(0 − 2)3 + 1 =25

y-intercept at ( 0, 25 )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

b =
Change y = e x to y 2e x +1 − 4 using the transformations below.

y = e x +1 , translation, 1 unit to the left

y = 2e x +1 , vertical dilation with scale factor 2

=y 2e x +1 − 4 , vertical translation, 4 units down

The image of (0, 1) is (0 − 1,1× 2 − 4) =(−1, −2)

x-intercept

2e x +1 − 4 =0 , x = −1 + ln(2) ≈ −0.31

x-intercept at ( −0.31, 0 )

y-intercept

y 2e0+1 − 4 ≈ 1.44
=

y-intercept at ( 0,1.44 )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

c Change f ( x) = x to f ( x=
) 3 x − 2 − 1 using the transformations below.

f (=
x) x − 2 , translation, 2 units to the right

f=
( x) 3 x − 2 , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

f ( x=
) 3 x − 2 − 1 , vertical translation, 1 unit down

x-intercept

1
3 x − 2 − 1 =0 ,=
x 2 ≈ 2.11
9

x-intercept at ( 2.11, 0 )

There is no y-intercept because the domain is [2, ∞)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

d =
Change y = x to y 2 3 x + 4 using the transformations below.

1
y = 3 x , horizontal dilation, scale factor
3

y = 2 3 x , vertical dilation with scale factor 2

=y 2 3 x + 4 , vertical translation, 4 units up

1
The image of (0, 0) is (0 × , 0 × 2 + 4) =(0, 4) , which is the y-intercept.
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

e Change y = x 2 to y =
−(3 x) 2 + 1 using the transformations below.

1
y = (3 x) 2 , horizontal dilation, scale factor
3

y = −(3 x) 2 , reflection in the x-axis

y=
−(3 x) 2 + 1 , vertical translation, 1 unit up

1
The image of (0, 0) is (0 × ,1) =
(0,1)
3

x-intercepts

1
−(3 x) 2 + 1 =0, x = ±
3

 1  1 
x-intercepts at  − , 0  ,  , 0 
 3  3 

The y-intercept is −(3 × 0) 2 + 1 =1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

Question 9

a The log function y= 3 − 2 ln x is obtained from the log function y = ln x by reflection

in the x-axis, a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 and then a vertical translation 3
units up.

The image of ( x, y ) is ( x, −2 y + 3)

3
The x-intercept occurs when 3 − 2 ln x = 0 ⇒ x = e 2 ≈ 4.5

There is no y-intercept because the domain is (0, ∞)

b The exponential f ( x) = −2e x + 1 is obtained from the exponential f ( x) = e x by

reflection in the x-axis, a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 and then a vertical
translation 1 unit up.

The image of ( x, y ) is ( x, −2 y + 1)

1
The x-intercept occurs when −2e x + 1= 0 ⇒ x = ln   ≈ −0.69
2

The y-intercept is −2e0 + 1 =−1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

c The cubic y =1 − ( x + 1)3 is obtained from the cubic y = x 3 by reflection in the x-axis, a
horizontal translation 1 unit left and then a vertical translation 1 unit up.

The image of ( x, y ) is ( x − 1, − y + 1)

The x-intercept occurs when 1 − ( x + 1)3 = 0 ⇒ x = 0

The y-intercept is 1 − (0 + 1)3 =

0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

 2 1
d =
The hyperbola y + 3 is obtained from the hyperbola y = by a vertical dilation
x −1 x
with scale factor 2, a horizontal translation 1 unit right and then a vertical translation 3
units up.

The image of ( x, y ) is ( x + 1, 2 y + 3)

The vertical asymptote at x = 0 is now at x = 0 + 1 = 1

The horizontal asymptote at y = 0 is now at y = 2 × 0 + 3 = 3

2 1
The x-intercept occurs when +3= 0⇒ x =
x −1 3

2
The y-intercept is +3=
1
0 −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

e The straight line y = −2( x − 3) + 1 is obtained from the straight line y = x by a vertical
dilation with scale factor 2, reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal translation 3 units
right and then a vertical translation 1 unit up.

The image of ( x, y ) is ( x + 3, −2 y + 1)

1
The x-intercept occurs when −2( x − 3) + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
2

The y-intercept is y =−2(0 − 3) + 1 =7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

Question 10

a The transformations on y = f ( x) are a horizontal translation 2 units right, vertical

dilation with scale factor 3 and a vertical translation of 1 unit up.

Therefore, the image of ( x, y ) is ( x + 2,3 y + 1)

So (−3, 2) → ( x + 2,3 y + 1)

x + 2 =−3, 3 y + 1 =2

Hence

1
x=
−5, y =
3

1
b The image (−3, 2) has original point (−5, ) , from a
3

Also, (2, −4) → ( x + 2,3 y + 1)

x + 2 =2, 3 y + 1 =−4

Hence

2
x = 0, y = −1
3

1 2
Hence the cubic has turning points at (−5, ) , (0, -1 )
3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

Question 11

 2
a  −26, 7 
 3

Let ( x, y ) be the vertex of y = f ( x) , which is translated 2 units right and 5 units

down to be the image (−24,18) .

Then

x + 2 =−24 ⇒ x =−26 , translated 2 units right

2
3 y − 5 = 18 ⇒ y = 7 , translated 5 units down
3

The vertex of y = f ( x) is a minimum turning point.

 3
b  −69, −3 
 5

Let ( x, y ) be the vertex of y = f ( x) .

1
It is dilated horizontally with scale factor, translated 1 unit left, dilated vertically
3
with scale factor –5 to be the image (−24,18) .

Then horizontally:

1
x − 1 =−24
3
1
x = −23
3
x = −69

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

 Vertically:

−5 y =18
3
y = −3
5

The y = f ( x) is reflected in the x-axis, so the vertex of y = f ( x) is a maximum

turning point.

1
c (−54,10 )
2

Let ( x, y ) be the vertex of y = f ( x)

=
The transformed function is y 2 f (2 x − 6)=
− 3 2 f (2( x − 3)) − 3

1
y = f ( x) is dilated horizontally with scale factor , translated 3 unit right, dilated
2
vertically with scale factor 2 and translated vertically 3 units down to be the image
(−24,18) .

Then

1 1
x + 3 =−24 ⇒ x =−54 , translated horizontally with scale factor , translated 3
2 2
unit right

1
2 y − 3 = 18 ⇒ y = 10 , dilated vertically with scale factor 2 and translated vertically
2
3 units

The vertex of y = f ( x) is a minimum turning point.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

Exercise 2.07 Equations and inequalities

Question 1

a 2

There are 2 x-intercepts for the parabola.

b 0

The absolute value function does not intersect the x-axis, so there is no x-intercept.

c 1

The linear function intersects the x-axis at one point.

d 3

The cubic function intersects the x-axis at three points.

e 0

There are no x-intercepts. The function approaches the horizontal asymptote y = 0

f 1

The function intersects the x-axis at one point.

g 2

The cubic function touches the x-axis at one point and crosses over the x-axis at
another point. Hence there are two intercepts.

h 0

There are no x-intercepts. As x increases on the positive side, the function approaches
the horizontal asymptote y = 0

i 1

The function intersects the x-axis at one point.

j 0

The parabola has a maximum turning point below the x-axis, so there are no x-
intercepts.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

Question 2

a i x = −2 , x = 0

From the graph, the x-values that correspond to y = 1 are x = −2 , x = 0

Algebraically,

−2( x + 1) 2 + 3 =
1
( x + 1) 2 =
1
x =−1 ± 1

ii x = 0.6 , x = −2.6

Estimating from the graph, the x-values that correspond to y = −2 are x = 0.6 ,
x = −2.6

Algebraically,

−2( x + 1) 2 + 3 =−2
( x + 1) 2 =
2.5
x =−1 ± 2.5

iii x = −2.2 , x = 0.2

We want the x-intercepts. Estimating from the graph, they are x = −2.2 ,
x = 0.2

Algebraically,

−2( x + 1) 2 + 3 =0
( x + 1) 2 =
1.5
x =−1 ± 1.5

b Algebraically,

−2( x + 1) 2 + 3 =0
( x + 1) 2 =
1.5
x =−1 ± 1.5

x = –2.2, 0.2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

Question 3

a x = 1.4

We want the x-intercept. Estimating from the graph, it is x = 1.4

Algebraically,

3(4 x − 5) − 2 =0
12 x = 17
5
x =1
12

b x = 1.9

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = 5 is x = 1.9

Algebraically,

3(4 x − 5) − 2 =5
12 x = 22
5
x =1
6

c x = 0.2

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = −15 is x = 0.2

Algebraically,

3(4 x − 5) − 2 =−15
12 x = 2
1
x=
6

d x > 2.2

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = 10 is x = 2.2

Since f ( x) is linear with positive gradient, y > 10 requires x > 2.2

e x ≤ 3.1

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = 20 is x = 3.1

Since f ( x) is linear with positive gradient, y ≤ 20 requires x ≤ 3.1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65

Question 4

a Let y = x 3

The graph of y = −( x + 3)3 + 1 is obtained by performing the following operations on

the graph of y = x 3 .

y= ( x + 3)3 , horizontal translation, 3 units left

y=−( x + 3)3 , reflection in the x-axis

y=−( x + 3)3 + 1 , vertical translation, 1 unit up

b i x = −2

We want the x-intercept. From the graph it is x = −2

ii x = −0.8

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = −10 is x = −0.8

Algebraically,

−( x + 3)3 + 1 =−10
x =−3 + 3 11

iii x = −0.3

Estimating from the graph, the x-value corresponding to y = −20 is x = −0.3

Algebraically,

−( x + 3)3 + 1 =0
x+3= 1
x = −2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 66

Question 5

a Let y = x

The graph of y = 3 x − 2 + 4 is obtained by performing the following operations on the

graph of y = x .

y= x − 2 , horizontal translation, 2 units right

=
y 3 x − 2 , vertical dilation, scale factor 2

y = 3 x − 2 + 4 , vertical translation, 4 units up

b none

Let y = x

There are no values of x corresponding to y = 1 because from the vertical translation,

the minimum value of y is 4.

c =
x 0,=
x 4

From the graph, the x-values corresponding to y = 10 are=

x 0,=
x 4

3 x−2 +4=
10
x−2 =
2

For x ≥ 2, x − 2 = 2 ⇒ x = 4

For x < 2, −( x − 2) = 2 ⇒ x = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 67

Question 6

1
a Let f ( x) = , which has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at
x
y = 0.

1 2
To transform f ( x) = to f=
( x) − 4 , perform the transformations below.
x x −3

1
f ( x) = , horizontal translation, 3 units right.
x −3

The vertical asymptote is at x = 3

2
f ( x) = , vertical dilation, scale factor 2
x −3

2
f=
( x) − 4 , vertical translation, 4 units down
x −3

The horizontal asymptote is at y = −4

2 1
Hence the graph of f=
( x) − 4 is the graph of f ( x) = with the vertical
x −3 x
asymptote at x = 3 and the horizontal asymptote at y = −4 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 68

b x =1

2
− 4 =−5
x −3
2
= −1
x −3
2 =− x + 3
x =1

c x=4

2
− 4 =−2
x −3
2
=2
x −3
=
2 2x − 6
2x = 8
x=4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 69

Question 7

a The function A =
−3( x − 2) 2 + 18 is obtained from A = x 2 by:

horizontal translation, 2 units to the right

vertical dilation with scale factor 3

reflection in the x-axis

vertical translation 18 units up

The minimum turning point (0, 0) of A = x 2 becomes the maximum turning point of
A= −3( x − 2) 2 + 18 at (2,18) .

The y-intercept is −3(0 − 2) 2 + 18 =

6

The x-intercepts occur when −3( x − 2) 2 + 18 =

0

( x − 2) 2 =
6
x= 2 ± 6

The domain of A is 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 + 6 or approximately [0, 4.45]

b = =
x 0.4, x 3.6

From the graph, the estimated x values corresponding to A = 10 are

= =
x 0.4, x 3.6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 70

Question 8

a The function C = 2( x + 1) 2 + 3 is obtained from C = x 2 by:

horizontal translation, 1 unit to the left

vertical dilation with scale factor 2

vertical translation 3 units up

The image of the minimum turning point (0, 0) of C = x 2 is (−1,3) .

The y-intercept is 2(0 + 1) 2 + 3 =5

There are no x-intercepts because the turning point is at (−1,3) .

The domain of C is x ≥ 0

b $5000

The factory overhead corresponds to the value of C for function x = 0 .

This is 2(0 + 1) 2 + 3 =5

Hence, the overhead costs are 5 ×1000 =

$5000

c From the graph, the estimated x value corresponding to C = 20 is x = 1.9

Since x must be a positive integer, take x = 2

This means that to manufacture 2 products, the cost to the company

is 20 ×1000 =$20 000

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 71

Question 9

x
a The function dB = 10 log   is obtained from dB = log ( x ) by:
I

horizontal dilation, scale factor I

vertical dilation with scale factor 10

x
The domain is ≥1⇒ x ≥ I
I

For I = 2 ⇒ x ≥ 2

The x-intercept is at x = I .

Since x ≥ 2 there is no y-intercept

b i From the graph, the estimated x value corresponding to dB = 5 is x = 6

ii From the graph, the estimated x value corresponding to dB = 2 is x = 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 72

Question 10

a i From the graph, the estimated t value corresponding to T = 50 is t = 3.5

The temperature of the cooling metal ball after 3.5 minutes is 50°C

ii From the graph, the estimated t value corresponding to T = 30 is t = 8

b i 0.74 minutes

24 + 70e −0.3t =
80
e −0.3t = 0.8
−0.3t = log e 0.8
t = 0.74, to 2 decimal places

ii 11.85 minutes

24 + 70e −0.3t = 26
1
e −0.3t =
35
 1 
−0.3t = log e  
 35 
t = 11.85, to 2 decimal places

c As the time t increases, the temperature T= 24 + 70e −0.3t , e −0.3t → 0 , hence

T → 24 + 70 × 0 = 240 C .

24°C is the room temperature since the object’s temperature can’t drop below the
temperature of its surroundings.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 73

Question 11

a The function y = ( x − 1) 2 − 2 is obtained from the graph of y = x 2 by a horizontal

translation 1 unit to the right followed by a vertical translation 2 units down.

The minimum turning point is at (1, −2) , the y-intercept is (0 − 1) 2 − 2 =−1

At the x-intercepts, ( x − 1) 2 − 2 =0 ⇒ x =1 ± 2

b i From the graph, the estimated x value corresponding to y = 2 is x = 3, x = −1

ii y ≥ 2 for x ≥ 3 , and y ≥ 2 for x ≤ −1

iii y < 2 for −1 < x < 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 74

Question 12

a The function f ( x) =−(2 x + 4) 2 + 1 =−(2[ x + 2]) 2 + 1 is obtained from the graph of

y = x 2 by

horizontal translation 2 units to the left

1
horizontal dilation, scale factor
2

reflection in the x-axis

vertical translation, 1 unit up

The maximum turning point is at (−2,1) , the y-intercept is −(2 × 0 + 4) 2 + 1 =−15

At the x-intercepts

−(2 x + 4) 2 + 1 =0

−4 ± 1
⇒x=
2
x=
−2.5, x = −1.5

b i From the graph, the x values corresponding to f ( x) = −3 are x =

−3, x =
−1

ii f ( x) > −3 for −3 < x < −1

iii f ( x) ≤ −3 for x ≤ −3, x ≥ −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 75

Test yourself 2

Question 1

Question 2

The equation of the parabola can be written in the form y = A( x − B) 2 + C , where ( B, C ) are
the co-ordinates of the turning point.

The maximum turning point is at (3, 0) , so=

y A( x − 3) 2

The y-intercept is –9. Hence −9 =A(0 − 3) 2 ⇒ A =−1

The equation of the parabola is y =−( x − 3) 2

Question 3

( x, y ) → ( x, −2 y ) , vertical dilation with scale factor –2

( x, −2 y ) → ( x − 1, −2 y ) , horizontal translation 1 unit to the left

( x − 1, −2 y ) → ( x, −2 y + 4) , vertical translation 4 units up

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 76

Question 4

a The graph of= y e x −1 − 2 is obtained from the graph of y = e x by a horizontal

translation 1 unit right followed by a vertical translation of 2 units down.

Hence, the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = −2

The y-intercept is e0−1 − 2 ≈ −1.6

At the x-intercept, e x −1 − 2 =0 ⇒ x =1 + ln 2 ≈ 1.7

b From the graph, when y = 8 the corresponding x value is approximately 3.1

e x −1 − 2 = 20
x= 1 + ln 22 ≈ 4.09

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 77

Question 5

1 1
a (24,36) → (24 × ,36) =
(6,36) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
4 4

(6,36) → (6,36 × 3) =
(6,108) , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

(6,108) → (6,108 − 1) =
(6,107) , vertical translation 1 unit down

1 1
b (24,36) → (24 × ,36) =
(8,36) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
3 3

(8,36) → (8 − 2,36) =
(6,36) , horizontal translation 2 units left

(6,36) → (6,36 + 4) =
(6, 40) , vertical translation 4 units up

c (24,36) → (−24,36) , reflection in the y-axis

(−24,36) → (−24,36 × 5) = (−24,180) , vertical dilation with scale factor 5

(−24,180) → (−24,180 − 3) = (−24,177) , vertical translation 3 units down

d (24,36) → (24,36 × −=
2) (24, −72) , vertical dilation with scale factor –2

(24, −72) → (24 − 7, −72)= (17, −72) , horizontal translation 7 units left

(17, −72) → (17, −72 − 3) = (17, −75) , vertical translation 3 units down

e y =− f (2 x − 8) + 5 =− f (2( x − 4)) + 5

1 1
(24,36) → (24 × ,36) =
(12,36) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
2 2

(12,36) → (12 + 4,36) =

(16,36) , horizontal translation 4 units right

(16,36) → (16, −36) , reflection in the x-axis

(16, −36) → (16, −36 + 5) = (16, −31) , vertical translation 5 units up

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 78

Question 6

a i =
Let y f=
( x) x3

Translation 3 units right, y = f ( x) + 3 = x 3 + 3

ii Translation 3 units left, y = f ( x + 7) = ( x + 7)3

b i =
Let y f=
( x) x

Dilated vertically with scale factor=

3, y 3=
f ( x) 3 x

1
ii y= x
2

1  1 1
Dilated horizontally with scale factor 2,=y f =
x = x x
2  2 2

c 5 f ( x) = 5ln x , dilated vertically with scale factor 5

5 f (− x)= 5ln(− x) , reflected in the x-axis

1
d − f ( x) =
− , reflection in the x-axis
x

1
− f ( x − 4) =− , horizontal translation, 4 units right
x−4

e 9 f ( x)= 9 × 3x , vertical dilation with scale factor 9

1
9 f (3 x)= 9 × 33 x , horizontal dilation, scale factor
3

9 33( x
−2 )
9 f (3( x − 2)) =× , horizontal translation, 2 units right

9 f (3( x − 2)) − 6 = 9 × 33 x−6 − 6 , vertical translation, 6 units down

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 79

Question 7

a c is a vertical translation c units up if c > 0 or down if c < 0

b is a horizontal translation b units to the right if b < 0 and to the left if b > 0

k is a vertical dilation with scale factor k, stretched if k > 1 and

compressed if 0 < k < 1

1
a is a horizontal dilation with scale factor , compressed if a > 1 and
a
stretched if 0 < a < 1

b i Reflection in the x-axis

ii Reflection in the y-axis

Question 8

=
Let y f=
( x) x 2

3 f ( x) = 3 x 2 , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

−3 f ( x) =
−3 x 2 , reflected in the x-axis

−3 f ( x) + 1 =−3 x 2 + 1 , translation 1 unit up

Let g ( x) =
−3 x 2 + 1

g (− x) =−3(− x) 2 + 1
= −3 x 2 + 1
= g ( x)

So even function.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 80

Question 9

a The graph of y = 2( x − 3) + 5 can be obtained by transforming the graph of y = x as

follows.

y= x − 3 , horizontal translation 3 units to the right

=
y 2( x − 3) , vertical dilation with scale factor 2

y = 2( x − 3) + 5 , vertical translation, 5 units up

The y-intercept is 2(0 − 3) + 5 =−1

1
The x-intercept satisfies 2( x − 3) + 5 = 0 ⇒ x =
2

b i From the graph, a y value of 7 corresponds to x = 4 .

Hence, since the function is linear with a positive gradient, y ≤ 7 is true for
x≤4.

ii From the graph, a y value of 9 corresponds to x = 5 .

Hence, since the function is linear with a positive gradient, y > 9 is true for x > 5 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 81

Question 10

a The graph of P = 2e0.4(t +1) can be obtained by transforming the graph of P = et as

follows.

P = et +1 , horizontal displacement, 1 unit left

1
P = e0.4(t +1) , horizontal dilation, scale factor = 2.5
0.4

P = 2e0.4(t +1) , vertical dilation, scale factor 2

There is no vertical translation, so the horizontal asymptote of the transformed

function is the same as the horizontal asymptote of P = et . That is, y = 0

Because there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 , here is no x-intercept.

The y-intercept is 2e0.4(0+1) ≈ 3

Since P represents population, the domain of P is [0, ∞) and the range is [0, ∞) .

b From the graph, when P = 5, t ≈ 1.3, so it takes (t) 1.3 years for the population (P) to
reach 5 × 10 000 = 50 000

Question 11

f ( x + a ) is a horizontal translation to the left by a units.

Hence, f ( x + 4) = ( x + 4) 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 82

Question 12

1 1
(8, 2) → (8 × , 2) =
(4, 2) , horizontal dilation, scale factor
2 2

(4, 2) → (4 − 1, 2) =
(3, 2) , horizontal translation, 1 unit left

(3, 2) → (3, 2 × 4) =
(3,8) , vertical dilation, scale factor 4

(3,8) → (3, −8) , reflection in the x-axis

(3, −8) → (3, −8 − 3) = (3, −11) , vertical translation, 3 units down

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 83

Question 13

a Let y = 2(3 x − 6) 2 − 5

When y = 9

2(3 x − 6) 2 − 5 =9
(3 x − 6) 2 =
7
3 x − 6 =± 7
6± 7
x=
3

x ≈ 1.12, x ≈ 2.88

b From the graph, y > 9 when x < 1.12 and when x > 2.88

c From the graph, y ≤ 9 when 1.12 ≤ x ≤ 2.88

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 84

Question 14

a ( x, y ) → ( x + 3, y ) , horizontal translation, 3 units to the right

( x + 3, y ) → ( x + 3, 7 y ) , vertical dilation using a scale factor of 7

( x + 3, 7 y ) → ( x + 3, −7 y ) , reflection in the x-axis

( x + 3, −7 y ) → ( x + 3, −7 y − 4) , vertical translation, 4 units down

b x=
−6, y =
−1

The x-coordinate of the image is x + 3

x + 3 =−3 ⇒ x =−6

The y-coordinate of the image is −7 y − 4

−7 y − 4 =3 ⇒ y =−1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 85

Question 15

a The graph is translated 1 unit to the right and vertically dilated with scale factor 2.

(−3, −3) → (−2, −6) , (−1,1) → (0, 2) , (1, 0) → (2, 0) , (2, −1) → (3, −2) , (3, 0) → (4, 0)

b The graph is reflected in the x-axis and vertically translated 2 unit down.

(−3, −3) → (−3,1) , (−1,1) → (−1, −3) , (1, 0) → (1, −2) , (2, −1) → (2, −1) ,
(3, 0) → (3, −2)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 86

Question 16

Let y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8

Its graph is the graph of y = x 2 vertically dilated with scale factor 2, translated 1 unit left and
translated 8 units down.

Thus the maximum turning point is at (−1, −8) .

The y-intercept is 2(0 + 1) 2 − 8 =−6

The x-intercept satisfies the equation 2( x + 1) 2 − 8 =.

0

Solving for x gives x =−1 ± 2 , so x =

−3, x =
1

a −3 ≤ x ≤ 1

From the graph, y ≤ 0 when −3 ≤ x ≤ 1

b x < −3 , x > 1

From the graph, y > 0 when x < −3 and when x > 1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 87

Question 17

a The graph of y = x 2 is a parabola with minimum turning point, axial intercepts and
axis of symmetry at (0, 0).

The graph of y = −4 x 2 + 3 is the graph of y = x 2 reflected in the x-axis, dilated

vertically with scale factor 4 and translated 3 units up. The maximum turning point is
at (0, 3).

3
The y-intercept is 3 and the x-intercepts satisfy −4 x 2 + 3 =0 ⇒ x =±
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 88

b The graph of y =− x − 1 + 2 is obtained from the graph of y = x by a translation 1
unit right,

reflection in the x-axis and a vertical translation 2 units up.

The axial intercepts and the axis of symmetry of y = x are at (0, 0).

The axis of symmetry of y =− x − 1 + 2 is at (1, 2).

The y-intercept is − 0 − 1 + 2 =
1.

The x-intercepts satisfy − x − 1 + 2 =0.

For x ≥ 1 , −( x − 1) + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3

For x < 1 , ( x − 1) + 2 =0 ⇒ x =−1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 89

 1 x+2
c =
The graph of y f=
( x) e − 1 is obtained from the graph of = y f= ( x) e x by a
2
1
translation 2 units left, a vertical dilation with scale factor and a vertical
2
translation 1 unit down.

The horizontal asymptote of y = e x is y = 0 , which becomes y = −1 with the vertical

translation.

1 0+ 2
The y-intercept is e − 1 ≈ 2.7 .
2

1 x+2
Solving e − 1 =0 gives x = −2 + log e 2 ≈ −1.3
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 90

 1 1
d =
The graph of y + 1 is obtained from the graph of y = by a translation 2 units
x+2 x
left and a vertical translation 1 unit up.

1
The horizontal asymptote of y = is y = 0 , which becomes y = 1 with the vertical
x
translation.

1 1
The vertical asymptote of y = is x = 0 , and the vertical asymptote =
of y + 1 is
x x+2
x = −2 because of the horizontal translation.

1
The y-intercept is +1 =1.5 .
0+2

1
Solving +1 =0 gives x = −3 as the x-intercept.
x+2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 91

e The graph of the cubic y = 2( x − 3)3 + 1 is obtained from the graph of y = x 3 by a
translation 3 units right, a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 and a vertical translation
1 unit up.

The y-intercept is 2(0 − 3)3 + 1 =−53 .

1
Solving 2( x − 3)3 + 1 =0 gives x = 3 + 3 − ≈ 2.2 as the x-intercept.
2

f The graph of y= f ( x= ) log e (− x) + 5 is obtained from the graph of

= y f=
( x) log e x
by reflecting in the y-axis and by a vertical translation 5 units up.

The domain of log e x is (0, ∞) so the domain of log e (− x) is (−∞, 0) because of the
reflection in the y-axis. Hence there is no y-intercept.

Solving log e (− x) + 5 =gives

0 x = −e −5 ≈ −0.01 as the x-intercept.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 92

g The graph of y= 2 x + 4 − 1 is obtained from the graph of y = x a horizontal
translation 4 units to the left, then a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 followed by a
vertical translation 1 unit down.

The domain of y= 2 x + 4 − 1 is [−4, ∞) and the range is [−1, ∞) .

The y-intercept is 2 0 + 4 − 1 =3 .

3
Solving 2 x + 4 − 1 =0 gives x = −3 as the x-intercept.
4

Question 18

a 2

The parabola has two x-intercepts, so there are two solutions.

b 1

The graph has one x-intercept on the positive x-axis. There is a horizontal asymptote
with equation y = 0 , so there is no x-intercept on the negative x-axis.

c 0

The graph has a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0 , so there are no x-

intercepts.

Hence there are no solutions for f ( x) = 0

d 1

The curve intersects the x-axis at one point, so there is only 1 solution for f ( x) = 0 .

Hence there is solutions for f ( x) = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 93

e 1

The curve intersects the x-axis at one point, so there is only 1 solution for f ( x) = 0 .

f 0

f ( x) > 0 for all values of x, so there are no solutions for f ( x) = 0 .

g 1

y = f ( x) is a linear function with non-zero gradient, so it has one x-intercept. Hence

there is one solution for f ( x) = 0 .

h 0

The graph has a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0 , so there are no

x-intercepts.

Hence there are no solutions for f ( x) = 0

i 4

The quartic intersects the x-axis in four places, so there are four solutions for
f ( x) = 0 .

j 3

The cubic intersects the x-axis in three places, so there are three solutions for
f ( x) = 0 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 94

Question 19

a The equation describes a circle with radius r units and centre at the origin. It is not a
function because there is a one-to-many relationship because there is more than one y-
value for each x-value. This is observed by application of the vertical line test.

b The top half of the circle with equation=

y r 2 − x 2 , domain [−r , r ] , range [0, r ] is a
function.

Similarly, the lower half of the circle with equation y =

− r 2 − x 2 , domain [−r , r ] ,
range [−r , 0] is a function.

Together, the graph of these two functions produce the entire circle.

c Applying a vertical dilation with scale factor a to=

y r 2 − x 2 gives
= y a r 2 − x2 ,
2
x y2
or, rearranging, 2 + =
1 , which is the equation of an ellipse.
r (ra ) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 95

Question 20

y=−6 f (2 x + 8) =−6 f (2[ x + 4])

Let ( x, y ) be the original point. Perform the transformations to obtain the function given.

1 1
( x, y ) , horizontal dilation, scale factor
2 2

1
( x − 4, y ) , horizontal translation, 4 units left
2

1
( x − 4, 6 y ) , vertical dilation, scale factor 6
2

1
( x − 4, −6 y ) , reflection in the x-axis
2

1
Hence ( x − 4, −6 y ) =
(12, 6)
2

1
x − 4 = 12 ⇒ x = 32 and −6 y =6⇒ y =−1
2

(32, –1)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 96

Question 21

a Sketch the parabola y =( x − 2) 2 + 1 by applying to the graph of y = x 2 a horizontal

translation 2 units to the right and a vertical translation 1 unit up.

The turning point is at (2, 1) and the y-intercept is 5. There are no x-intercepts because
the vertical translation has moved the minimum turning point of y = x 2 above the
y-axis.

b i x=
−1, x =
5

y = 10 has corresponding x values x =

−1, x =
5

ii x < −1 , x > 5

When= y 10 and for x > 5 as x increases, y increases.

x 5,=

When x = 10 and for x < −1 , as x decreases, y increases.

−1, y =

Hence y > 10 for x < −1 and for x > 5

iii −1 ≤ x ≤ 5

For −1 ≤ x ≤ 5 , y ≤ 10

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 97

Question 22

a ( x, y ) → ( x − 1, y ) , horizontal translation, 1 unit left

( x − 1, y ) → ( x − 1,3 y ) , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

( x − 1,3 y ) → ( x − 1,3 y − 5) , vertical translation 5 units down

1 1
b ( x, y ) → ( x, y ) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
2 2

1 1 
( x, y ) →  x + 6, y  , horizontal translation, 6 units right
2 2 

1  1 
 x + 6, y  →  x + 6, −2 y  , vertical dilation with scale factor –2
2  2 

1  1 
 x + 6, −2 y  →  [ x + 6], −2 y + 4  , vertical translation 4 units up
2  2 

c ( x, y ) → (− x, y ) , reflection in the y-axis

(− x, y ) → (− x,5 y ) , vertical dilation with scale factor 5

(− x,5 y ) → (− x,5 y − 3) , vertical translation 3 units down

d y=−3 f (−3 x + 9) − 1 =−3 f (−3[ x − 3]) − 1

1 1
( x, y ) → (− x, y ) , horizontal dilation with scale factor –
3 3

 1   1 
 − x, y  →  − x + 3, y  , horizontal translation, 3 units right
 3   3 

 1   1 
 − x + 3, y  →  − x + 3, −3 y  , vertical dilation with scale factor –3
 3   3 

 1   1 
 − x + 3, −3 y  →  − x + 3, −3 y − 1 , vertical translation 1 unit down
 3   3 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 98

Question 23

af ( x) is a vertical dilation with scale factor a.

If a > 1 , the function is stretched, and if a < 1 , the function is compressed.

1
f (ax) is a horizontal dilation with scale factor .
a

If a > 1 , the function is compressed, and if a < 1 , the function is stretched.

a stretched

vertical dilation with scale factor 7 means a = 7 .

a > 1 , so the function is stretched.

b compressed

1
horizontal dilation with scale factor means a = 7 .
7

a > 1 , so the function is compressed.

c stretched

1
horizontal dilation with scale factor 3 means a = .
3

a < 1 , so the function is stretched.

d compressed

1 1
vertical dilation with scale factor means a = .
4 4

a < 1 , so the function is compressed.

e stretched

7 6
horizontal dilation with scale factor means a = .
6 7

a < 1 , so the function is stretched.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 99

Question 24

a domain (−∞, ∞) , range [−10, ∞)

There is no restriction on the value of x in the parabola y = 3( x − 7) 2 − 10 , so its

domain is (−∞, ∞) .

It has a minimum turning point at (7, −10) , so the range is [−10, ∞)

b domain (−∞, ∞) , range [−∞, 2)

There is no restriction on the value of x in y =− x + 1 + 2 , so its domain is (−∞, ∞) .

The maximum value y can take is y = − −1 + 1 + 2 = 2 when x = −1 .

Hence the range is (−∞, 2]

2 1
c y= − − 5 is the graph of y = that is translated 3 units right, dilated vertically
x −3 x
with scale factor 2, reflected in the x-axis and translated down 5 units.

1
y= has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 , so its domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, −∞) .
x

The transformed function has a vertical asymptote at x = 3 , so its domain is

(−∞,3) ∪ (3, −∞)

1
y= has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 , so its range is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, −∞) .
x

There is a vertical translation of 5 units down, so the transformed function has a

horizontal asymptote at y = −5 . Hence the range is (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, −∞) .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 100

Challenge exercise 2

Question 1

a The equation of the parabola is of the form h =

− A(t − B ) 2 + C , where A, B and C are
constants, with (B, C) the maximum height (turning point).

The maximum height of the ball is 3 m when t = 1 second, so B = 1 and C = 3 .

Hence, h =
− A(t − 1) 2 + 3

When=t 2,=
h 1

1=− A(2 − 1) 2 + 3
A=2

So h =
−2(t − 1) 2 + 3 =
−2t 2 + 4t + 1

b The ball will hit the ground when h = 0 .

−2(t − 1) 2 + 3 =0
t=
1 + 1.5 ≈ 2.2

The ball will hit the ground after 2.2 seconds

c h=
−2(t − 1) 2 + 3 , from a.

t − 1 , horizontal translation, 1 unit to the right

–2 is a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 followed by reflection in the x-axis.

+3 is a vertical translation of 3 units up.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 101

Question 2

a i (4, −3) → (4, −9) , vertical dilation with scale factor 3

(4, −9) → (1, −9) , horizontal translation 3 units left

(1, −9) → (1, −8) , vertical translation 1 unit up

1
ii (4, −3) → (2, −3) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
2

(2, −3) → (2,3) , reflection in the x-axis

(2,3) → (2, 0) , vertical translation 3 units down

iii =
y f (2 x − 2) +
= 1 f (2[ x − 1]) + 1

1
(4, −3) → (2, −3) , horizontal dilation with scale factor
2

(2, −3) → (3, −3) , horizontal translation 1 unit to the right

(3, −3) → (3, −2) , vertical translation 1 unit up

b From a ii and a iii, the co-ordinates of Q and R are Q(2, 0), R (3, −2) .

−2 − 0
The gradient, m1 , of the straight line that connects Q to R is m1 = = −2
3− 2

The gradient, m2 , of the perpendicular is found using the property that m1 × m2 =

−1

1
−2 × m2 =−1 ⇒ m2 =
2

1
Let the equation of the perpendicular line be y= m2 x + c= x+c
2

The co-ordinates of P are (1, –8), from a i

1 1
Hence −8 = ×1 + c ⇒ c =−8
2 2

1 1
The equation of the perpendicular is =
y x − 8 or x − 2 y − 17 =
0
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 102

c =
Let y f=
( x) x

1 17 1
Then y = x − = ( x − 17 )
2 2 2

The transformations on f ( x) are:

1
x , horizontal dilation with scale factor 2
2

–17, horizontal translation of 17 units to the right

1 17
OR =
y x−
2 2

1 1
f ( x) , vertical dilation with scale factor
2 2

17 17
− , vertical translation of units down
2 2

Question 3

1
RHS = − +2
x −3
−1 + 2( x − 3)
=
x −3
2x − 7
=
x −3
= LHS

b vertical asymptote when x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 , so x ≠ 3 .

There are no other restrictions on the values x can take, so the domain is
(−∞,3) ∪ (3, ∞)

1 1 1
y=
− + 2 , so the y-intercept is y =− + 2 =2 .
x −3 0−3 3

2x − 7
The x-intercept is found by solving = 0.
x −3

⇒ 2x − 7 =0
x = 3.5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 103

 As x → ±∞, y → 2 , so y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.

Hence the range is (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

c i x < 3 , x ≥ 3.5

2x − 7
=y ≥ 0 means values of x for which the y value is not negative.
x −3

From the graph, this is true for x < 3 and x ≥ 3.5

ii x>3

All y values are less than 2 (the horizontal asymptote) when x is greater than
the vertical asymptote. Hence we want x > 3

Question 4

2 1  1 2
a =
Let y f=
( x) . Horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 is f  =
x =
x 2  1x x
2

2 1
But =2 × =2 f ( x) , which is a vertical dilation with scale factor 2.
x x

2 1  1 4
b =
Let y f=
( x) . Horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 is f =
 x =
2  1 
2 2
x x2
 x 
2 

4 1
But 2
=4 × 2 =4 f ( x) , which is a vertical dilation with scale factor 4.
x x

Therefore a horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 does not produce the same
transformation as a vertical dilation with scale factor 2.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 104

Question 5

a f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

 b c
f ( x)= a  x 2 + x +  , a ≠ 0 , take out common factor a
 a a

 b   b  c
2 2

= a  x +  −   +  , apply Complete The Square method

 2a   2a  a 

 b  4ac − b 2 
2

= a  x +  +  , simplify
 2a  4a 2 

b b
The axis of symmetry occurs at x + =0⇒ x=−
2a 2a

b Only horizontal translations change the axis of symmetry by moving it left or right
parallel to the y-axis.

c i x + 1 =0 ⇒ x =−1

ii x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3

iii x + b =0 ⇒ x =−b

b
iv ax + b =0 ⇒ x =−
a

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 105

Question 6

a y = − sin( x) , reflection in the x-axis

y = −3sin( x) , vertical dilation, scale factor 3

1 
y = −3sin  x  , horizontal dilation, scale factor 2
2 

1 
y=
−3sin  x  − 1 , vertical translation, 1 unit down
2 

2π
=
b y A sin ( nx ) + C has amplitude A, period and the equation of its centre is y = C
n

1  2π
For y =
−3sin  x  − 1 the amplitude is 3 and the period is = 4π .
2  1
2

The centre is y = −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 106

Question 7

a y=
± x( x − 1)( x + 2)

Let g ( x) = x( x − 1)( x + 2) .

This is a cubic with x-intercepts x = 0, x = 1, x = −2 .

The domain of y comprises values of x for which g ( x) ≥ 0 .

This is [−2, 0] ∪ [1, ∞)

3
For x ≥ 1 , as x → ∞ , y → ± x = ± x , whose graph is an exponential in [1, ∞) , since
3 2

y = 0 when x = 0 .

y = 0 when x = 1 and x = −2 , so the graph is bounded in [−2, 0] .

As x decreases from 0 to –2, y increases and then decreases to 0 at x = −2 .

We have a similar situation when the curve obtained is reflected in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 107

b =
As x increases in [1, ∞) , the graph of y 2 2 f ( x) − 3 behaves like the graph of

y 2 = 2 f ( x) . This is a vertical dilation with scale factor 2.

Question 8

The equation can be written as ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 =

1.

Applying the transformations

( x + 2 − 5) 2 + ( y − 3 + 3) 2 =1 or ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 =
1

In expanded form, this is x 2 − 6 x + y 2 + 8 =0

Alternatively, apply the transformations directly to x 2 + 4 x + y 2 − 6 y + 12 =

0.

( x − 5) 2 + 4( x − 5) + ( y + 3) 2 − 6( y + 3) + 12 =
0

Expanding and simplifying gives x 2 − 6 x + y 2 + 8 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 108

Question 9

y = 3 × 2−3 x −6 − 5 = 3 × 2−3( x + 2) − 5 .

The transformations are:

1
y = 2−3( x + 2) , reflection in the y-axis, horizontal dilation, scale factor
3

y = 2 x + 2 , horizontal translation, 2 units left

y = 3 × 2−3( x + 2) , vertical dilation, scale factor 3

3 × 2−3( x + 2) − 5 , vertical translation, 5 units down

y=

Question 10

P( x) + 2 = x3 − 3 x , vertical translation, 2 units up

P(− x) + 2 =−
( x)3 − 3(− x) =− x3 + 3 x , reflected in the y-axis

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 109