%6^

i'TL'^

MmL

Brief Reporting notes in shorthand

OS
0^
OB by
7
3
^
S Isaac Pitman
6S
2s
 THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
 :

;: Brief Reporting Notes

IN Shorthand

SHORTHAND DICTATION EXERCISES.

190'

\n H PRINTED KEY, AND THE MATTER COUNTED

AND TIMED FOR TESTING OF SPEED EITHER
IN SHORTHAND OR TYPEWRITING.

Engraved in the Advanced Reporting Style of Pitman's Shorthand.

TWENTIETH CENTURY EDITION.

LONDON
Sir Isaac Pitman & SoiNS, Ltd., i Amen Corner, E.G.
BATH : Phonetic Institute.
NEW YORK : 31 Union Square.

PRICE SIXPENCE.
i The Shorthand Commercial Letter
Writer.
A Guide to Commercial Correspondence in the Reporting Style of
Pitman^s Shorthand.
Presents specimens of the kind of correspondence used in business,
so that the student can train himself in the art of writing business
letters from dictation. The learner who practises correspondence
with the assistance of this book, will familiarize himself with the
peculiar phraseology current in the legal and commercial world.
Fcap. 8vo. Price is. ; Cloth, is. 6d.

Key to the " Shorthand Commercial Letter Writer,"

Containing all the letters of the Shorthand Commercial Letter
Writer in ordinary type.
Price 6d. ; Post-free jd. ; Cloth, is.

THE TWO IN ONE VOLUME, CLOTH, as.

2. Office Work in Shorthand.

Being specimens of Miscellaneous Work, commonly dictated to
Shorthand Clerks, in Reporting Style.
Fcap. 8vo. Price is. ; Cloth, is. 6d.

Key to " Office Work in Shorthand,"

Containing all the Letters, &c., of Office Work in Shorthand,
in ordinary type.

Price 6d. ; Post-free 7d. ; Cloth is.

THE TWO IN ONE VOLUME, CLOTH, 2s.

3. Business Correspondence in
Shorthand.
Containing original letters relating to various trades, in the
Reporting Style.

Fcap. 8va Price is. ; Cloth, is. 6d.

Key to "Business Correspondence in Shorthand."

In ordinary type, with the letters counted for dictation.
Price 6d. Post-free, jd.
; Cloth, is. ;

THE TWO IN ONE VOLUME, CLOTH, as.

*^* The above three works form a series.

LONDON : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., i Amen Oirner, E.G.
And at BATH and NEW YORK
 :

Brief Reporting Notes

IN Shorthand
OS

SHORTHAND DICTATION EXERCISES.

WITH PRINTED KEY, AND THE MATTER COUNTED

AND TIMED FOR TESTING OF SPEED EITHER
IN SHORTHAND OR TYPEWRITINa

Engraved in the Advanced Reiporting Style of Phman's Shorthand.

TWENTIETH CENTURY EDITION.

LONDON
Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., i Amb-n Corner, E.C.
BATH rnoNETic Institute.
:

NEW YORK: 31 Unio.\ Square.

 r

" t
- • ' J W 7
• i 1 0/1

J 7 -J^ « !?•;>"; I / 1 /

Printed by
Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.,
Bath.

'i .»•'•:? ('«>)/. •'•

'.•• f » « 9 • «
 PREFACE.

THE present collection of shorthand reading matter in the

with
Advanced Reporting Style of Pitman's Shorthand,
key in ordinary type counted for dictation purposes, has been
prepared at the request of several leading teachers, who con-
sidered that such a publication would meet a greatly felt want
that existed for judiciously selected matter representative of
the principal descriptions of addresses in politics, science, litera-
ture, and the law, with which the shorthand practitioner is called
on to deal. It will be observed that the selections cover a very

wide range of subjects, and it may be especially pointed out that

the scientific extracts deal with the most modern developments of
science, and are consequently of great value to the student. The
collection will, it is believed, afford valuable practice for those
who are qualifying for the First Class Certificate in Shorthand of

r*-
the Society of Arts ; and it may be added that Nos. 2, 26, and 27,

n in the collection are extracted from recent examinatiea papers for

5 this certificate.In addition to the employment of all the con-
tractions and phrases given in PiTMAN'sShORTHAND INSTRUCTOR,
many of the valuable contracted forms, and also the method of

y representing figures, given in Thomas A. Reed's TECHNICAL

g Reporting, are introduced. For the purpose of extending the
•"
student's acquaintance with a varied selection of dictated matter,
it is suggested that the present work be used in conjunction with
the Shorthand Commercial Letter Writer, Office
Work in Shorthand, and Business Correspondence.

44838!
 CONTENTS.
No. PAG I
I On International Relations Thomas F. Bayard 5
The Currency Question Graver Cleveland 6
The Monroe Doctrine Grover Cleveland 7
On Shorthand and Word Studies E. R. Gardiner 8
The Cathode Ray A. Wright ...
9
On Light ... ... ... % Tyndall ... 10
On the Electric Light W. H. Preece II

8 On Color Photography H. Trueman Wood 12

9 On the Atmosphere ... yames Dewar 13

Indian Rainfall D. Archibald 14
On Motor Cars »S
The Antiseptic Treatment Joseph Lister 16
On Anesthesia B. Ward Richardson 17
The Actor's Art ..; Beerbohm Tree 18
On Burke ... Lord Rosebery 19
On Greek Literature John Morley 20
17 An Interview with Dr. Jabez Hogg 21

18 A Legal Argument 22

19 A Legal Speech 23
A Naval Court Martial ... 24
From a Sermon by... Arthur P. Stanley 25
From a Sermon by... Charles Gore 26
A Financial Statement 27
A Parliamentary Speech ... 28
A Parliamentary Speech ... 29
26 A Legal Judgment 30
27 On Burns ... Lord Roselery 31
Key to Brief Reporting Notes 32
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

N, ^ i ^-x,. L -^ ' ..../ s \

^ — «_ I / P I
^

1 -% '&;--
1^ -/

^ > \ ^^
o^^ I. <=^-1/
) i--h
N^^
"^ V '^ °
^ L
I.
-^ ^U -^ N^ ^

U s
4 ' '^ V -^o
^
\^\^ ^ -

nj /^'^'^ '
^
^\~ (^ ' \^x_^ i
/
 BRIEF kEPORXING NOTES.

. T^ r^ X . V ^^^ c o \ I
;:^ r-1 ^

. Y ^ < "X K V. ^^If y. 25 .::^/^ r -^ *^

^.^. -^
^ ^ ^^< \.
X \- >- ^ \^ ^ / - ^u ^^L
^ ^o ^ K\ ^^ y--^. ^<
^^^-^ °
I ^ 4 t-

-/r— \ V'- ^•^>^^-^ -V r-^

K "^ ^-"/v r=^
) ^ .v^ ,.
J^
^-p
f-
^--^ /^// v_ "^ L ^ \ "
'^^-^ "''./^
^ . ..b.
-^

K... , !)
^ ^-^ ^ V v-t^ -^v^^ ^"^^ ^u ^
j-'L, ) U > ZV ) ^^ .^^^'^.^ ^^ z,^
ci s n . ^ <y\o 63 —
^
-J
1 b^ '. ) L ./
.t^ ^. < 4.^ ^-v. -^ ; -.^ \ ^- ..:)-. >
^ ^ -^
^J ^
^"^.S -^ '^'^ ^.-^ I -r^^ L\ ,^-P \ °
.

^n^^- ^^ X -
/^"^ " ^ > ^^^ /^ - JT^. '

i 1
'^ .4,..2> :<2:1 ^^ ° •
\5 ^
^ -1 ' _ -P ^ "-N

>^-Sp \^=- '">^ ^^ Y^^ ^ l,- L-

,^ "^ -^ '^ ^ ^^v, TL V I::'..^ . . ^^^>
^^- ^'^ ^

J
 BRIEF. REPORTIKG NOTES.

^A^j^ o ,1,
"^tV
t^< "A^ X V \.

'
°^'-^-^
'
--
v-^'My \

^^">
^ ../:^.. <^; ,v^

> ij -y \. %^^ y f
^
^ ^ly -A^-k:."

'
K^A > ^ ^^r^^. • V^ V^ <r^
V ' < 'U

^
•

7 ^^.^^ K-/ M^ >^»-^-"

^S. o
^ / -X, 5^
° •
VJP ^ > ^
1__^"n^ "^ Ir-l "i^
-^ ^ ^
^ ..CS.y ^'V ...^^ '

^X^- v,v:.~ ...X o /-

-"
^ /- :^ ^-^ ~v.V^ ^ •

^ ^ ^.. v
^ /^ "^
'
^ 'VV_p -ip -^"^ '^ y! V ^ ^y.
^/^ ^

X.H' ^ 1
< >
-^ ...^"
-
:^..
r

r\ L -Vo V3,
^ -v_^
^
L, b ..vZ^. k ^-v. ^
^" ^.s^- -^ ^ ^ L, \kl/ ^' -^-^
^^-
(T - l3 1 ^\-^^L^-U
'
L ...4. t ^ )• ^ -^
i- *

Sf. '=
v^ '"V ^
\/^ iV^ i U fe\ --/ v-/
J-.N '
1
~ ^^ •
-1
^ \^°
7 \. n-/-;^- /^. ^.- ^ .\

t^ ^
^""
i.. -t L .3. .^..."^ ^-^3 / "o Vj, ' /^ ^ v^"
^

1
 8 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES,

^
..C ^ ...-^
U \. " ^ L *r^ ° "-^^ ^

r^ ..^^_ ',^. ^A^-^ -^^ ^w^. *

-A^ .X-

'V^ ^ --/ '^ - .,/-, .

\ --=,.. r I - .^„.\

^ j^ ^ /u-/.^. L_^ ^ 'x^

::^,. -s _ ^ --
/-v^ ...bl > ^ V "^ '
-^-^'^- ,K-
^^
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

5 -^

<^-o )

^
-k
r ..X, ^ o ^..^ % % <.\.

^l-
n .
v^.. ^
L rM
^^^

-A- }
^ k :
- ^
J 1. -\o^^.^ — ...^. ^ i

^ -^ -i-
%
\ ) \. . i /

~—1 6"
i
r^

..:): -r^ .
" A- ^ .^ '
„ ^:.^^ ./'.'^ ^^
 lO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

6 \

^ •r
^ ^ ^ \

W^
^
°..X..

<r < ..',

v^-
"'^^t

^
"^^
'^ '

V i-

0-t> .^. .V
'
'^ i

5^. ^^
r o
-^ % ^A \.. y

r
!>
(r-
\ ..^n
I
t
1^^
\ i cy \_, i

1- J.

-^ t -^ . . . .^

I ^
C^

r ^->

V- t
BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. II

7
 liRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

^
V

c 1 o ..^.. ^_ ^.^. ' V ...4. -%r- ' ^. ^..^ ^ v=- ^^

 BRIEF RKPORTING NOTES. »3

T
mO^vU-V^/ n ..^.
'
1^4. ..^..U^. .V:^....
..\^*

1;

/
v^

-v_ A- , ^.
^ ...4.. -7 ^ ..r:^-.
- r2 ^^ A ^^

n -^ ^^. .
12 ..^.. ..4 \.. ._^^ ..S..v^> /^ .[^

r -v^* -4,-

^ ^ ^
•cf(7°a.

^-3
 14 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

lO

I
t — f^-
s

93 -* 'M:

211 -^ -
^ ^ 4..
^ '
r
93 \ ""
1

<

^-r^^ V " A U ^ 68 ^ 9 4 , 1
^% xt.

^ .k ^- ^ '^L M I /^ 4- "^ ^ U »

\i ^-
S
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 15

^ r\ r .
j;^
^\ \ x. ^ -/ ° • "^-

r ^^
. .^ / Vo
 J

i6 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

12

-^ 1 T^ >
\ "
^

\ t. ) .^ -If < \ _ <Hf

^ \ i^^*-!
^ 1
^

«^

"^

"-
" -.1,

^^_1 /
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 17

13

.V^. \,. I ' •s '^,, -)= "A. ..A^ ^ J,

(^
\ -^J

\ 1 ^ '
^ ^-^ L 4. ^ .4. L. ^\ °
\, V S:^_. I
..5.-

.^.. V O L. 7 '
j ° V vyi,..
.
^, V^ 1^ y

' v«

r^
- 1- r i-^

ir~N

%. ^
^^ 4 '2).... ^v^v^^ ^^ H
l8 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

^ ^..6- -:-:5-. -^^-- ^^" •> '^-

 '

BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 19

15

o )
-f- ' ^-^ 1 °

crv~&
y ^ ^ <ri^ ^.-

.c^

..|.. .-^ / , i ^/ "^ k^ "^-o ^

- .|...
j
-^-. .N,..
\ . <y..\... ^ ....

^-^^ . ^ . .^ .....^ .Sf..

^ p ^

/ . _
..J..
.
^^^ "
^ . _^._ ^
.^/

a_D r^zv O Q_0 vn p- -

)
•
 brief reporting notes.

t6

..^^^ °
n i
\ X
^
r.\
t

^^ ^
< i
.«C:^ V -° \..
^

c K

V... L ^- ) -% \^./Y^ o .:^. ^

-^ -N^ - 1 -A
^ ^ ^ °
> ...^. ^ ^ ^ <r^ <^
^ rv, ^ M^ ^

>
< ,
^
"f _!). *^ •% ^ ) s ) <

T. k <
s
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 21

^ 1866 '^ ..^. _ ^ . o^^ '

.> [...
">
.."J.^

^ ^^,. ^ r" ^ >n •

.^..
^-^ -^ ^ "x^ . L

x' ^ ^ -^•...i_.
) .1. i^-^ ^- \\\ ^^

^- .^ . V ^ ^--^ L^ .t...
-^ :.^' >
/
"" —
^ ^ ...4 ^ ) X <^ ^ ^ l^ L^ .
S -I-
^
^
22 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

i8
 brip:f rkporting notes. 23

19

M
n s, \ ^ t.^ "^^ 1895 "-""—( J-^ 1895 "
-—s.^

.^.. '
29 K 1895 ^^ \) / ^

1^* e^) •

^ L
'
"~~^
V^_^t.^s^ ^ n^ ..(>
^^\_ > v_? ^^
^-^^^ ) ^_ . N/ ^ -^ p in/ / ^^^^^^
-^ \ > /^ ,-^ \ KX ^ X
-^

^ <

1-
—^_p N ..L.™-r'.,.y^ .-r\^

v/l_^ 3 \o \l.i^-
</~'~
^4... M/ ^ ^/-> ^
^ V V^ ^,<r- >'^-^-\^^^-
^

<i.

:'' '-c;^\ 0^ ^ ^-- .)- ( ^ ^^ \\^

24 BRIKK RRPORTING NOTES.

20

|... ) rv.'^. rv^\. r y^<^

> ^ L S / ^ ^
--^ ' '^ ^-^ '^ ^ --
^' "^

\ W^ n_. V ^ <r^ ^T-- ^— '^

^ ' ^ c/ ^ J.. ) ^.
 HRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 25

21

>
iX'

^ ^
u

^ ..v..
^^^

i 4 H ^

r <^ V^X^' ^ c
-- ...^.
y ^ 2)...
-^
^^ k,.!J -^

-No-". 1--" <^

26 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

22

-^ 1 ...28..

- 1. ^ ...^. .
o/
\

>^^ )
-^
4. -^ — (

CL_P ck V. Q_P Vv

/^ =4 1...
^ '^ - ^
...^
--^ "
u / v^ > y ^

/ \f^ ^ 7 . ^ Ij n/^ \ t

N3 ' •

s ^
./ s

~1 -^
 IJRIEF REPORTING NOTES 27

23

{, 1 . ^ ^ { ^
^ «
^.,,:.l^^-^
^ ^-^
V- K

Y ^^--vl!.. 379/ ^ V ^ Lj> 37Q

L
L

..^ \^ K

X\ > \^ <
__
...6: V_ ^ W^ ^ ^ 4^o ) ° •

-.^ o )

L) V_ ° ^^ ^ ^^ i. ._^ ^ \ ^ ^
<
^ "^ -A

32,304

^ 9,305 <^ ^^
..'^.. ^ T -^^ k^ 16. Y
V u> V

_.L > (^ <

...K^.. ___ v;; ^ (Xx^ ...1...
^ ^- V^ \ ^ •
...:::rr.

^ ^ v.^^ o r..j i, 31,3^ V. ^ i^.. 36,878. .^ -\ ^~\^^-

 .

28 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

24

^ P ^ /< ,4, /X^ < 1_ >

cf /, V, .

\ • /

"^
'r

•^• 73 , ^
_k. r_ ^ y %-.^ U ^ ^ I
-^

^-^
^_ L. v^ c/ " I

izlC^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .1...
r ^ '
^ ' •
'•

>> N
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 29

25

^
L^ -I U ..<^_ i\ -- -A i/V

L i

b
\.. -^ ^ 1
1

)
^ :::^. r
o M V 139 k 139 ...J...

k
1. 2^ r ^ d
1 o

c-^

(r\ ^ 12
-9^ V
1 "L
^ ^
^
yt ^ r
"A.
^
A
r\
 30 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

26

^ > ~ ^
1894 ( ) < ^ /I V^ Un i
k' .[.. ^ V^ / ^

..V.N 'vi
^ ^ [. ^ N^ ^ ''-^
^.. ( o
•

°^ X -^ ^_ <|^l

( r) Xs •

_^ / _^ \^ _ X.|..^ (, . r.<t^ _. / s
^

f -^ h ^ ^
-^
^- ^
H V -- X V ^^ // . ^
^
\^ ..^)
< "Xi J / Y -^^ > ^^ ^' ^-v/v ^^
 BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 3>

27

s 1 ^
\/' l-^r ^^>> —y y" 1 V"
^
,
^
x;i

i u^vv x^ X -w-

'\j <y\. »->s ~lP *) N -^.^.^.L^

K
A^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -c:" L
<L.

} ^^ y c<^2i \:i... ""nt

~^
-P ^ V

\ S^-6
) ^ ^
X^.
 —

KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

The very object of scientific advancement is the expansion ot

intellectual and moral views, and that necessarily creates a sense
of fellowship, and a fellowship in its strongest, and its best mean- |

—
ing (cheers) —
and when we see the chaplet of British approval
placed upon an American brow, or when we see the chaplet of
American approval placed upon a British brow, we feel the growth |

of science and the liberality and the generosity of its meaning and
expansion. (Chefers.) Then each country can say of the other,
as it sees its sons preferred, that the gift and the grace of recog-
|

nition are never so potent as in those who themselves deserve it

most :

Praise from thy lips 'tis mine with |

joy to boast,
For they can give it who deserve it most.
(Cheers.) The other day there was a scene at which I was for-
—
tunately present a scene never to be forgotten. I saw the King-|

dom of Great Britain fairly and strongly and honorably represented

m greeting, not a military conqueror, not a successful merchant or
inventor, but a simple, hardy, heroic son of science. (Cheers.)
— —
|

All ranks and classes from the Royal Family downwards came
forward to do honor to the plain, sincere servant of science, the
Norwegian, Nansen. (Loud cheers.) It v/as a striking spectacle
— I

one not soon to be forgotten, nor the meaning of which should

be forgotten. (Cheers.) The epigrammatic force which seems so
largely to have endowed our cousins in fair France has found its
|

expression, in considering the relative power of the land and the

sea, in the statement that the trident of Neptune has become the |

sceptre of the world. Perhaps that is true, but certainly no such

expression to prove its truth has been found, as that from the pen
of Captain Mahan, who enforces the great truth of the relations
|

of the sea power to operations upon land. That is an illustration

which your club and the societies of which it is composed can |

thoroughly and better comprehend than most. (339)

The only way Government for procuring gold

left open to the
is by the bonds. The only bonds that can be
issue or sale ot its
so issued were authorised nearly 25 years ago, and are not well
|

calculated to meet our present needs. Among other disadvantages

they are made payable in coin instead of specifically in gold, which J
in existing conditions detracts largely and in an increasing ratio
from their desirability as investments. It is by no means certain
that bonds of this description can much longer be disposed of at a |

price creditable to the financial character of our Government. It

 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 35

will hardly do to say that a simple increase of our revenue will

cure our troubles. The apprehension now existing and constantly
|

increasing regarding our financial ability does not rest upon a

calculation of our revenue. The time has passed when the eyes
of investors abroad and our people at home were fixed upon the
|

revenues of the Government. Changed conditions have attracted

their attention to the gold of the Government. There need be no
fear that we cannot pay our current expenses with such money
]

as we have. There is now in the Treasury the comfortable surplus

of more than 63 million dollars, but it is not in gold, and therefore
|

does not meet our difficulty. I cannot see that differences of

opinion concerning the extent to which silver ought to be coined
or used in our currency should interfere with the counsels of those
I

whose duty it is to rectify evils now apparent in our financial

situation. They have to consider the question of the national
|

credit, and the consequences that will fall from its collapse.
Whatever ideas may be insisted upon as to silver or bimetallism, a
proper solution of the question now pressing upon us only requires
|

the recognition of gold as well as silver, and a concession of its

importance, rightfully or wrongfully acquired, as a basis of national
credit |
—
a necessity in the honorable discharge of our obligations
payable in gold, and a badge of solvency. I do not understand
that the real friends of silver desire a condition that might follow
|

inaction or neglect in order to appreciate the meaning of the

present exigency, if it should result in the entire banishment of
gold from our financial and currency arrangements.
j (392)

It will be seen that one of these communications is devoted

exclusively to observations upon the Monroe doctrine, and claims
that, in the present instance, a new and strange extension and |

development of this doctrine is insisted on by us, and that the

reasons justifying an appeal to the doctrine enunciated by Presi-
dent Monroe are generally inapplicable " to the state of things in
|

which we live at the present day," and especially inapplicable to

the controversy involving the boundary line between Great Britain
and Venezuela. Without attempting an extended argument |
in
reply to these positions, it may not be amiss to suggest that the
doctrine upon which we stand is strong and sound, because its
enforcement is important to our peace and safety as a nation, and
|

is essential to the integrity of our free institutions and the tran-

quil maintenance of our distinctive form of Government. It was
intended to apply to every stage of our national life, and cannot
|

become obsolete while our Republic endures. If the balance of

power is justly a cause for jealous anxiety among Governments |

of the Old World, an-d a subject for our absolute non-interference,

none the le-ss is the observance of the Monroe doctrine a vital con-
cern for our people and their Government. Assuming, therefore,
|

that we may properly insist upon this doctrine without regard to

" the state of things in which we live," or any changed conditions
34 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

here or elsewhere, it is not apparent why its application may not

|

be invoked in the present controversy. If an European Power, by

an extension of its boundaries, takes possession of the territory of f
one of our neighbouring Republics against its will and in deroga-
tion of its rights, it is difificult to see why, to that extent, such
European Power does not thereby attempt to extend its system of
|

Government to that portion of this continent which is thus taken.

This is the precise action which President Monroe declared to be
"dangerous to our peace and safety," and it can make no difference
|

whether the European system is extended by an advance of frontier

or otherwise. It is also suggested in the British reply that we |

should not seek to apply the Monroe doctrine to the pending dis-
f)ute, because it does not embody any principle of international
aw which " is founded on the general consent of nations." (393)
|

No one hears so many of the world's great talkers as the

reporter in the full practice of his profession no one reviews;

them so delicately or has such opportunities of comparing one |

with another and of noting peculiarities of style. One of the

facts disclosed by forty years* reporting of public speakers is
the marked tendency towards greater simplicity of expression. |

Involved sentences, a Johnsonese dialect, big words to say little

things, are not tolerated as they once were. Conciseness and
condensation, as elements of style, have largely taken the place of |

"classicism." It is not so much stateliness as incisiveness that

is sought. Who ever hears nowadays the words " irrefragable,"
"impeccable," and all that class? They have been thrown |

entirely away. Yet they used to be of frequent occurrence in

discourses. The axiom of the modern speaker appears to be
that to talk effectively one must talk tersely. Compare Sumner
|

with Parkhurst Compare the elaborate periods and showy

rhetoric of the speakers of our earlier reporting days Math the
crispness, the pointedness, and compactness of any modern orator |

who really gains the public ear. Let it not, however, be supposed
that there is any diminution in the power or the plentifulness of
impassioned eloquence. Great occasions call forth as fervid |

utterances now as ever. And the need of means for their

preservation remains the same. Some one says of the orators
of our revolutionary period that the overwhelming results |

produced by them cannot be now understood, because the

reporting talent of the day was inadequate for their reproduction.
But modern reporters could easily have preserved them. There
is no fear that losses of that kind will be hereafter sustained
I

by the world. The effects produced by our great speakers at

momentous crises will be completely apprehended by posterity. |

The stenographic report, in the daily newspaper, will fully image

to the historian the things so grandly said. (31^)
(From a Paper on " Shorthand and Related Studies, particularly Word -Studies,"
by Mr. E. R. Gardiner, Official Court Stenographer, Providence, R.I.)
 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 35

If we surround the wires between which the electrical

discharge occurs with a glass tube so tirmly closed that no air
can enter, and connect the tube with an efficient air-pump, it |

will be found that very great changes in the character of the

spark will appear as the air is gradually withdrawn from the
space enclosed by the tube. The narrow, tortuous, thread-like
|

spark loses its definite outline, becomes enlarged, hazy in

structure, and takes on a rosy purple tint. As the exhaustion
proceeds it progressively expands, becomes more and more
|

nebulous in its appearance, and its length may be very greatly

augmented by increasing the interval between the wires. When
the pressure of the gas within the tube has been reduced to
|

something like the hundredth part of that of the atmosphere,

the luminous haze fills the entire tube, and glows brightly
with tints varying with the kind of gas enclosed, and often
|

very beautiful. Already, long before this point has been reached,
the discharge at the negative pole, or cathode, has begun to show
itsI
individuality, first, by the creeping of the luminous stream
backward, so as to form a kind of sheath or envelope of the
wire, of a characteristic bluish color, then, as the exhaustion |

proceeds, by becoming independent of the position of the positive

wire, or anode, and extending outward from the wire in every
direction. These are the first steps in the development of the
|

cathode ray. A new step was taken by Crookes, which proved

to be of great importance, and led to the discovery of many
curious effects. Mr Crookes experimented with tubes in which
|

the exhaustion was pushed to an extreme degree, so far, indeed,

that the slight remnant of gas left behind possessed a tension
ot only a few millionths of an atmosphere. At this pressure
I

the former luminous appearance of the tube no longer manifests

itself, and there is little or no visible trace of the discharge |

stream from the cathode or elsewhere. The glass, however,

now glows with a green fluorescence where the stream comes
in contact with it, and suitably selected objects in its path, |

within the tube, glow with vivid colors, forming a most brilliant
spectacle. (373)
{From a Paper by Professor A. Wright, of Yale University, U.S.A.,
on the 'Cathode Ray" in the "Forum.")

We
have employed as our source of light in these lectures
the ends of two rods of coke, rendered incandescent by electricity.
Coke is particularly suitable for this purpose, because it can |

bear intense heat without fusion or vaporization. It is also

black, which helps the light; for, other circumstances being
equal, as shown experimentally by Professor Balfour Stewart,
the blacker the body the brighter will be its light when
I

incandescent. Still, refractory as carbon is, if we closely

examine our voltaic arc, or stream of light, between the carbon- |
36 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

points, we should find there incandescent carbon-vapor. And

if wecould detach the light of this vapor from the more dazzling
light of the solid points, we should find its spectrum not only
|

less brilliant, but of a totally different character from the spectra

that we have already seen. Instead of being an unbroken
succession of colors from red to violet, the carbon-vapor would
|

yield a few bands of color with spaces of darkness between

them. What is true of the carbon is true in a still more |

striking degree of the metals, the most refractory of which can

be fused, boiled, and reduced to vapor by the electric current.
From the incandescent vapor the light, as a general rule, flashes
|

in groups of rays of definite degrees of refrangibility, spaces

existing between group and group, which are unfilled by rays
of any kind. But the contemplation of the facts will render
|

this subject more intelligible than words can make it. Within
the camera is now placed a cylinder of carbon hollowed out at
the top to receive a bit of metal
|
in the hollow is placed a
;

fragment of the metal thallium. Down upon this we bring the

upper carbon-point, and then separate the one from the other. |

A stream of incandescent thallium vapor passes between them,

the magnified image of which is now seen upon the screen. It
is of a beautiful green color. What is the meaning of that green ?
|

We answer the question by subjecting the light to prismatic

analysis. Sent through the prism, its spectrum is seen to consist
of a single |
refracted band, (332)

The great problem for solution is so to diffuse light through-

out a room that it shall be distributed uniformly over the working
surfaces with an intensity of a lux. Sixteen -candle glow lamps
|

suspended 8 ft. above the floor and fixed in 8 ft. squares, effect
this purpose very efficiently ; and groups of four such lamps fixed
16 ft. high produce a similar result. The light a lamp gives is
I

due to the expenditure of energy in its carbon filament an electric ;

current is driven through this filament by electric pressure, its |

resistance is overcome, it is intensely heatedly the proceeding,

and the result is pure unadulterated light. The energy expended
per second by an ampere (the standard current) driven by a volt |

(the standard pressure) is called a watt. A i6-candle glow lamp

takes 64 watts, which assuming the lamps to be fixed 8 feet high, |

means that one watt per square foot of surface is required to secure
ample illumination from lamps so fixed. In designing the normal
illumination of rooms, I take the floor area in square feet and divide
|

it by 64, which gives the number of i6-candle power lamps required,

fixed 8 ft. high, and these are increased or diminished according to |

the purposes of the room, its form and height, and other conditions.
The adaptability of the eye to nearly every degree of light is very
great, and it |
is almost impossible for it to judge accurately of the
amount of light present. But it is not as a mere source of light
that the glow lamp is superior to the gas-burner. The former can
|

be put anywhere and used without the adventitious aid of match

 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 37

or fire. It does not vitiate or unnecessarily warm the air, and it |

simplifies the problem of ventilation, while at the same time it

lends itself above all to the aesthetic harmony of the furniture and
decorations. (325)
8
a matter for sincere regret that the publication of scien-
It is
tific advances should so often be hindered by commercial con-
siderations. But we cannot help this. We must take things as |

we find them, and it would, I think, be foolish of us to refuse to

avail ourselves of limited information because full information is
withheld. Regarding the matter in this light, I have very much
|

satisfaction in being able to bring before the Society a process of

extreme interest and great promise, and I do not hesitate to express |

the opinion that on the whole we ought to feel ourselves greatly

indebted to M. Chassagne for letting us, even as far as he has,,
into his secrets. Few inventors are so liberal as he has been, and
|

I hope it may not be long before he may be in a position to disclose

the whole of his process, and give photographers the opportunity

|

of working it out thoroughly for themselves. The process so far

as we know it is as follows :
—
A negative is taken on an ordinary
gelatine plate, which has been prepared by treatment with a
|

solution, the ingredients of which are unknown. The negative

thus obtained shows no trace of color, and appears in all respects |

like any other photographic negative. From it a print is taken on

ordinary albumenized silver paper, which has been treated wi^h
the before-mentioned solution or if a transparency is desired, on
; |

a gelatine plate prepared in the same manner as that which was

used for the negative. This print shows no trace of color either
by reflected or transmitted light. The print when dry is washed
[

over with the solution, and is afterwards treated successively with

—
three colored solutions blue, green, and red the operation being —
conducted in a bright light. As the solutions are applied the print
|

gradually takes up its appropriate colors, the intermediate tints

being, it is supposed, produced by a mixture or combination of the |

three primaries. That a yellow color should be produced by a

combination of what are presumably green and red pigments is
not in accordance with expectation,, for though red light and green |

light, when superimposed, produce yellow, we do not get yellow bj'

mixing red and green coloring matters. Probably the yellow is
produced by the application of a yellow dye mixed in the green
|

solution. (396)
9
The lecturer next proceeded to describe the investigations
which had been made into the temperature and density of the
higher regions of the atmosphere by means of balloons carrying
self-recording instruments. The barometers and thermometers
were so constructed as to record their variations on travelling
paper charts. The apparatus was made of light metals, such as
aluminium, and the balloons usually contained about 150 cubic
}-ards of hydrogen gas. The weight to be lifted was about 20 lbs..

448382
38 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

but there was a practical limit to the height to which these messen-
gers would rise, and that was twelve miles or thereabouts. Owing
to the rapid fall in the relative density of the atmosphere at these
heights in comparison to the hydrogen in the balloons, the latter
would have to be of enormous size to get lifting power enough to
travel into higher regions than twelve miles. Thus the lecturer
showed that by increasing the volume of the balloon ten times it
would only ascend an additional 6,000 yards, and this ratio rapidly
increased until a balloon thousands of times as large would not
add much to the ascensional power. But they had already sounded
a temperature of "So" Centigrade at an elevation of ten miles, and
there was no reason to think they would not eventually succeed in
getting at the true gradients of temperature and pressure. Never-
theless, the difficulties which stepped in to interfere with the cor-
rect interpretation of these self-recording balloon results were
very curious and unexpected. For instance, there was the difficulty
with solar radiation. As we rose higher the solar radiation became
greater, owing to the diminished mass of the atmosphere, and
consequently the temperature of the air became lower. But not-
withstanding this, or rather in consequence of it, the covering of
the balloon became very hot indeed, and communicated its heat.
(The above is a summarized report of the reporter's notes given in the
shorthand pages, and is not counted for dictation.)

10

Although within certain limits, the summer monsoon —which

bursts, after being ushered in by heavy thunderstorms, about June
6th in Bombay, and arrives at its northernmost limits some two or
—
three weeks later is a tolerably regular phenomenon, it is not
j

nearly so regular both in time and quality as is commonly sup-

posed. Its date of arrival, for example, occasionally varies as |

much as thirty days, while the amount of its attendant rainfall

has varied from a deficiency of six inches in 1868 to a surplus of
nine inches in 1893. Concentrated in one spot this latter excess
|

would equal two hundred and eleven cubic miles of water. To

give an idea of what such an amount really means, let us suppose
|

the excess rainfall of 1893 to be collected in a tank wath a square

base of eight miles a side. Then if its altitude were that of the
|

snow line of the Himalaya, viz., seventeen thousand feet, such a

tank would barely contain the total volume of excess water which
fell over India during that year. Similarly, if in order to supply
|

the defect in 1868 we imagine a hose pipe to stretch all the way
from the earth to the moon, of half an acre in section and full of
|

water, it would represent a trifle more than the above defect. If

it were required to irrigate the country with this hose, in order to
\

keep up the supply to the normal during the six months of the
monsoon, the water would have to issue from the hose at the rate |

of fifty-five miles per hour continuously. Moreover, although such

variations, spread over the entire area, reach this gigantic amount,
th^ir local effect is relatively much greater, and produces much |

more disastrous effects in the drv zone inland than near the coast.
 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 39

where the rainfall is normally high. In this zone, which comprises

the Deccan, Mysore, South Madras, Central and South Punjab,
|

and the western section of the North-West Provinces, variations

often occur amounting to several hundred per cent, of the normal
supply. It is this district which, as at present, is most liable to
|

famine producing droughts or floods. (373)

(From a paper an " Fhrecastins: Famines in India," by D. Archibald
in "Knowledge.")

II

It may be estimated that the price of a good engine carriage

will be about the same as that of a corresponding carriage, horse,
and harness. And it is probable that the repairs, painting, and
|

lubrication of the engine will nearly correspond with the repairs

and minor expenses attendant upon a carriage and horse. The
stabling will be less, but the driver will probably be paid about
|

the same wage as a coachman. There remains, then, only the

comparison of the provender and litter of a horse with the con-
sumption of oil of the car.
I
A
horse's provender will cost about j{^i
a week. Suppose we estimate the average day's work of the
horse at twenty miles, then the week's work of six days would be
|

one hundred and twenty miles, which would work out at 2d. a
mile. The corresponding cost of a petroleum motor of 2^ horse
—
|

power would, however, be only ^d. a mile that is to say, a

quarter of the cost of the horse. As the length of an engine
carriage will be about half that of a horse and carriage, its powers
|

of turning will be much greater. It will not kick nor run away ;

it can be left to |
mind itself in the road and if it breaks a part, a
;

new one can be immediately procured to replace it. Besides, an

engine carriage will easily run a hundred miles in seven or eight |,

hours, which no horse could accomplish. Hence we may antici-

pate that within a measurable interval of time engine cars will
replace the huge vans which are now seen everywhere in London,
|

and that our hackney cabs will be replaced by engine cabs. This
will probably bring about sixpenny fares. The most successful
horseless carriages at present are operated by petroleum spirits
|

used in an engine closely corresponding to the familiar gas

engine. But these petroleum motors have their disadvantages.
The cylinders by virtue of the explosions become heated, and
|

require jackets of water to cool them. This is a great disadvan-

tage, because a heavy tank of water, containing about ten gallons,
must be carried in the carriage, and must be replenished with
|

cold water from time to time upon the road. The fuel used is
either what is known as petroleum spirit, that is to say, light |

petroleum, or " benzoline," or else the heavy oil which is burnt in

ordinary paraffin lamps, called petroleum oil. (410)
( Extracted from a paper on "Horseless Carriages," in the "Edinburgh Review.")

12
Nothing was formerly more striking in surgical experience
than the difference in the behaviour of injuries according to
whether the skin was implicated or not. Thus, if the bones
4© KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

of the ]eg were broken and the skin remained intact, the surgeon
I

applied the necessary apparatus without any other anxiety than

that of maintaining a good position of the fragments, although the |

internal injury to the bones and soft parts might be very severe*
If, on the other hand, a wound of the skin was present communi-
cating with the broken bones, although the damage might be in
|

other respects comparatively slight, the compound fracture, as it

was termed, was one of the most dangerous accidents that could
happen Mr Syme, who was, I believe, the safest surgeon of his
|

time, once told me that he was inclined to think that it would be,
on the whole, better if all compound fractures of the leg were |

subjected to amputation, without any attempt to save the limb.

What was the cause of this astonishing difference ? It was
clearly in some way due to the exposure of the injured parts to
|

the external world. I had done my best to mitigate it by

scrupulous ordinary cleanliness and the use of deodorant lotions.
But to prevent it altogether appeared hopeless while we believed
[

with Liebig that its primary cause was the atmospheric oxygen
which, in accordance with the researches of Graham, could not
fail to I
be perpetually diffused through the porous dressings which
were used to absorb the blood discharged from the wound. But
when Pasteur had shown that putrefaction was a fermentation
caused by the growth of microbes, and that those could not arise
|

de novo in the decomposable substance, the problem assumed a

more hopeful aspect. If the wound could be treated with some |

substance which, without doing too serious mischief to the human

tissues, would kill the microbes already contained in it, and
prevent the future access of others in the living state, putre- |

faction might be prevented, however freely the air with its

oxygen might enter. I had heard of carbolic acid as having a
remarkable deodorising effect upon sewage, and 1 determined to |

try it in compound fractures. Applying it undiluted to the wound,

with an arrangement for its occasional renewal, I had the joy of
seeing these formidable injuries follow the same safe and tranquil
|

course as simple fractures, in which the skin remains unbroken.

(405)

In the course of my
life I have tested the effects of over
thirty-five different substances which are capable of passing by
diffusion with the blood over the universal nervous surface, and
|

I have divided these substances according to their constitution.

Starting with what I have considered an ansesthetic base, or

basic element, I have followed the action of each substance and
|

placed it under what seemed to be its true head; thus, taking

carbon as a base, I have followed it through the amyl, the butyl,
the benzine, the true carbon, the ethyl and ethene series, the
|

methyl and methene series, and the turpene series. I have also,
taking nitrogen and hydrogen as bases, followed the series
apparently depending upon it, and by this increase have learned
|

so truly the nature of results that, if the chemist can place before
me any substance he may possess, telling me its composition, |
 —
KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 4'

weight, solubility in water, vapor density, and boiling point, I can

on pure grounds of calculation tell whether it is or is not an
anaesthetic, and if it is an anaesthetic how much, according to the
[

weight of the animal, it will take to produce narcotism how long ;

it would take in a given quantity, and what would be the termina-|

tion of the phenomena before it escaped from the organism. I

need not trouble the society with the details of these researches,
but I may indicate that they have been repeatedly stated in the
|

various papers I have read at different times but what I would

;

say is that no group of phenomena has ever occurred to me that |

has not to some degree resembled the effects arising from cold
that model anaesthetic which has already been referred to, and
which seems to prevent the nervous expansion, either locally or |

generally, from absorbing and transmittm^ to the nervous fibres,

which spring from it, vibrations of sensibility.
From these observations I am led to infer that anaesthesia,
whether local or general, depends always upon the same condition,
|

nimely, the suppression of vibrations from the origins, or expan-

sion, of the peripheral nervous fibres spread out in the mem-
branous structures. (359)

14
Children are born actors. They lose the faculty only when
the wings of their imagination are weighted by self-consciousness.
It is not everyone to whom is given the capacity of always |

remaining a child. It is this blessed gift of receptive sensibility

—
which it should be the endeavor the unconscious endeavor
—
perhaps of every artist to cultivate and to retain. There are
|

those who would have us believe that technique is the end and
aim of art. There are those who would persuade us that the art of
acting is subject to certain mathematical laws. What I venture
I

to assert is that all that is most essential, most luminous in acting,

may be traced to the imaginative faculty. It is this that makes|

the actor's calling at once the most simple and the most complex
of all the arts. It is this very simplicity which has caused many
to deny to acting a place among the arts, and which has so often
I

baffled those who would appraise the art of acting as a precise

science, and measure it by the yard-measure of unimaginative
|

criticism. Yet in another sense no art is more complex than the

dramatic art in its highest expression, for in none is demanded of
its exponents a more delicate poise, a subtler instinct none is
I
;

more dependent on that acute state of the imagination, on that

divine insanity which we call genius. The actor may be said to |

rank with, if after, the poet. He, like the poet, is independent of
recognised laws. The histrionic art is indeed essentially a self-
governed one. Its laws are the unwritten laws of the book of
|

Nature, illuminated by the imagination. But if the actor can

claim exemption from academic training, it would be idle to affirm
that he is independent of personal attributes, or that he can
I

reach any degree of eminence without these accomplishments

which the strenuous exercise of art alone can give. His Pegasus,
42 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

however, should be tamed in the broad arena of the stage rather

|

than in the enervating stable of the Academy. In acting, in fact,

there is an infinity to learn, but infinitely little that can be taught.
|

He must be capable of pronouncing his native language and of

having a reasonable control over the movements of his limbs, but
thus equipped, his technical education is practically complete.
|

(396)
15
Burke, though his reputation is so prodigious, and is perhaps
on the rise, did not, during his career, perceive many of the
still
contemporaneous symptoms of success. His speeches, when |

they were delivered, fell on deaf or heedless ears. There are two
famous instances of that neglect. He made a speech on Indian
administration, which was so wearisome and so ineffective that |

Dundas, who was the Minister to answer it, turned round to Pitt,
and they both agreed that it was not worth answering. When it
rame to be printed it was that famous speech on the Nabob of
|

Arcot's debts, which Pitt and Dundas both read with a stupor of
admiration, and wondered as to how they could have so mistaken |

it when it was delivered. The last was a speech, I do not recollect

at this moment which it was, but it was one which Sir Thomas
Erskine, surely no mean judge of eloquence, found absolutely
|

intolerable to listen to. I forget whether he fell asleep or went out.

When it came to be published he wore out one or two copies |

in reading and re-reading it in a frenzy of admiration. Very well

then, we see his speeches were unsuccessful as speeches, but not
as treatises. In the next place, he rose to no high office in the
|

State. For a few months he held one subordinate office which

used to be held by men of great eminence because it had been so
—
|

extremely lucrative the office of Paj^master-General. But Burke

as the first fruits of his economic reform, practised it which is —
rare —
upon his own office. (Laughter and cheers.) He cut down
|

the emoluments, and held the office with a salary which in those
days was considered comparatively insignificant. Well, then, his
speeches were ineffective he held no high office. What is the
|
;

last point in which his life as regards temporary success was a

failure ? The last point in my mind is this —
in none of the great
|

objects of his earlier days did this sublime genius see any real
success while he was alive. His success has followed after death,
but he never lived to see it.
I
(366)

16
It is a great canon, I have always thought, in all forms of
criticism, as laid down by a Frenchman a hundred 3'ears ago,
" You should have preferences, but no exclusions." That is a
]

great canon, and it is well to apply it to this question, which comes

into mind when one reads the items of news to-day. It is well |

to remember that there are high authorities who value Mr Grote's

history for his vigorous comprehension of the political ideas and
the political institutions of Athenian democracy. The same high |

authorities value Thirlwall for his history of Alexander and hi?

 —
KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 43
successors and then Finlay, who spanned the whole of Hellenic
;

history from beginning to end. H is work has been thought worthy

|

to be described by Professor Freeman as the greatest contribution

to historical literature since Gibbon. All these high authorities,
who have their own favorites, agree that in geography, in the |

interpretation of art, in the reproduction of the life of an age, Dr.

Curtius succeeded in making his picture human and real and
intelligible to a degree unequalled, so far as my small knowledge
|

goes, by any other worker in the sphere of ancient history. The

greatest of all his achievements in respect to Hellenic archaeology
was the exploration of Olympia, which, as most people are aware,
I

was chiefly due to him, was inspired by his perseverance, his

insight, and the infectious ardour of his interest in the subject. |

Of course opinions differ as to the value of what my friend Mr Jebb

calls " salvage from centuries of ruin." So far as particular works
of art are |
concerned, as Mr Jebb has said, the work of Curtius at
Olympia produced the largest gain possible in such fields, because
the largest of all consists in a vivid and suggestive light shed, as
|

Mr Jebb calls it, on a great centre of Hellenic history and life.

On the general subject I can really say nothing that would be of |

interest or value. I remember Dean Stanley used to say that he

found it hard to believe that a thing had happened unless he had

been to the place. (359)
17
It would be an imperfect record of your career if one omitted
reference to your services in the cause of sanitation. Will you
tell me a little about your work in this direction ?
|

In 1866 I commc^iiced a crusade against the London hospitals,

and pointed out that the sanitary state of many of them was
unsatisfactory in the extreme.
|
St. Bartholomew's Hospital was
then in a discreditable condition, its out-patients' department
overcrowded, and the assistant physicians overworked. Nurses
slept in the wards, or in places unfit for human beings. The
|

condition of other hospitals was hardly better in any degree. At

Charing Cross Hospital I got a special committee appointed to
inquire into the general internal condition of the hospital.
|

Then as to your interest in the blind ?

The educational training of the blind and deaf mute I have
most earnestly advocated in the Press for half a century. With
regard to the munificent bequest (;;^30o,ooo) of the late Mr
Gardner, I protested against the proposed erection of a grand
building as an asylum for the blind. I urged that, as a rule, such
|

buildings utterly failed in fulfilling the objects for which they were
established. Thus it came about that the whole of the fund has |

been devoted to the better purpose of affording help to the more

deserving among the aged, and assisting in the education of the
young and converting them into useful members of society. The
|

Milton Society, for assisting the adult blind in their technical

education at home and in " reading," was chiefly owing to my
efforts, and has been, I am thankful to say, a complete success.
|

I very strongly advocated the boarding-out of pauper children

44 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

pointing out the dangers to health and morals of aggregating them

\
in large asylums.
As regards other public questions in which you have labored ?
I took great interest in the movement made by a society to

improve artisans' dwellings. (328)

{An exir^i from an interview with Dr. Jahez Hogg, published in the " Sketch.")

18
Mr Justice NORTH. — Supposing such a case as I have put to
you, the death of some very eminent foreign Prime Minister, the
news arrives at the Times from obviously a correspondent of |

intelligence, education, and experience, which expresses very

felicitously the death of the Minister and also the great loss the
country and Europe have sustained from it. Assuming it was sent |

by a person under such circumstances would it have copyright ?

—
Mr CozenS-Hardy. Oh, yes, there is copyright in that,
and no one can publish it. It is a different thing from publishing
|

the mere fact. They may properl)r publish a fact, but they have
not the right to publish a narrative in the form in which our |

skilled paid correspondent has detailed the event for the Times.
—
Mr Justice NoRTH. Then does it come to this, that they
would be at liberty to re-state the bare facts found in the|

telegram, but not to adopt the happy mode of expression in

which they are conveyed?
Mr Cozens-Hardy.—That may be.
Mr Justice NoRTH. — It comes to this — they
| could not copy
the telegram, but they could state for themselves the facts stated
in the telegram ?
Mr Cozens-Hardy.—That is what I read from Lord Eldon's
—
judgment in " Wilkins v. Aikin " " The question, upon the
|

whole, is whether this is a legitimate use of the plaintiff's pub-

lication in the fair exercise of a mental operation deserving the
|

character of an original work." That is a passage which has

been quoted more than once with approval it was quoted by —
—
Lord Cottenham with approval as being the truest test which
|

could be arrived at. The defendants may make use of a passage

or passages in a prior work so long as they apply that which the |

Court can regard as real, intellectual, legitimate, honest labor,

but they must not copy.
—
Mr Justice North. I do not understand how you apply that
to the question I put.
| (330
19
There are gentlemen, whose names I will in a few
fifteen
minutes indicate to you, who are the defendants to this charge.
Before I refer to them, or refer to the details of the evidence, it
|

will be convenient that I should state to you that the offence

which we allege has been committed against the statute is that at |

the end of November, 1895, and in the month of December, 1895,

a military expedition was wholly or in part prepared in Her
Majesty's dominions, and that military expedition, under the
|
 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 45

command of the gentlemen who are defendants here, started on

29th December, i8p5, from places which I will indicate to you,
and entered the Transvaal, which is the territory of the South
I

African Republic. For the purposes of to-day it is sufficient that

I should state that our view is —
and I do not think there will be
—
|

any question about it that the South African Republic was a

friendly State within the meaning of the section. It will be
convenient if I tell you the outline of the geography to which
[

reference will be made in the course of my statement and in the

evidence of the witnesses. In the extreme south of Africa, there
|

is the colony known as Cape Colony. Immediately north of what

was at one time the boundary of Cape Colony, is the territory
which is marked upon the map British Bechuanaland, extending
I

up to the river Molopo. It will be established, I think, beyond all

question, that British Bechuanaland is part of Her Majesty's
dominions. In that territory, some few miles south of the river
|

Molopo, and some few miles west of the boundary of the

Transvaal, is the place called Mafeking, which, I think, will |

be established to you as part of Her Majesty's dominions. That

is the place from which a part of the expedition started.
Between twenty and thirty miles north of Mafeking, also to |

the west of the westward boundary of the Transvaal, is a place

called Pitsani Potlogo. That is within the territory which is
marked Bechuanaland Protectorate. shall We
submit, if neces- |

sary, that Pitsani Potlogo, was also a part of Her Majesty's

dominions for the purpose of this act. But so far as you are
concerned I do not think it will be necessary to enter into that
|

question. With regard to the places of which I have spoken, I

only gave the dates, without referring to documents. In order |

that my learned friends may know the particular documents and

class of documents to which we shall refer, and may have copies
if they desire to make any use of them, I may say that the
|

Foreign Enlistment Act has to be proclaimed. (464)

20
Captain Hastings cross-examined: You have laid before
the Court the fact that, up to the moment of striking, you had no
misapprehension as to the safety of the Howe ? That is so. |
—
And that up to the time your ship struck you had no
suspicion that she was not in a safe position? Yes. —
The chart by which your ship was navigated shows seven
—
|

fathoms of water where she grounded ? Yes. That would be

37ft. 6in.
The tide was 11 or 12 feet above low water? Yes. |
—
So that where she struck there should have been 50 feet of
water ? —Yes.
If the chart showed any danger, you could have avoided it
with perfect ease ? — Certainly. |

Did the movements of the leading ship hamper your move-

ments? No. —
Was anything done or left undone by me in your view which
46 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING. NOTES.

contributed to your striking on that unknown rock, where you

—
|

thought it was perfectly safe? It being an unknown rock, nothing

that you did contributed to my striking upon it.
Do you observe that in Leusada Bay the whole of the bay in |

the chart is filled with soundings, none of which are less than
—
seven fathoms ? The latter was marked on the spot where the
Howe struck also a line running parallel.
I
;

It was among some of those soundings the turn to starboard

took place, and there was apparently ample water. Up to the
moment of striking I observed no symptoms of drifting in any
|

particular direction, but I was aware that the tide was flowing.
If the tide was running in the general direction of my ship there |

would be no indications of drifting; but if setting across I should

see, but not at once, by the shifting of the bearing marks, and the
way in which the helm was answered, some symptoms of
I

drifting (310)
21
The veil of the Temple is rent asunder between the different
sections of Christian churches, and of religious communities.
The object of Christ's coming and Christ's death was that His
—
disciples should be one one not in form, for which He cared
|

little, but one in spirit, for which He cared everything. In the

presence of the Cross of Christ, of the greatness of the moral evil
I

which He came to destroy, of the greatness of the Divine good-

ness which he came to display, most of the questions which have |

moved the churches and sects ought to have sank into utter
insignificance. He came. He died, as we are told, with the very
purpose of " gathering together in one the children of God that |

were scattered about." In the famous church of the Holy Sepul-

chre, which is built over His supposed tomb, and to commemorate
His death in Jerusalem, the world has been for centuries scandal-
|

ized by the furious rivalries with which all the older Christian
communities, Greek, Latin, Roman, Coptic, and Syrian, claim each
their own part in that —
holy place by the walls of partition which
|

are erected here, and there, and everywhere, to shut off each com-
munity from sharing in the worship of its neighbour. Alas is !
|

not this a likeness of what has taken place throughout the Chris-
tian world? Have not we all been too much bent on piecing
together again the veil which was rent asunder, in building again|

that which Christ came to destroy ? Even in death, in the quiet

peace and repose of death, this rage for division has penetrated,
and our cemeteries, where, after the long struggle of life, the
|

departed might well be expected to lie together in one common

resting place, have been disfigured by separations and counter
separations and exactly there, where all Christians should have
; |

been eager to show that all difference had ceased, there have been
erected, even in outward form, the barriers of distinction and
alienation. |
God grant that the true Gospel of the Cross of Christ
may cast down these strongholds of this old, heathen, barbarian
prejudice. When in the battle fields of Sedan or of Metz we read |

over the grassy mounds inscribed on the line of humble crosses,

 —
KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 47
" Here Germans and French rest together in God," we feel that
the doctrine there expressed | is indeed the teaching of the Cross
on which it is written. (402)
22
" That we may present every man perfect in Christ."
Colossians i. 28.
Christianity at first distinguished itself among all the religions
of the world by equality. There was this aristocratic distinction |

of intellect in both the Jewish and Gentile religions. An example

of this difference between the intelligence of the educated and the
superstition of the vulgar was in the idea of communion with God
|

then prevalent. Among the contemporary religions it was the

privilege of a select few, of ascetics. They alone were capable of
contemplating God. But a vital real fellowship with God accord-
|

ing to Christ was possible to all men alike. This is the simple
levelling principle of Christianity. The Church is the household
of God. The creed common to the heart of man was human want,
I

a sense of sin, a desire for God, a sense of brotherhood. The dis-

closure of the love of God telling upon our human nature, the
|

exhibition of the divine love and sacrifice made possible the for-
giveness of sin. It is the love carried out in the humanity of
Christ, together with the principles of incarnation and atonement,
I

which appeal to the general heart of human kind. Many things

in the Bible are bewildering to our intelligence but the great ;
|

truths contained in it are very plain, and they teach a desire to get
rid of sin and to know the mind of God. The creed of the Church
is I
work this lies at her very heart. It is through this that men
;

grow by love and faith to maturity of knowledge and to perfection.

Nothing in Church history strikes one more than the belief in this
—
|

principle work for the equality of all men before Christ. The
catechetical lectures of the early Church, the teachings of Cyril,
Augustine, Chrysostom, all lay in this direction. We, too, teach
|

the same truth we reiterate it, again and again, both for the
;

educated here and the uneducated in Central Africa. The great |

danger of our time is exclusiveness. Intellectualism is perplexed,

because it mistakes the ground of its difficulties. Many have
reached the stage of education which enables them to argue, but |

they know not enough to give them the vantage ground above
argument. So article after article appears in magazine after
magazine, with no depth in them to approach the great scope of |

Christian truth. (394)

It interesting to note that the main factor of the double

is
satisfaction —
namely increase of receipts and diminution of expen-
diture in comparison with the estimate is the average attendance — |

of scholars in schools. Happily, we have got 379,000 in this average

attendance instead of 370,000 estimated for. But this increase |

does not cause any increase of expenditure. On the contrary,

instead of such increase, there is actually a decrease of expenditure,
as compared with the estimate, entirely owing to the economical |
4,8 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

administration of the School Management Committee. This bears

out what I have often represented to the Board, that while nothing
is so financially injurious as a failure in the average attendance,
|

nothing is so advantageous financially as an increase of that atten-

dance, for this causes at once an increase of receipt both in respect
of ordinary grants from the Education Department and as regards
J

the special grants received in compensation for fees. I now come

to the budget for the current year. Taking the expenditure side,
the first item is that of teachers' salaries, ;^i, 029,500, or over a
|

million pounds sterling, showing an increase of ;;^32,304 over the |

actual figure of the preceding year. The number of teachers is

almost exactly the same as it was when I made my statement this
time last year, namely, 9,364, as against 9,305, This indicates
|

economy on the part of the School Management Committee in

fixing the staff of schools, inasmuch as we have fully 16,000 more
I

scholars in average attendance. The next item to be noticed is

that of j^68,200 for inspection and special instruction. For furni-
|

ture and repairs there is set down ;^ioo,ooo. This is an appreciable

increase over former years, and it is, of course, partly owing to the
|

reparation of defective buildings. Although all the defects that at

one time came to light have been thoroughly rectified, at what
must in fairness be called a moderate expense, yet further defects
|

in buildings erected some time ago are still discovered. It is

believed that the Works Committee do their utmost to prevent such
faults occurring in buildings that are erected nowadays. But,
I

besides this the sanitary requirements of the age are growing fast,
and, when drains and the like have to be repaired, opportunity is |

taken of improving their construction according to the sanitary

engineering of the day. The charge for evening classes is set
down at ;;{^3 1,300, being less than the ;i^36,878 actually expended
|

in the previous year. (468)

24
We, my Lords, are politicians —we here and in the other
—
House are we to adopt the whole of the views of Her Majesty's
Commission —
though I admit that it is supported with all the
—
|

weight of very distinguished men are we to adopt those Reports

without considering all the circumstances which might palliate the
offences which are condemned ? I cannot see that it is possible
|

to do that. Now, my Lords, I object to the motion of the noble

Marquis on other grounds. I object to adopt any part of the |

Report without comment. First of all I think it extremely unfair

and extremely unjust that we at all events in Parliament should
record the fact that these national leaders have been accused of
|

the grossest and gravest crimes, without expressing our deep

regret that such serious wrong has been done to them. What
could be more serious than the charge of the forged letters ? I
|

cannot conceive anything more scandalous than what occurred

with regard to those letters. No one who is at all fair will say
that the Times knowing they were forged put them forward: but
I

what we all say is that there was a most culpable and gross negli-
gence in putting forward these charges to ruin the character of a
|
 ;

KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 49

leader of a people, and blacken the character of all those connected
with him, without making the most careful investigation. Every-
body who has had any connection with Ireland must have known
|

how utterly unreliable and untrustworthy Mr Pigott was. He

had been offering information to the Government of Ireland for
years and years. I mentioned only the other day, but it is worth
|

perhaps mentioning it again, that as far back as the year 1873 he

wrote an autograph letter to me, when he thought I was away |

from my ordinary advisers, saying that he had information to give

of a political kind, and no doubt asking for money to be paid him.
We all knew at the Castle that he was constantly in the habit of
|

trying to sell information, and anybody who had any connection

with the Times, and in connection with a charge so grave, ought
|

to have had the common prudence to go to some of those who were

bound to know something with regard to Mr Pigott. I think, my |

Lords, it is a scandalous thing that a charge of this nature should

be made. (407)
25
I will now put before the House the number of ships which
we propose to add to those which are now under construction.
We propose to add five battleships, four first-class cruisers, three
|

second-class cruisers, six third-class cruisers, and twenty-eight

torpedo destroyers. With regard to the torpedo boats, I must
inform the House that we have ordered eight of them in anticipa-
|

tion of the verdict of the House, and that if the House should now
choose it may strike them off the number we now propose. With |

regard to the list of cruisers, the House will observe that they are
mostly proposed to be constructed according to existing types,
namely, the Diadem, the Talbot, the Arrogant, and the Pelorus. |

The five first-class battleships are to be improved Renowns. To

avoid misconception, I may say that the designs were prepared by
Sir William White himself. He has been incapacitated during
|
.

some months, but before he left to seek the restoration of his

health, he was able to approve the whole of the program which we
now propose to the House. (Cheers.) His authority is a great
I

authority, for Sir William White has built 139 ships, and not one
of those 139 ships has had a deeper draught, or has erred in sta-
I

bility on the calculations he made. (Hear, hear.) His recent

ships, the Magnificent and the Majestic, had 200 tons less weii^ht|

when commissioned than as designed, and naval constructors w ill

know what that means. (Hear, hear.) These new Renowns will
be 394 feet in length and 74 feet in breadth. They will be of
I

12,900 tons displacement, or 2,000 tons smaller than the Majestic

and they will draw two feet less water a point to which we
|
—
attach great importance. They will have the same coal endur-
ance and rather greater speed than the Majestic. have We
not sacrificed speed, we have not sacrificed coal-carrying
I

capacity. They will be fitted with water-tube boilers, and will

consequently be able to steam further, and at a higher rate of |

speed. In speed, in armament, in coal-carrying capacity, the

ships will be equal to the Majestic, which is 2,000 tons larger,
but the difference is in armor. I
(390)
 —
•50 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES.

26
My mindhas vacillated a good deal during the argument upon
this point, which is, undoubtedly, one of very considerable im-
portance. In this case it arises in this way. The railway com- |

pany, in answer to a charge that they have since a date named in

the statute of 18^4 raised their rate of charge, say that when the |

rate impugned is dissected, it will turn out that they have not
raised any rate as to which we have jurisdiction to entertain the
question under section i of the Act of 1894. They say that on
|

the rate being disintegrated it would turn out that that part of the
rate which was for conveyance has remained unchanged and that [

the apparent increase is due not to an increase in the charge for con-
veyance, but exclusively to an increase in the charge for cartage.
Having said that, they refer to section 5 of the schedule of the Con-
|

firmation Act, and contend that the effect of that section is to take all
questions of the unreasonableness of charges for all the matters
—
|

mentioned in that section one of which is the collection or delivery

of merchandise outside the terminal station —
out of the jurisdiction
of the Commissioners, and to send them compulsorily to arbitra-
|

tion by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Board of Trade. They

say, therefore, that, inasmuch as on their view of the facts
namely, that the increase is one of the cartage rate only, that
|

raises a difference as to the reasonableness of the cartage charge,

but that is a difference which, by the terms of the fifth section of
|

the schedule, which I have just referred to, must be decided by an

arbitrator appointed by the Board of Trade, and can be decided |

by no other person, and therefore is a matter as to which the Rail-

way Commissioners have no jurisdiction. They also refer to a
case which came before this Court at the last sittings namely,
|
—
Wildman's case, which, to a considerable extent, is on all fours
with the present case, though not entirely, for reasons which I
shall point out |
in a moment. In Wildman's case this Court did
take the course of sending to the Board of Trade an application
based upon a complaint under sub-section 4 of section 5 of the |

Confirmation Order Act, 1891, It was a claim in respect of a sum

charged for the accommodation of trucks during a certain time, |

and it was suggested, though it was not admitted, nor was it at all
clear on the facts, that there had been an increase made by the
railway company in such charge. But the point was taken before
|

us that assuming that what the railway company had done, which
prima facie was a reduction of the charge, in its result did involve |

an increase in that charge, the Legislature had clearly thought

that the convenient mode of deciding such dispute was by arbitra-
tion under the fifth section to which I have referred.| (512)

27
As
to this statue of Burns, it may be well to remember two or
three points. Manifold are the statues of Burns, but of busts or
statues taken from life there is not one there is not even a cast
| ;

of his face taken after death (though we have the cast of his skull),
 KEY TO BRIEF REPORTING NOTES. 5I

inestimably precious as it would be now. (

We
have to some
extent, therefore, to idealize our statue of Burns, though not so
much as in the case of the statue of Highland Mary, which was
—
erected the other day a graceful tribute to a charming^ character,
|

but one of whom we possess no likeness whatever. Still, of Burns

we have nothing but canvas, and canvas that is not wholly satis-
|

factory, for the engraving (which was, after all, touched from life),
always seemed to me much more powerful and life-like than the
original painting to give— much more of the vigour of the face
|

and the spirit flashing through the eyes. We

have ample scope in
a statue of Burns for idealization, and after all that is not a bad |

thing. If we cannot have an image taken directly from life

approved as a close likeness by contemporaries, let us try to
realize what he was like. |
We
often please ourselves with fancies,
of what such-and-such a character would look like if he walked
into the room where we are sitting. It is perhaps a vain effort, |

for our surroundings baffle us. How

can we fancy Moses, or
Homer, or Caesar, or St. Paul, or Attila, or Peter the Hermit
walking into our library? The mere furniture scares the idea.
|

Luther in his monk's dress we can conceive the dress remains ;

unchanged. And when we get down to the era of portraiture, we

can strain our imaginations to see the subjects of Holbein, and
I

Rembrandt, and Vandyck walking out of their frames, and so on to

our own time, until we can realise men who never existed, such
|

as Pickwick oj- Colonel Newcome, or even Squire Western, or

Moses Primrose, without a wrench. The difficulty really lies not
in the form or face of a man, but in the embodiment of the inex-
|

plicable force called genius. You can realize perhaps the face;
what none can realise is the manner and the degree in which
genius animated it. Their eyes did not always gleam, their
|

nostrils did not always dilate, their lips did not always curl
haps they never did they were not always the figures portrayed
;
per- —
|

for us in works of imagination —perhaps they never were. (431)

TVTVERSITY ot CAUFOKNu.
AT
T.^S ANGELES
Pitman's Shorthand Dictionary
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Containing the Shorthand forms for over 55,000 Words and 5,000
Proper Names, Eighth (20th Century) edition.

Crown 8vo., 320 pp. handsome cloth binding, price 4s. ;

" Library Edition,"
roan gilt, coloured edges, 5s.

Technical Reporting,
Containing Phonographic Abbreviations for Words and Phrases
commonly met with in reporting Legal, Scientific, and other
Technical Subjects. By T. A. Reed.
Fcap. 8vo. Price Is. 6d. ; Cloth, Zs.

The Shorthand Writer;

A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE COMMERCIAL, PROFESSIONAL, AND
OTHER USES OP SHORTHAND.

By THOMAS ALLEN REED.

This volume contains Mr Reed's accumulated experience of half-a-

century's study and practice of the Art of Shorthand, as a reporter,

professional shorthand writer, teacher, lecturer, and examiner.

Crown 8vo., 222 pp., in stout cloth binding. Price 3s. 6d.

Pitman s Typewriter Manual;

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO COMMERCIAL. LITERARY, LEGAL, DRAMATIC
AND ALL CLASSES OF TYPEWRITING WORK.
The work is divided into two parts. The first inchides a discussion and statement
of the various faults noticeable in bad work, and furnishes rules for their cure. The
second division contains a number of rules and examples applying to certain special
kinds of work which the operator may, from time to lime, be called upon to do, but
which involve knowledge over and above that of the merely technical operation o(
the machine. Such kinds of work are those required in the copying office, in com-
mercial correspondence, in the preparation of legal drafts, literary MS., etc.
Illustrated with numerous facsimile plates. Fourth Edition.

Large post 4to., cloth. Price 3s.

LONDON: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., i Amen Corner, I"..C

And at BATH and NEW YORK.

 j

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

Form L9 —15wi-10,'48 (B1039 ) 444

Rev. J. H. Bacon. 117 pages, fcp. 8vo.

Price IS. ; cloth,]

A Guide to English Composition. With Progressive Ej

By the Rev. J. H. Bacon, author of " A Complete Guide
Improvement of the Memory," etc. 112 pages.
Price IS. ; cloth,
" It is a clear and highly useful handbook." — The Schoolmaster.
Remington Typewriter Manual. With numerous E>
and Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Large post 4to.
Price IS. ; cloth,

Any of the above 7vorks will be sent post-paid on receipt ofprice by the Pii

SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, Ltd.

I Amen Corner, London, E.G.
2^6 Pitman -
p68Ub Brief report-
ing notes

UC SOUTHERN REG

A 000 573 662 4

-^ .,,*^\