Introduction to

Computer System
CPE 425: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Computer Organization and Architecture
What is computer organization and
architecture?

Computer organization and architecture help

us to understand how hardware and software
interact with each other
Computer Organization and Architecture
Computer Organization
❖It encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.
o How are components connected together?
o How components interact with/talk to each other?
❖It addresses issues such as
o Control signals, signaling methods
o Memory types, …
❖It helps us to answer the question: How does a computer
work?
Computer Organization and Architecture

Computer Architecture

❖It focuses on the structure and behavior of the computer

system.
❖It refers to the logical aspects of system implementation
as seen by the programmer.
❖It helps us to answer the question: How do I design a
computer?
Computer Organization and Architecture

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Transparent from programmer (ex. A Programmer view (ex. Programmer has to be
programmer does not worry much how aware if which instruction set used)
addition is implemented in hardware)
Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Logic (Instruction set, addressing modes,
Signals, Peripherals) Data types, Cache optimization)
It deals with Hardware System Architecture It deals with Instruction Set Architecture
(HSA). (ISA).
 Introduction to Computer Systems
A great majority of the computers of our daily use
are known as general purpose machines. These
are machines that are built with no specific
application in mind, but rather are capable of
performing computation needed by a diversity of
applications. These machines are to be
distinguished from those built to serve (tailored to)
specific applications. The latter are known as
special purpose machines.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖Computer systems have conventionally been defined
through their interfaces at a number of layered abstraction
levels, each providing functional support to its
predecessor.
❖Included among the levels are the application programs,
the high-level languages, and the set of machine instructions.
❖ The interface between the application programs and a
high-level language is referred to as a language
architecture.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖The instruction set architecture defines the interface
between the basic machine instruction set and the runtime
and I/O control.
❖Four basic viewpoints:
- structure
- organization,
- implementation
- and performance.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Structure
The way in which the components are interrelated.

Function
The operation of each individual component as part of the
structure.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ Four main functions of a computer:

- Data processing
- Data storage
- Data movement
- Control
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ Four possible types of computer operations.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ Four possible types of computer operations.
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ Structure

The computer: top-level structure

 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖ Its major structural components are:

The CPU
 Introduction to Computer Systems
❖A computer system primarily comprises a central processing
unit (CPU), memory and input/output devices
 Historical Background
❖Z1 (1938)
- designed by Konrad Zuse
from 1936 to 1937
- a binary electrically driven
mechanical calculator with
limited programmability,
reading instructions from
punched celluloid film.
- used Boolean logic and
binary floating-point numbers
 Historical Background
❖Z2 (1939)
- an electromechanical (mechanical and relay-based) computer that was
completed by Konrad Zuse in 1940.
- used 600 electrical relay circuits, weighing over 600 pounds.
- used 16-bit fixed-point arithmetic instead of 22-bit floating point.
❖ Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)
- the first automatic electronic digital computer built by Iowa State
College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with
the help of graduate student Clifford Berry.
 Historical Background
❖Z3 (1941)
- was completed in Berlin in 1941
- faster and far more reliable than the
Z1 and Z2
- built with 2,600 relays, implementing a
22-bit word length that operated at a
clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz
- Program code was stored on punched
film.
Historical Background
❖ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
- first programmable, electronic,
general-purpose digital computer,
completed in 1945.
- It was the first operational general-
purpose machine built using vacuum
tubes.
- It was programmable through manual
setting of switches and plugging of
cables.
 Historical Background
❖The von Neumann Machine
- In 1946, von Neumann and his
colleagues began the design of a new
stored-program computer, referred to
as the IAS computer, at the Princeton
Institute for Advanced Studies
- the general structure of the IAS
computer consists of main memory,
arithmetic-logical unit (ALU), control unit,
Input and output (I/O) equipment
Structure of the IAS computer
Historical Background
❖EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer)
- was one of the earliest electronic computers
built by Moore School of Electrical Engineering,
Pennsylvania.
- was a binary serial computer with automatic
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
programmed division and automatic checking
with an ultrasonic serial memory capacity of
1,024 44-bit words (5KB Memory).
 Historical Background
❖EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator)
- was the second electronic digital
stored-program computer
constructed by Maurice Wilkes and
his team at the University of
Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory
in England.
- 1949 that the EDSAC became the
world’s first full-scale, stored-
program, fully operational computer.
 Historical Background
❖Harvard Mark I
- was used primarily to calculate and
print mathematical tables, a type of
table showing the results of various
mathematical operations.
- It was also a part of the effort to
develop nuclear weaponry and was
used by John von Neumann to also known as the IBM Automatic
determine whether implosion was a Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC),
viable means of detonating the was an early electromechanical
earliest atomic bombs. computer designed by Howard Aiken
and built by IBM in 1944.
 Historical Background
❖Harvard Mark II
- also known as the Aiken Relay Calculator, was an electromechanical computer built
under the direction of Howard Aiken at Harvard University, completed in 1947.
- used for ballistic calculations at Naval Proving Ground Dahlgren.
- constructed with high-speed electromagnetic relays instead of the electro-mechanical
counters used in the Mark I, making it much faster than its predecessor.
❖Harvard Mark III
- also known as ADEC (Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator) was an early computer
that was partially electronic and partially electromechanical.
- It was built at Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the U.S.
Navy.
 Historical Background
❖Harvard Mark IV
- the last of Aiken’s machines at Harvard
- was an electronic stored-program computer built by Harvard University
for the US Air Force for engineering and scientific calculations.

❖Harvard Architecture
- as given to such machines to indicate the use of separate memories.
Historical Background
❖BINAC (Binary Automatic
Computer)
- was an early electronic computer
designed for Northrop Aircraft
Company by the Eckert–Mauchly
Computer Corporation (EMCC) in
1949.
- was an advanced bit-serial binary
computer with two independent
CPUs, each with its own 512-word
acoustic mercury delay-line
memory.
 Historical Background

❖UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic ❖IBM 701 Electronic Data

Computer I) Processing Machine
- the first general-purpose electronic digital - introduced in 1952, the 701 was designed for
computer design for business application scientific work and research, which led to the
produced in the United States in 1951 development of the FORTRAN programming
language.
Historical Background

❖PDP-8
- a 12-bit minicomputer that was produced by
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
- was the first commercially successful
minicomputer, with over 50,000 units being
sold over the model's lifetime.
-designed in part to handle contemporary
telecommunications and text.
 Historical Background
❖Intel 4004
- Intel introduced the first microprocessor
❖Apple Computer Series
- The world witnessed the birth of the first
personal computer (PC) in 1977
❖80 x 86 series microprocessor
Apple-1
- Released and introduce by Intel in 1978
 Historical Background

CDC 6600 first supercomputer Cray-1 by Cray Research

introduced in 1961 by Control Data Corporation introduced the best
Corporation. cost/performance Supercomputer
in 1976
 Historical Background
❖1980’s and 1990’s
- introduction of many commercial parallel computers with multiple processors.
Classified in two categories:
(1) shared memory and (2) distributed memory systems.
- Examples of parallel computers during this era
Sequent Symmetry, Intel iPSC, nCUBE, Intel Paragon, Thinking Machines
(CM-2, CM-5), MsPar (MP), Fujitsu (VPP500), and others.
Historical Background
 Architecture Development and Styles
❖Performance is the main goal of any architecture.
➢ Complex instructions
• Reduces the number of instructions to be used
- Small number of instructions to perform a job.
• Using different addressing modes that fits the required task
➢ Examples:
• Complex Instructions Set Computers (CISCs) such as :
- Intel PentiumTM,
- Motorola,
- MC68000TM,
- and the IBM & Macintosh PowerPCTM.
 Architecture Development and Styles
❖Speeding up some of the effective instructions
➢ More than 80% of the instructions executed are those using:
• Assignment statements, conditional branching and procedure calls.
• Simple assignment statements constitute almost 50% of those
operations.
➢ Optimizing such instructions enhances the performance

➢ Example:
• Reduced Instructions Set Computers (RISCs) such as:
- Sun SPARCTM
- and MIPS machines.
Technological Development