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MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
AND SYMBOLS
(PART 1)

JEMIL R. ABAY
INSTRUCTOR I
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, PARTIDO
STATE UNIVERSITY

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 Explain the characteristics of Math language.

 Differentiate expressions and sentences.
 Translate English statements into Math language.

OBJEC  Use the set-roster and set-builder notations to

represent sets.

TIVES  Apply the proper set notation in solving problems;

 Distinguish relation and function.
 Use the function notations to rewrite Math
statements.
 Represent functional relationships using an equation.

WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?

Language is systematic means of

communicating ideas or feelings using
conventionalized signs, sounds,
gestures, or marks having understood
meanings
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WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?

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WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MATH LANGUAGE

 PRECISE: it can be stated clearly

 CONCISE: it can be stated briefly
 POWERFUL: it can express complex ideas in simpler
forms

PARTS OF SPEECH IN MATHEMATICS

1. Numbers – play the role of nouns (objects), used to represent quantity
2. Operations Symbols – act as connectives in mathematical sentence (e.g.,
+, ÷, ∨, ∧, …)
3. Relation Symbols – used for comparison and act as verbs (e.g., =, <, ≥,
~, ≅)
4. Grouping Symbols – used to gather and cluster a group of number and
operators)
5.Variables – letters or symbols that represent quantities, act as pronouns

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EXPRESSIONS VS. SENTENCES

 Phrases - A group of words that expresses a concept
 Sentences- A group of words that are put together to mean
something
 Expressions- A group of number or variable with or without
mathematical operation
 Equation – A group of number or variable with or without
mathematical operation separated by an equal sign

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VERBAL PHRASE TO MATHEMATICAL

EXPRESSIONS/EQUATIONS
Transform the following phrases into mathematical expressions or equations. Use “x” for the variable.

Verbal Phrase Answer

1.Ten added to a number x + 10
2. eight subtracted from a number x–8
3. a number divided by two x÷ 2 or
𝑥
2
4. a number raised to the third power 𝑥3
5. the product of a number and seven 7x
6. eight times the fifth power of a number 8𝑥 5
7. Six less than twice a number is forty-five 2x – 6 = 45

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SET NOTATIONS
 Set is a collection of distinct objects.
 The objects are referred to as the elements of the set.
 To represent a set, we generally use a capital letter.
 A set can be specified by listing its elements between braces using the
set-roster notation.
 If a set has no elements, it is called an empty set (or null set, or void set)
and is represented by ∅ or { }.

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SOME IMPORTANT SETS

 ℕ = {1, 2, 3, · · · } = the set of natural numbers

 Z = {−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, · · · } = the set of integers.
 Q = the set of rational numbers.
 ℝ = the set of real numbers.
 C = the set of complex numbers.

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SET-BUILDER NOTATION

 Another way to represent a set is using set-builder notation.

 A set-builder notation is used to define elements by restricting a generic object from
a universal set with a specific condition.
 The set of even natural numbers, for instance, can be represented using the set-
builder notation.

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INTERVAL NOTATION
Numbers Interval Notation Set-builder Notation
All real numbers (-∞, ∞) All real numbers or ℝ
All real numbers between ‐2 and 3, including neither ‐2 nor 3 (-2, 3) { x | -2 < x < 3 }

All real numbers between ‐2 and 3, including ‐2 but not including 3 [-2, 3) { x | -2 ≤ x < 3 }

All real numbers between ‐2 and 3, not including ‐2 but including 3 (-2, 3] { x | -2 < x ≤ 3 }

All real numbers between ‐2 and 3, including both ‐2 and 3 [-2, 3] { x | -2 ≤ x ≤ 3 }

All real numbers less than ‐2 but not equal to ‐2, not including ‐2 (-∞, 2) { x | x < -2 }

All real numbers less than ‐2, including ‐2 (-∞, 2] { x | x ≤ -2 }

All real numbers greater than 3 but not equal to 3, not including 3 (3, ∞) {x| x>3}

All real numbers greater than or equal to 3, including 3 [3, ∞) {x| x≥3}

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SUBSET AND PROPER SUBSET

DEFINITION OF SUBSET
If A and B are set, then A is called a subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if, and only if,
every element of A is also an element of B.
Symbolically:
A⊆B means that For all elements x, if x Є A then x Є B.
The phrase A is contained in B, and B contains A are alternative ways of saying
that A is a subset of B.
Note: A set is a subset of itself since a set contains all its elements, e.g., A ⊆ A.
Also, the empty set is a subset of every set, e.g., ∅ ⊆ A.

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EXAMPLE:
What are the subsets of A = {1, 2, 3}? How many subsets does set A has?
Solution
 The subsets of A are {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, (2, 3}, {1}, {2}, {3}, and ∅. So, it
has 8 subsets.
 We can use the formula 2n (where n is the number of elements in a set)
to determine the number of proper subsets.
 Since set A has 3 elements, the number of proper subsets is 2n = 23 = 8.

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SUBSET AND PROPER SUBSET

DEFINITION OF PROPER SUBSET
Let A and B be sets. A is a proper subset of B if, and only if, every
element of A is in B, but there is at least one element of B that is not in A.
It is written as A ⊂ B.

Note that a set cannot be a proper subset of itself.

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EXAMPLE
List the proper subsets of N = {1, 2, 3}. How many proper subsets does set
M has?
Solution
 Set N has seven proper subsets.
 They are: {1, 2}, {1, 3}, (2, 3}, {1}, {2}, {3}, and ∅.
 The set {1, 2, 3} is not a proper subset of A because a set cannot be a
proper subset of itself.
 Hence, the formula to determine the number of proper subsets is 2 n – 1,
where n is the number of elements in a set.
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DISTINCTION BETWEEN ∈ AND ⊆

Example
Which of the following are true statements?
a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3} d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3} e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}}
c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3} f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN ∈ AND ⊆

Example
Which of the following are true statements?
a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3} d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3} e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}}
c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3} f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}
Solution:
 Only (a), (d), and (f) are true.

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 We can define relation as any set of ordered pairs.
 The first component of the ordered pairs is called the domain, and the second component is the range.
 It is pairing or association of some kind between quantities that can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-one.

 Notice that “one-to-one and many-to-one” domain values are all unique.
 This is a special kind of relation called function.
 Therefore, we can define a function as one-to-one or many-to-one relationships.

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DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING RELATION AND FUNCTION

 Set of Ordered Pairs

 Table of Values
 Mapping
 Graph
 Equation

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A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS – THE SET OF ORDERED PAIRS CAN BE CONSIDERED A FUNCTION IF: (A) EVERY ELEMENT IN
THE SET IS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT X AND Y-COORDINATES, AND (B) NO COMMON X-COORDINATES EXISTS IN THE
GIVEN SET.

Example: Which of the following set of ordered pair/s is/are function/s?

A = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}
B = {(2,-3), (3,-2), (4, -1), (5, 0), (7, 2)}
C = {(1, 1), (1,-1), (2, 2), (2,-2), (3,-3)}
D = {(-1, 1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (-3, 9), (3, 9)}
Solution
The set of ordered pairs A, B, and D are functions because no common x-coordinates
exist in the said sets.

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B.TABLE OF VALUES. THE X-COORDINATES OR DOMAIN VALUES FOR THE FIRST ROW, AND
THE Y-COORDINATES OR RANGE VALUES FOR THE SECOND ROW, ARE ENTERED IN THE TABLE.
THE TABLE OF VALUES IS A FUNCTION IF THE FIRST HAS NO COMMON ELEMENTS/VALUES.

Example: Which of the following table of values is/are function?

Solution
Tables 1 and 2 are functions because the first row contains no common entries.

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C. MAPPING. IT IS A FLOWCHART SHOWING HOW EVERY X ELEMENT CORRESPONDS TO

EVERY Y ELEMENT. THE MAPPING DIAGRAM IS A FUNCTION IF THE PAIRING OF THE X AND Y
VALUES IS EITHER ONE-TO-ONE OR MANY-TO-ONE.

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D. GRAPH. A FUNCTION CAN BE VISUALLY DISPLAYED THROUGH THE COORDINATE PLANE.

THE VERTICAL LINE TEST CAN BE USED TO KNOW WHETHER OR NOT IT IS A FUNCTION. IF
THE VERTICAL LINE AND THE GRAPH CROSS EXACTLY ONCE, IT IS A FUNCTION.

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E. EQUATION. WE CAN CHANGE FUNCTION TO EQUATION, FOR EXAMPLE, F(X) = X CAN BE WRITTEN AS Y = X. IN
MATHEMATICS, X (DEPENDENT VARIABLE) AND Y (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE) ARE USED TO SPECIFY VARIABLES.
THE GIVEN EQUATION IS NOT A FUNCTION IF: (A) THERE IS NO Y IN THE EQUATION; (B) THE EXPONENT OF Y IS AN
EVEN NUMBER; (C) Y IS IN THE ABSOLUTE VALUE SYMBOL; (D) THE RELATIONSHIP IS NOT IN THE EQUALITY FORM.

Example: Which of the following equation/s is/are a function?

1. y = x2 + 3
2. x = x2 – 3
3. y > y
4. y = /x/ + 3
5. y2 = x + 2
Answer
Equations 1 and 4 are functions.

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FUNCTION NOTATION
 We can express functions through the different function notations.
 Example: The function in which every element in the range is “3 more than” the corresponding
element in the domain. Write in function notation.
 Answer:
1. f : x → x + 3
This function notation is read as:
Under function f, x maps to x + 3
Under f, x is assigned to x + 3
The image of x under f is x + 3
2. x → x + 3
This function notation is read the same as in the 1st function notation.

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FUNCTION NOTATION
 We can express functions through the different function notations.
 Example:The function in which every element in the range is “3 more than” the corresponding element in the
domain.Write in function notation.
 Answer:
3. f = { (x, y) : y = x + 3}
This function notation is read as the function f is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), such that y equals x + 3.

4. f(x) = x + 3
This function notation is read as f of x equals x + 3.

5. y = x + 3
This notation is read as y equals x + 3.

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