ORAL REVALIDA REVIEWER

1. Discuss briefly the basic function of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. What is the
relationship of the discussed function to the other body systems. What are
the possible measures a person should consider once with deviation in the
system homeostasis?
Ang main function ng digestive system ay mag break down ng nutrients into tiny
pieces that your body can absorb and use for energy, development, and cell
repair.
The Digestive System extracts nutrients from food and delivers them to the
bloodstream, while the Circulatory System transports them to their destination.
Ano nga ba yung dapat gawinng isang tao kapag may problema sa kaanyang
homeostasis? A deviation of hemeostasis means that there has been changes from the normal range
results. A person should consider getting checked on the following: blood pressure,
core body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation 

2. Create a diagnostic table for various diseases of the digestive system,

respiratory and endocrine disorders. Based on your knowledge, what is the
impact of these procedures in the development of biology and other
branches in the country and internationally?
3. Discuss Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease. Focus on the nature of the
disease, manifestations, disease process, diagnosis and suggested
conservative and collaborative management.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases
that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It is a a group of
progressive lung diseases.
COPD makes it harder to breathe. Symptoms may be mild at first, beginning
with coughing and shortness of breath. As it progresses, symptoms can
become more constant to where it can become increasingly difficult to
breathe.

The early manifestations are as follows:

 occasional shortness of breath, especially after exercise

  mild but recurrent cough
 needing to clear your throat often, especially first thing in the morning
COPD is usually caused by smoking or you have been exposed to chemicals or
fumes.
There’s no single test for COPD. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, a physical
exam, and diagnostic test results.
The treatments for COPD are oxygen therapy, and surgery. There are also
medications like inhaled bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids and
vaccines.
4. Discuss the skeletal and muscular system. How are they related? What are
the possible disorders or symptoms common to both body systems once
impaired or malfunctioned?
The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It consists of bones and connective tissue,
including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the musculoskeletal system. It gives the
body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and
stores minerals.
The muscular System is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.

The bones of the skeletal system serve to protect the body's organs, support the weight of
the body, and give the body shape. The muscles of the muscular system attach to
these bones, pulling on them to allow for movement of the body.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic joint condition. OA is also called
wear-and-tear arthritis, degenerative arthritis, and degenerative joint disease.
Tendons are thick cords that join your muscles to your bones. When tendons
become irritated or inflamed, the condition is called tendinitis. It causes acute
pain and tenderness, making it difficult to move the affected joint.
5. Pulmonic and systemic circulation. Hemodynamics, gas exchange,
and how oxygen enters and used by the cell.
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports
deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.
Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It
sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the
heart.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle and into the aorta to
begin systemic circulation. After the blood has supplied cells throughout the
body with oxygen and nutrients, it returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
of the heart. The deoxygenated blood shoots down from the right atrium to the
right ventricle. The heart then pumps it out of the right ventricle and into the
pulmonary arteries to begin pulmonary circulation. The blood moves to the
lungs, exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen, and returns to the left atrium. The
oxygenated blood shoots from the left atrium to the left ventricle below, to begin
systemic circulation again.
1) body –> 2) inferior/superior vena cava –> 3) right atrium –> 4) tricuspid valve
–> 5) right ventricle –> 6) pulmonary arteries –> 7) lungs –> 8) pulmonary veins
–> 9) left atrium –> 10) mitral or bicuspid valve –> 11) left ventricle –> 12)
aortic valve –> 13) aorta –> 14) body.

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and
is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood
travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left
ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.
During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same
time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. This happens in the lungs
between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are
located in the walls of the alveoli.
The oxygen in inhaled air passes across the thin lining of the air sacs and into the
blood vessels. This is known as diffusion. The oxygen in the blood is then carried
around the body in the bloodstream, reaching every cell. When oxygen passes into
the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it.
6. Inflammatory Process
Inflammation is a protective response of cells to pathogens, infection or tissue
damage. The inflammatory response has four phases: inflammatory inducers
(infection or tissue damage), inflammatory sensors (mast cells and macrophages),
inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, etc.) and the tissues that are
affected [3]. Each phase has many options that are triggered based on the type
pathogen introduced [1]. For example bacterial pathogens trigger toll-like receptors
(TLRs) and viral infections trigger type I interferons.
 pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function

7. Urine Formation
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The
organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The
body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. They all work together to filter, store
and remove liquid waste from your body.
Kidneys: These organs work constantly. They filter your blood and make urine, which your body
eliminates. You have two kidneys, one on either side of the back of your abdomen, just below your
rib cage. Each kidney is about as big as your fist.

Nephrons: The kidneys remove waste from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
Each nephron is made up  of a ball of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus.  

The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. 
Urine formation:

There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body.

1. The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other Substances from the Bloodstream

blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries

into the capsule through a filtration membrane.
This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.

3. Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the Bloodstream

Kapag lumabas ang filtrate sa glomerulus, dumadaloy ito sa isang duct sa nephron na tinatawag na
renal tubule.

Habang gumagalaw ito, the needed substances and water ay reabsorbed through the tube wall
patungo sa mga katabing capillary.

Ang reabsorption na ito ng mahahalagang nutrients mula sa filtrate ay ang pangalawang hakbang sa
paglikha ng ihi

4. Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from the Blood Complete the Formation of Urine

Kasabay nito, ang mga waste ions at hydrogen ions ay dumadaan mula sa mga capillary patungo sa
renal tubule. Ang prosesong ito ay tinatawag na secretion. The secreted ions combine with the
remaining filtrate and become urine.

The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through
the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.

8. Human immune deficiency syndrome/ AIDS relationship to the function of the

immune system. Highlight on the lymphocyte mechanism of action, AIDS
diagnosis, transmission, and governments initiative in managing PLHIV
HIV kills immune system cells that help the body fight infections and diseases.
The immune system is a complex network of cells known as immune cells that include lymphocytes.
These cells work together to defend the body against foreign substances, such as bacteria,
viruses, and cancer cells that can threaten its functioning. Through receptor molecules on
their surfaces, lymphocytes are able to bind antigens and help remove them from the body.
Each lymphocyte bears receptors that bind to a specific antigen. There are two main types
lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. B cells produce antibody molecules that can latch on and
destroy invading viruses or bacteria. T cells are direct fighters of foreign invaders and also
produced cytokines, which are biological substances that help activate other parts of the immune
system.
People receive an AIDS diagnosis when their CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm, or if
they develop certain opportunistic infections. People with AIDS can have a high viral load and
be very infectious. Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about three years.
HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected people, such
as blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. HIV can also be transmitted from a mother
to her child during pregnancy and delivery.
There are HIV Counseling and testing programs given by the government.

9. Differentiate male and female reproductive systems, organs and functions,

how are these systems vital in human reproduction and transmitting genetic
characteristics?
The main difference between male and female reproductive system is that male reproductive
system produces and delivers sperms to the female reproductive system whereas female
reproductive system facilitates fertilization and develops the baby.
The testes in the scrotum produce the male gamete, sperm, which is ejaculated in seminal fluid by
the penis. The female reproductive system primarily consists of internal organs. The female gamete,
ovum, is produced in the ovaries and is released monthly to travel to the uterus via the Fallopian
tubes
The male reproductive system and the female reproductive system both are needed for
reproduction. Humans, like other organisms, pass some characteristics of themselves to the next
generation. We do this through our genes, the special carriers of human traits.

10.Diseases in the reproductive system

Cancer of the Penis (Penile Cancer)

Cancer of the penis, or penile cancer, rarely affects men under 40, and only 1 in 100,000 men
overall. It is a potentially fatal condition. With penile cancer, tumours usually appear on the end of
the penis or on the foreskin.

Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is one of the most beatable cancers when detected early. Nearly all men are
cured.

Blood in Semen

Haematospermia is a condition that refers to the presence of visible blood in ejaculate (semen)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome happens when a woman’s ovaries or adrenal glands
produce more male hormones than normal. One result is that cysts develop on the
ovaries.
Cervical cancer
begins in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus
Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort
or pain in the bladder or surrounding pelvic region.
11. Cause of cancer, diagnosis, and treatment; what do u believe is the main
reason of death?
The most common risk factors for cancer include aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation exposure,
chemicals, and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of
cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being overweight.
The diagnosis for cancer is done through a numerous tests including physical tests, laboratory tests,
imaging tests, and biopsy.

There are numerous cancer treatments it includes Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation

therapy, Bone marrow transplant, Immunotherapy, Hormone therapy, Targeted drug
therapy, and Clinical trials

I think and I believe that most of the deaths are caused by heart related diseases. Dahil
yung heart ito yung pinaka main organ sa katawan at kung nag malfunction ito Malaki ang
chance na ikamatay ito ng isang tao.

12. Glasgow coma scale; discuss the parameters of this scale; significant
assumption on GCS score (15,8 and <8)

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to describe the level

of consciousness in a person following a traumatic brain injury.

Every brain injury is different, but generally, brain injury is classified as:

 Severe: GCS 8 or less
 Moderate: GCS 9-12
 Mild: GCS 13-15

13. Perform keme; why is it need for individual to maintain results within normal
limits?

to help prevent or delay long-term, serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision
loss, and kidney disease. 

14. Ears, nose, and throat

The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. The parts of the ear include:

 External or outer ear, consisting of:

o Pinna or auricle. This is the outside part of the ear.

o External auditory canal or tube. This is the tube that connects the outer ear to
the inside or middle ear.
 Tympanic membrane (also called the eardrum). The tympanic membrane divides the
external ear from the middle ear.
 Middle ear(tympanic cavity), consisting of:

o Ossicles. Three small bones that are connected and transmit the sound waves to the
inner ear. The bones are called:

 Malleus
 Incus
 Stapes
o Eustachian tube. A canal that links the middle ear with the back of the nose. The
eustachian tube helps to equalize the pressure in the middle ear. Equalized pressure
is needed for the proper transfer of sound waves. The eustachian tube is lined with
mucous, just like the inside of the nose and throat.
 Inner ear, consisting of:

o Cochlea (contains the nerves for hearing)

o Vestibule (contains receptors for balance)
o Semicircular canals (contain receptors for balance)

The nose is the organ of smell located in the middle of the face. The internal part of the nose lies
above the roof of the mouth. The nose consists of:

 External meatus. Triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face.

 External nostrils. Two chambers divided by the septum.
 Septum. Made up primarily of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membranes. The
cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose.
 Nasal passages. Passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia) that
help to filter the air.
 Sinuses. Four pairs of air-filled cavities, also lined with mucous membranes.

The throat is a ring-like muscular tube that acts as the passageway for air, food, and liquid. The
throat also helps in forming speech. The throat consists of:
  Larynx (also known as the voice box). The larynx is a cylindrical grouping of cartilage,
muscles, and soft tissue that contains the vocal cords. The vocal cords are the upper opening
into the windpipe (trachea), the passageway to the lungs.
 Epiglottis. A flap of soft tissue located just above the vocal cords. The epiglottis folds down
over the vocal cords to prevent food and irritants from entering the lungs.
 Tonsils and adenoids. They are made up of lymph tissue and are located at the back and
the sides of the mouth. They protect against infection, but generally have little purpose
beyond childhood.

16. concepts of integumentary system and function, anatomy and physiology; 3

diseases
integumentary system protects your body from infection and injuries you could get from your
external environment. It's your body's coat of armor and the first line of defense against viruses,
bacteria and other microbes. It shields your body from harmful light and helps regulate your body
temperature.
The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands,
hair, and nails

Acne

What is acne? It is caused when blocked skin follicles from a plug caused by oil from
glands, bacteria, and dead cells clump together and swell.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, scaly skin that may feel painful, swollen, or
hot. Learn more about the types and what causes psoriasis.

Alopecia Areata

What is alopecia areata? It is a condition that attacks your hair follicles (they make hair).
In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches.

17. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; HOW TECHNOLOGY HELP ALLEVIATE SYMPTOMS OF

CKD; CAN WE REVERSE KIDNEY PROBLEM?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way
they should. The main risk factors for developing kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure,
heart disease, and a family history of kidney failure.

Technology helps to reduce the chances of having the CKD or decreases the chance of
morbidity.
Yes, we can reverse kidney problem by living a healthy lifestyle avoiding smoking,
eating a balanced diet and exercise regularly.