Module 11
Module 11
MODULE 11 PACKET
AE 15 and ELEC 1 – INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING
MODULE 11 MEASUREMENT, ACQUISITION AND ACCOUNTING FOR PROPERTY,
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Welcome to Module 11
In this module, we will discuss the acquisition and measurement of property, plant and equipment. At the
end of this module, you will be answering multiple choice questions and straight problems.
CONSULTATION HOURS:
Virtual time: During your class schedule (either Monday or Tuesday)
Phone or Messenger: Every Thursday from 8am to 11am and 1pm to 4pm
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ASSIGNED READING
Property plant and equipment are tangible assets that are held for use in production or supply of goods or
services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes, and are expected to be used during more
than one period.
Examples of PPE:
Land and land improvements
Building
Machinery
Ship, Aircraft, Motor Vehicle
Furniture and Fixtures
Tools and Equipment
Patterns, molds and dies
Bearer plants
After initial recognition, an entity shall choose either the cost model or the revaluation model as the
accounting policy for property, plant and equipment. Such accounting policy shall be applied to an entire
class of property, plant and equipment.
Cost Model - shall be carried at COST less ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION less ACCUMULATED
IMPAIRMENT LOSS
Revaluation Model - shall be carried at revalued carrying amount = FAIR VALUE at the date of revaluation
less SUBSEQUENT ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION and ACCUMULATED IMPAIRMENT LOSS
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Spare parts and servicing equipment or carried as inventory and recognized as an expense when
consumed. However, major standby spare-parts and stand-by equipment qualify as property, plant and
equipment when the entity expects to use them during more than one period.
An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured at
cost. Cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalent paid and the fair value of the other consideration
given to acquire on asset at the time of acquisition or construction.
Elements of cost:
1. Purchase price, including import duties and nonrefundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade
discounts and rebates
2. Cost directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be
capable of Operating in a manner intended by management
3. Initial estimate of the cost of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is
located, the obligation for which an entity incurs
Examples of directly attributable costs
1. Costs of employee benefits arising directly from the acquisition of property, plant and equipment
2. Cost of site preparation
3. Initial delivery and handling costs
4. installation and assembly costs
5. Professional fees
6. Cost of testing whether the asset is functioning properly
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Acquisition of property
CASH ON ACCOUNT
The cost of an item is the cash price The cost of the asset = invoice price minus the discount (if
equivalent at the recognition date paid subject to cash discount), regardless of whether the discount
plus directly attributable costs such as is taken or not. If the discount is not taken, it charged to
freight, installation cost costs and other purchase discount loss shown as other expense. Cash
costs necessary in bringing the asset to discounts are considered as reduction of cost and not as
the location and condition for the intended income.
use. When several assets are acquired
at lump sum price such is apportioned on Journalize: Purchased equipment for P8,000, 2/10, n/30.
the basis of relative fair value.
For example, building and Gross Method Net Method
machinery are acquired at a single
cost of P10,000,000. At the time of Equipment 8,000 Equipment 7,840
acquisition, the building has a fair Accounts Payable 8,000 Accounts Payable 7,840
value of P7,000,000 and the
machinery, P1,000,000 Within the discount period Within the discount period
Accounts Payable 8,000 Accounts Payable 7,840
FV Fraction Allocated Cash 7,840 Cash 7,840
Equipment 160
cost
Building 7M 7/8 P8,750,000 Beyond discount period
Beyond discount period
Machinery 1M 1/8 1,250,000 Accounts Payable 8,000 Accounts Payable 7,840
8M P10,000,000 Purchase discount lost 160 Purchase discount lost 160
Cash 8,000 Cash 8,000
Equipment 160
ON INSTALLMENT BASIS
An asset may be offered at a cash price and at an installment price. If it is purchased at the installment
price, the asset shall be recorded at the cash price. The excess of the installment price over the cash price
is treated as an interest to be amortized over the credit period.
A machinery is purchased at an installment price of P200,000 for a downpayment of P80,000 and the
balance payable in 2 years. The cash price of the machinery is P170,000. A promissory note is issued
for the installment balance of P120,000.
Acquisition of machinery
Machinery 170,000
Discount on Note Payable 30,000
Note Payable 120,000
Cash 80,000
First Installment Payment Note Payable Fraction Interest exp
Note Payable 60,000 1st yr 120,000 120/180 20,000
Cash 60,000 2nd yr 60,000 60/180 10,000
Amortize the discount on note payable 180,000 30,000
Interest Expense 20,000
Discount on Note Payable 20,000
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If there is no available cash price, the asset is recorded at an amount equal to present value of all payments
using an implied interest rate.
Note Payable – Present value of note payable = Implied Interest recorded as Discount on Note Payable
At the end of the year, Discount on Note Payable is amortized by crediting it and debiting Interest Expense
using the effective interest method.
The property shall be measured at an amount The asset acquired by issuing bonds payable is
equal to the following in order of priority: measured in the following order:
a. Fair value of property received (preferred) a. Fair value of bonds payable (preferred)
Land 1,500,000 Building 4,800,000
Share capital (20,000xP50) 1,000,000 Bonds Payable 4,000,000
Share premium 500,000 Premium on bonds payable 800,000
b. Fair value of the share capital b. Fair value of asset received
Land (20,000xP80) 1,600,000 Building 5,000,000
Share capital (20,000xP50) 1,000,000 Bonds Payable 4,000,000
Share premium 600,000 Premium on bonds payable 1,000,000
c. Par or stated value of the share capital c. Face amount of bonds payable
Land 1,000,000 Building 4,000,000
Share capital (20,000xP50) 1,000,000 Bonds Payable 4,000,000
Commercial substance is a new notion and is defined as the event or transaction causing the cash flows
of the entity to change significantly by reason of the exchange
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TRADE IN
A property is acquired by exchanging another property as part payment and the balance payable in cash
or any other form of payment in accordance with agreed terms. It involves a nondealer acquiring the asset
from a dealer. It usually involves a significant amount of cash and therefore, the transaction has
commercial substance.
As an exchange with commercial substance, the new asset is recorded at the following in the order of
priority:
a. Fair value of asset given plus cash payment
b. Trade in value of asset given plus cash payment (Fair value of asset received)
Trade in value = Cash price without Trade In – Cash price with Trade In
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Fair value of asset given 70,000 Trade in value of asset given 100,000
Less: Carrying amount 80,000 Less: Carrying amount 80,000
Loss on exchange (10,000) Gain on exchange 20,000
DONATION
Philippine GAAP provides that contributions received from shareholders shall be recorded at the fair value
and credited to donated capital. Expenses incurred in connection with the donation, like payment of
registration fees and legal fees do not increase the value of the asset and shall be charged to the donated
capital account. However, directly attributable costs incurred subsequently necessary to bring the donated
asset to the location and condition for the intended use shall be capitalized.
Gifts, grants of funds or other assets restricted for property, plant and equipment received from
nonshareholders shall be recorded at fair value when received or receivable recognized as income.
CONSTRUCTION
The cost of self-constructed asset include: direct cost of materials, direct cost of labor and indirect cost
and incremental overhead specifically identifiable or traceable to the construction. Overhead not
specifically identifiable may be allocated based on direct labor cost or direct labor hours.
If the actual cost of construction is less than the price at which the constructed asset can be purchased
from outside parties, there is saving, not income. This saving results to a lower depreciation for the asset.
If the actual cost of construction is more than the price at which the asset can be purchased, the difference
is not a loss. Despite the difference in cost, there is no assurance that the asset if purchased is the same
as that constructed.
However, if there is clear evidence that the actual cost is materially excessive and this is due to construction
inefficiencies or failures that may be due to temporary, idle capacity or industrial disputes, this is treated
as loss chargeable to management, and should not burden future periods.
Cost of abnormal amount of wasted material, labor or overhead is not included in the cost of the asset.
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Derecognition means that the cost of the property, plant and equipment together with its accumulated
depreciation shall be removed from the accounts.
The carrying amount of the property, plant and equipment shall be derecognized on disposal or when no
future economic benefits are expected from the use or disposal.
Net disposal proceeds less carrying amount of the item = gain or (loss) from the derecognition of an item
of property, plant and equipment.
An asset that is available for immediate sale in the present condition within one year from the date of
classification as held for sale. This should be presented as current asset, and not as property, plant and
equipment.
A noncurrent asset classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less
cost of disposal. Such asset shall not be depreciated. The writedown to fair value less cost of disposal is
treated as an impairment loss.
A noncurrent asset that is to be abandoned shall not be classified as held for sale because the carrying
amount would be recovered principally through continuing use.
Temporary idle activity or abandonment does not preclude depreciating the asset as future benefits are
consumed not only through usage but also through wear and tear and obsolescence.
Noncurrent asset to be abandoned includes an item of property, plant and equipment that is to be used
until the end of the economic life.
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The classification of land depends on the nature and purpose of the land.
Special assessments are taxes paid by the landowner as a contribution to the cost of public improvements
that increase the value of the land and are capitalized as cost of land.
Real property taxes are outright expense. Only those assumed by the buyer up to the date of acquisition
are capitalized.
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Land improvements not subject to depreciation are Land improvements that are depreciable over their
charged to the land account. useful life are charged to a special account “land
improvements.”
Cost of surveying, clearing, grading, leveling and Fences, water systems, drainage systems,
landfill, subdividing and other cost of permanent sidewalks, pavements and cost of trees, shrubs
improvement and other landscaping
Sidewalks, pavements, parking lot, driveways are charged to Building Account if they are part of the
blueprint. If they are occasionally made or incurred not in connection with the construction of a new
building, these are Land Improvements.
Where insurance is taken during the construction of a building, the cost is charged to building because
it is a necessary and a reasonable cost of bringing the building into existence. Without insurance, payment
for damages for injuries sustained during the construction should be expensed outright because the
damages represent management failure or negligence in procuring insurance and are not a reasonable
and necessary cost.
Expenditures for shelves, cabinets and partitions may be charged to the building or furniture and fixtures
depending upon the nature of the expenditures. If these are immovables (attached to the building), they
are charged to the building. If such expenditures are movable, these are charged to furniture and fixtures.
If installed during construction, these are charged to building account. Otherwise, it is charged to building
improvements and depreciated over their useful or remaining life of the building, whichever is shorter
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MACHINERY
• Purchase price
• Freight, handling, storage and other cost related to acquisition
• Insurance while in transit
• Irrevocable or nonrefundable purchase tax
• Installation cost, including site preparation and assembling
• Cost of testing and trial run, and other cost necessary in
preparing the machinery for its intended use
• Estimate of cost of dismantling and removing the machinery and
restoring the site on which it is located, and for which the entity
has a present obligation
• Consultant’s fee for advice on the acquisition of the machinery
• Cost of safety rail and platform surrounding the machine
• Cost of water device to keep machine cool
The removal cost, not previously recognized, of an old machinery to make room for a
new one, is charged to expense.
Value added tax on the purchase is charged to input tax which is offset against output
tax.
TOOLS
Machine Tools include drills and punches. Hand tools include hammer and saws.
These are used in designing or forging out a particular product. If used for the regular product, they are
recorded as assets and are depreciated over the useful life. If used for specially ordered product, they
form part of the cost of the special product.
EQUIPMENT
Cost includes purchase price, freight and other handling charges, insurance while in transit, installation
costs and other costs necessary in preparing them for the intended use.
Delivery equipment – cars, trucks and other vehicles used in business operations. Motor vehicle
registration fees are expensed outright.
Store and office equipment – computers, typewriters, adding machines, cash register and calculator.
Those identified with selling are store equipment, otherwise they are office equipment.
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Furniture and fixtures – showcases, counters, shelves, display fixtures, cabinets, partitions, safes, desks
and tables. They can also be either store or office equipment.
RETURNABLE CONTAINERS
Those that are small and individually involve small amount like bottles and
boxes are classified as other noncurrent assets. Those that are not
returnable are charged to expense.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE – benefits current and future periods and is reported as an asset.
A subsequent cost is capitalized if it will increase the future service potential of an asset, but if it merely
maintains the existing level of standard performance, the cost is expensed when incurred.
For us accountants, PPEs are PROPERTY, PLANT and EQUIPMENT (not personal protective equipment)
Learn More:
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/ppe-property-plant-equipment/
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If the original part of an existing asset is separately identifiable, the major replacement = asset. The cost
of the replaced part and its related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts with any
remaining carrying value treated as a loss. If the carrying amount of the replaced part cannot be identified,
it may use the cost of the replacement as the “likely original cost” of the replaced part at the time it was
acquired or constructed.
Building = 4,000,000. Life = 20 years. After 10 Assume same data, but original cost cannot be
years, wooden roof with original cost of P300,000 determined. Discount rate is 6% and PV of 1 at 6%
is replaced with concrete costing P400,000. for 10 periods is 0.56 = (400k x 0.56)
Loss on retirement of building 150,000 Loss on retirement of building 112,000
Accumulated depreciation 150,000 Accumulated depreciation 112,000
Building 300,000 Building 224,000
Replacement: Replacement (same)
Building 400,000
Cash 400,000 Bldg (4M-224k+400k) – Accum Depn (2M-112k)
Bldg (4M-300k+400k) – Accum Depn (2M-150k)
New depreciation (10yrs): New depreciation:
Depreciation (4.1M – 1.85M) 225,000 Depreciation (4.176M – 1.888M) 228,800
Accum. Depreciation 225,000 Accum. Depreciation 228,800
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1. Jamison Company purchased the assets of Booker Company at an auction for P1,400,000. An
independent appraisal of the fair value of the assets is listed below:
Land P475,000 Equipment 525,000
Building 700,000 Trucks 850,000
Assuming that specific identification costs are impracticable and that Jamison allocates the purchase
price on the basis of the relative fair values, what amount would be allocated to each of the property,
plant and equipment items?
2. Timmons Company traded machinery with a book value of P185,000 and a fair value of P200,000. It
received in exchange from Lewis Company a machine with a fair value of P180,000 and cash of
P20,000. Lewis’s machine has a book value of P190,000. What amount of gain should Timmons
recognize on the exchange?
3. Iyan had an equipment costing P1,000,000 with accumulated depreciation of P200,000. The fair value
of said equipment is P950,000. This was exchanged with Xyzen Co. for another equipment with a fair
value of P1,100,000 plus cash payment of P150,000. What is Iyan’s journal entry to record the
exchange?
Compute for the cost of LAND, NEW BUILDING and LAND IMPROVEMENT for Blossom Company given
the following expenditures for the construction of a new home office:
Purchase price of land and an old apartment building 2,000,000 Fair value of land 1,800,000
Payment of land mortgage and interest due @ time of sale 50,000 Legal fees (title search) 10,000
Payment of delinquent property taxes assumed 20,000 Drainage on land 15,000
Cost of razing the apartment building 30,000 Architect fee 200,000
Interest cost on specific borrowing during construction 300,000 Payment to contractor 8,000,000
Payment of medical bills of employees accidentally injured 10,000 Paving parking lot 40,000
Trees, shrubs and other landscaping 55,000 Installing lights in driveway 5,000
Premium for insurance on building during construction 60,000 Open house party 60,000
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