UNIT 4

Equivalent MODULE
MODULE

Generating
9
Expressions Equivalent Numerical
Expressions
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1

MODULE
MODULE

Generating
10
10
Equivalent Algebraic
Expressions
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a, 6.EE.2b,
6.EE.2c, 6.EE.3,
6.EE.4, 6.EE.6
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©aberCPC/Alamy

CAREERS IN MATH
Freelance Computer Programmer
A computer programmer translates commands
into code, a language that a computer
understands. Programmers work on a variety of
tasks, from creating computer games to testing
software. A freelance programmer doesn’t work
for a specific company; this gives the freelancer
more flexibility with his or her work schedule.
Computer programmers use mathematical
logic when writing or altering code.
If you are interested in a career as a computer
programmer, you should study these
mathematical subjects:
• Algebra Unit 4 Performance Task
• Geometry
• Trigonometry At the end of the unit,
• Calculus check out how a freelance
• Discrete Math computer programmer
uses math.
Research other careers that require the
understanding of mathematical logic.
Unit 4 231
 Preview
UNIT 4

Vocabulary
Use the puzzle to preview key vocabulary from this unit. Unscramble
the letters to create a key vocabulary term. Use the circled letters to
answer the riddle at the bottom of the page.

1. TEPNNEOX

2. EBSA

3. EPROW

4. RERDO FO
SONPEOIRAT

5. CALIAGERB
ENOXSPSRIE

6. ELTGNAVAIU

7. ELKI SEMRT

8. BVLIAREA
1. Tells how many times the base appears in the expression. (Lesson 9.1)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2. A number that is multiplied. (Lesson 9.1)
3. The number formed by repeated multiplication by the same factor. (Lesson 9.1)
4. The rules which tell which calculations are done before others in an expression. (Lesson 9.3)
5. An expression that contains one or more variables. (Lesson 10.1)
6. Substituting a number for a variable in an expression and solving. (Lesson 10.2)
7. Terms with the same variables. (Lesson 10.3)
8. A letter or symbol used to represent an unknown number. (Lesson 10.1)

Q: Why does n always change its mind?

A: Because it’s !

232 Vocabulary Preview

 Generating
Equivalent
Numerical
MODULE

LESSON 9.1
9
Exponents

Expressions COMMON
CORE

LESSON 9.2
6.EE.1

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Prime Factorization
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1
How can you generate
equivalent numerical LESSON 9.3
expressions and use them to Order of Operations
solve real-world problems? COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Vladimir
Ivanovich Danilov/Shutterstock.com

Real-World Video
Assume that you post a video on the internet. Two of
your friends view it, then two friends of each of those
view it, and so on. The number of views is growing
my.hrw.com exponentially. Sometimes we say the video went viral.

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

233
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will Personal
need for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Whole Number Operations my.hrw.com Intervention

EXAMPLE 270 × 83 270

× 83
810 ← 3 × 270
+ 21,600 ← 80 × 270
22,410 ← (3 × 270) + (80 × 270)

Find the product.

1. 992 × 16 2. 578 × 27 3. 839 × 65 4. 367 × 23

Use Repeated Multiplication

EXAMPLE 5×5× 5× 5 Multiply the first two factors.
↓  ↓ ↓
25 × 5 Multiply the result by the next factor.
↓
125 × 5 Multiply that result by the next factor.
↓ Continue until there are no more factors
625 to multiply.

Find the product.

5. 7×7×7 6. 3×3×3×3 7. 6×6×6×6×6 8. 2×2×2×2×2×2

Division Facts © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

EXAMPLE 54 ÷ 9 = Think: 9 times what number equals 54?

9 × 6 = 54
54 ÷ 9 = 6 So, 54 ÷ 9 = 6.

Divide.
9. 20 ÷ 4 10. 21 ÷ 7 11. 42 ÷ 7 12. 56 ÷ 8

234 Unit 4
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
✔ factor (factor)
Visualize Vocabulary factor tree (árbol de
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. You may put more factores)
than one word in each box. ✔ integers (entero)
Reviewing Factorization ✔ numerical expression
(expresión numérica)
Factor tree 24 ✔ operations (operaciones)
✔ prime factorization
(factorización prima)
repeated multiplication
(multiplicación repetida)
simplified expression
(expresión simplificada)

2×2×2×3 8×3 Preview Words

base (base)
exponent (exponente)
order of operations (orden
de las operaciones)
power (potencia)
Understand Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using the preview words.

1. A number that is formed by repeated multiplication by the same

factor is a .

2. A rule for simplifying expressions is .

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3. The is a number that is multiplied. The number that

indicates how many times this number is used as a factor is the .

Active Reading
Three-Panel Flip Chart Before beginning the
module, create a three-panel flip chart to help you
organize what you learn. Label each flap with one
of the lesson titles from this module. As you study
each lesson, write important ideas like vocabulary,
properties, and formulas under the appropriate flap.

Module 9 235
 MODULE 9

Unpacking the Standards

Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the
standards will help you know exactly what you are expected to
learn in this module.

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1
Write and evaluate numerical
What It Means to You
expressions involving whole- You will simplify numerical expressions using the order of
number exponents. operations.

Key Vocabulary UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.1

exponent (exponente) Ellen is playing a video game in which she captures frogs. There
The number that indicates were 3 frogs onscreen, but the number of frogs doubled every
how many times the base is minute when she went to get a snack. She returned after 4 minutes
used as a factor. and captured 7 frogs. Write an expression for the number of frogs
order of operations (orden remaining. Simplify the expression.
de las operaciones) A rule for
evaluating expressions: first 3×2 number of frogs after 1 minute
perform the operations in
parentheses, then compute 3×2×2 number of frogs after 2 minutes
powers and roots, then 3×2×2×2 number of frogs after 3 minutes
perform all multiplication and
division from left to right, and 3×2×2×2×2 number of frogs after 4 minutes
then perform all addition and
subtraction from left to right. Since 3 and 2 are prime numbers, 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 is the prime
factorization of the number of frogs remaining.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Patrik Giardino/

3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 can be written with exponents as 3 × 24.

The expression 3 × 24 – 7 is the number of frogs remaining after

Ellen captured the 7 frogs.

Use the order of operations

to simplify 3 × 24 – 7.

3 × 24 – 7 = 3 × 16 – 7

= 48 – 7
Photodisc/Getty Images

= 41

41 frogs remain.

Visit my.hrw.com
to see all the
Common Core
Standards
unpacked.
my.hrw.com

236 Unit 4
 COMMON
LESSON 6.EE.1

9.1
CORE

Write and evaluate ...

expressions involving whole-
Exponents number exponents.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you use exponents to represent numbers?

COMMON
6.EE.1
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
CORE

Identifying Repeated Multiplication

A real-world problem may involve repeatedly multiplying a factor by itself.

A scientist observed the hourly growth of bacteria and recorded his

observations in a table.
Time (h) Total bacteria
0 1
1 2 After 2 hours, there
are 2 · 2 = ? bacteria.
2 2× 2=

3 2× 2× 2=
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: D. Hurst/Alamy

4 2× 2× 2× 2=

A Complete the table. What pattern(s) do you see in the Total bacteria
column?

B Complete each statement.

At 2 hours, the total is equal to the product of two 2s.

At 3 hours, the total is equal to the product of 2s.

At 4 hours, the total is equal to the product of 2s.

Reflect
1. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How is the time, in hours, related
to the number of times 2 is used as a factor?

Lesson 9.1 237

 Using Exponents
A number that is formed by repeated multiplication of the same factor is called
a power. You can use an exponent and a base to write a power. For example,
73 means the product of three 7s:
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com 73 = 7 × 7 × 7

The base is the number The exponent tells how

that is multiplied. many times the base
appears in the expression.

Power How to read the power

2
6 6 squared, 6 to the power of 2, 6 raised to the 2nd power
73 7 cubed, 7 to the power of 3, 7 raised to the 3rd power
94 9 to the power of 4, 9 raised to 4th power

EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1

Use an exponent to write each expression.

A 3×3×3×3×3
Math Talk Find the base, or the number being multiplied. The base is 3.
Mathematical Practices
What is the value of Find the exponent by counting the number of 3s being multiplied.
a number raised to the
power of 1? The exponent is 5.

3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35
⎬
⎭
⎫

5 factors of 3

B _45 × _45 × _45 × _45

Find the base, or the number being multiplied. The base is _45.

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Find the exponent by counting the number of times _45 appears in
the expression. The exponent is 4.

( )
4 _ 4
_
5
× 45 × _45 × _45 = _45
⎫
⎬
⎭

4
__
4 factors of 5

YOUR TURN
Use exponents to write each expression.
Personal 2. 4 × 4 × 4 3. 6
Math Trainer
4. _18 × _18
Online Assessment
and Intervention 5. 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
my.hrw.com

238 Unit 4
 Finding the Value of a Power
To find the value of a power, remember that the exponent indicates
how many times to use the base as a factor.

Math On the Spot

Property of Zero as an Exponent
my.hrw.com

The value of any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1.

Example: 50 = 1

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1

Find the value of each power.

A 104
Identify the base and the exponent.
The base is 10, and the exponent is 4.
Evaluate: 104 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000
B 0.43
Identify the base and the exponent.
The base is 0.4, and the exponent is 3.
Evaluate: 0.43 = 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.064

( _35 )
0
C
Identify the base and the exponent.
The base is _35, and the exponent is 0.
Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
Evaluate.
Is the value of 23 the same
( _35 )
0
=1 Any number raised to the power of 0 is 1. as the value of 32?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Explain.
( _23 )
2
D
Identify the base and the exponent.
The base is _23 , and the exponent is 2.
Evaluate.
( _23 ) = ( _23 )×( _23 ) = _49
2

YOUR TURN
Personal
Find the value of each power. Math Trainer

( _25 )
3 Online Assessment
6. 34 7. (1)9 8. 9. 122 and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Lesson 9.1 239

Guided Practice
1. Complete the table. (Explore Activity 1)

Exponential form Product Simplified product

51 5 5

52 5×5

53 125

5×5×5×5

55

Use an exponent to write each expression. (Example 1)

2. 6 × 6 × 6 3. 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
factors of 6

4. _34 × _34 × _34 × _34 × _34 5. _79 × _79 × _79 × _79 × _79 × _79 × _79 × _79

Find the value of each power. (Example 2)

6. 83 7. 74 8. 103

( _14 ) ( _13 ) ( _67 )

2 3 2
9. 10. 11.

12. 0.82 13. 0.53 14. 1.12

( _12 )
0
15. 80 16. 121 17.

(  _25 )
2
18. ( 13 )2 19. 20. 0.92

?
? © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

21. How do you use an exponent to represent a number such as 16?

240 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.1 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Write the missing exponent.

22. 100 = 10 23. 8 = 2 24. 25 = 5 25. 27 = 3

1 = ___
26. ____
169
1
13 ( ) 27. 14 = 14 28. 32 = 2 64 = __
29. ___
81
8
9 ()
Write the missing base.
3 4 4 2
30. 1,000 = 31. 256 = 32. 16 = 33. 9 =

( ) ( )
2 2 2 3
1=
34. __ 35. 64 = 9 =
36. ___ 37. 729 =
9 16

For Exercises 38–42, write the answer with and without using an exponent.

38. Hadley’s softball team has a phone tree in case a game is canceled.
The coach calls 3 players. Then each of those players calls 3 players, and
so on. How many players will be notified during the third round of calls?

39. Tim is reading a book. On Monday he reads 3 pages. On each day after
that, he reads 3 times the number of pages that he read on the previous
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day. How many pages does he read on Thursday?

40. The square tile shown has a side length of 10.5 inches. What power
can you write to represent the area of the tile? Write the power as an
expression with a base and an exponent, and then find the area of the
rSnapshotPhotos/Shutterstock.com

square.

41. Antonia is saving for a video game. On the first day, she saves two
dollars in her piggy bank. Each day after that, she doubles the
number of dollars she saved on the previous day. How many dollars
does she save on the sixth day?

42. A certain colony of bacteria triples in length every 10 minutes. Its length
is now 1 millimeter. How long will it be in 40 minutes?

Lesson 9.1 241

43. Which power can you write to represent the volume of the cube shown?
Write the power as an expression with a base and an exponent, and then
find the volume of the cube.

44. Write a power represented with a positive base and a positive exponent
whose value is less than the base. 1 in.
3

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

45. Communicate Mathematical Ideas What is the value of 1 raised to the

power of any exponent? What is the value of 0 raised to the power of any
nonzero exponent? Explain.

46. Look for a Pattern Find the values of the powers in the following
pattern: 101, 102, 103, 104… . Describe the pattern, and use it to evaluate
106 without using multiplication.

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47. Critical Thinking Some numbers can be written as powers of different
bases. For example, 81 =  92 and 81 =  34. Write the number 64 using three
different bases.

48. Justify Reasoning Oman said that it is impossible to raise a number

to the power of 2 and get a value less than the original number. Do you
agree with Oman? Justify your reasoning.

242 Unit 4
 LESSON COMMON
6.EE.1

9.2
CORE

Write and evaluate numerical

Prime Factorization
expressions involving whole-
number exponents

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you write the prime factorization of a number?

Finding Factors of a Number

Whole numbers that are multiplied to find a product are called factors of that
product. A number is divisible by its factors. For example, 4 and 2 are factors
of 8 because 4 · 2 = 8, and 8 is divisible by 4 and by 2.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE Prep for 6.EE.1

Ana wants to build a rectangular garden with an area of 24 square feet.

What are the possible whole number lengths and widths of the garden?

STEP 1 Recall that area = length · width. For Ana’s garden,

24 ft2 = length · width.
STEP 2 List the factors of 24 in pairs. List each pair only once.
24 = 1 · 24
4 · 6 = 6 · 4, so you only list 4 · 6.
24 = 2 · 12
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Brand X Pictures/

24 = 3 · 8
24 = 4 · 6
You can also use a diagram to show the factor pairs.
1 2 3 4 6 8 12 24 Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
Give an example of a whole
number that has exactly
The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24. two factors. What type
of number has exactly
two factors?
STEP 3 The possible lengths and widths are:

Length (ft) 24 12 8 6
Width (ft) 1 2 3 4
Getty Images

YOUR TURN
List all the factors of each number.
Personal
Math Trainer
1. 21 2. 37 Online Assessment
and Intervention
3. 42 4. 30 my.hrw.com

Lesson 9.2 243

 COMMON
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1 CORE 6.EE.1

Finding the Prime Factorization

of a Number
The prime factorization of a number is the number written as the product of Animated
its prime factors. For example, the prime factors of 12 are 3, 2, and 2. Math
my.hrw.com
The prime factorization of 12 is 2 · 3 · 2 or 22 · 3. Use exponents to show
repeated factors.
Use a factor tree to find the prime factorization of 240.
A List the factor pairs of 240. 240
· 48

B Choose any factor pair to begin the tree. If a number

in this pair is prime, circle it. If a number in the pair can
be written as a product of two factors, draw additional
branches and write the factors.
C Continue adding branches until the factors at the ends
of the branches are prime numbers.
D Write the prime factorization of 240.

Then write the prime factorization using exponents.

240
Reflect

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. What If? What will the factor tree for 240 look like if
you start the tree with a different factor pair? Check
your prediction by creating another factor tree for
240 that starts with a different factor pair.

244 Unit 4
 COMMON
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2 CORE 6.EE.1

Using a Ladder Diagram

A ladder diagram is another way to find the prime factorization of a number.

Use a ladder diagram to find the prime factorization of 132.

A Write 132 in the top “step” of the ladder. Choose a prime factor of 2 132
132 to write next to the step with 132. Choose 2. Divide 132 by 66
2 and write the quotient 66 in the next step of the ladder.
B Now choose a prime factor of 66. Write the prime factor next to the
step with 66. Divide 66 by that prime factor and write the quotient in
the next step of the ladder.
C Keep choosing prime factors, dividing, and adding to the ladder until
you get a quotient of 1.
D What are the prime factors of 132? How can you tell from the ladder
diagram?

E Write the prime factorization of 132 using exponents.

Reflect
6. Complete a factor tree and a ladder diagram to find the prime
factorization of 54.

54
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

7. Communicate Mathematical Ideas If one person uses a ladder

diagram and another uses a factor tree to write a prime factorization,
will they get the same result? Explain.

Lesson 9.2 245

Guided Practice
Use a diagram to list the factor pairs of each number. (Example 1)
1. 18 2. 52

3. Karl needs to build a stage that has an area of 72 square feet. The length
of the stage should be longer than the width. What are the possible whole
number measurements for the length and width of the stage? (Example 1)

Complete the table with possible measurements of the stage.

Length 72

Width 2

Use a factor tree to find the prime factorization of each number.

(Explore Activity 1)
4. 402 402 5. 36

201 ·

Use a ladder diagram to find the prime factorization of each number.

(Explore Activity 2)
6. 64 7. 27

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

8. Tell how you know when you have found the prime factorization of a number.

246 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.2 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer

COMMON
Online
CORE 6.EE.1 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

9. Multiple Representations Use the grid to draw three different

rectangles so that each has an area of 12 square units and they all have
different widths. What are the dimensions of the rectangles?

10. Brandon has 32 stamps. He wants to display the stamps in rows, with the
same number of stamps in each row. How many different ways can he
display the stamps? Explain.

11. Communicate Mathematical Ideas How is finding the factors of a

number different from finding the prime factorization of a number?

Find the prime factorization of each number.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

12. 891 13. 504

14. 23 15. 230

16. The number 2 is chosen to begin a ladder diagram to find the prime
factorization of 66. What other numbers could have been used to start
the ladder diagram for 66? How does starting with a different number
change the diagram?

17. Critical Thinking List five numbers that have 3, 5, and 7 as prime factors.

Lesson 9.2 247

18. In a game, you draw a card with three consecutive numbers on it. You can
choose one of the numbers and find the sum of its prime factors. Then Work Area
you can move that many spaces. You draw a card with the numbers
25, 26, 27. Which number should you choose if you want to move as
many spaces as possible? Explain.

19. Explain the Error When asked to write the prime factorization of the
number 27, a student wrote 9 · 3. Explain the error and write the correct
answer.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

20. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Explain why it is possible to draw

more than two different rectangles with an area of 36 square units, but it
is not possible to draw more than two different rectangles with an area of
15 square units. The sides of the rectangles are whole numbers.

21. Critique Reasoning Alice wants to find all the prime factors of the
number you get when you multiply 17 · 11 · 13 · 7. She thinks she has to
use a calculator to perform all the multiplications and then find the prime

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

factorization of the resulting number. Do you agree? Why or why not?

22. Look for a Pattern Ryan wrote the prime factorizations shown below. If
he continues this pattern, what prime factorization will he show for the
number one million? What prime factorization will he show for one billion?

10 = 5 · 2
100 = 52 · 22
1,000 = 53 · 23 = 1,000

248 Unit 4
 LESSON

9.3
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1
Write and evaluate ...

Order of Operations expressions involving

whole-number exponents.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you use the order of operations to simplify expressions
with exponents?

COMMON
6.EE.1
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
CORE

Exploring the Order of Operations

Order of Operations

1. Perform operations in parentheses.

2. Find the value of numbers with exponents.
3. Multiply or divide from left to right.
4. Add or subtract from left to right.

Amy and three friends launch a new website. Each Amy

friend e-mails the web address to three new friends.
These new friends forward the web address to three 1st wave
more friends. If no one receives the e -mail more than
once, how many people will receive the web address
in the second wave of e-mails? 2nd wave

A Use a diagram to model the situation for Amy. Each dot represents
one e-mail. Complete the diagram to show the second wave.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

B Complete the table to show how many e-mails

Wave Number of e-mails Power of 3
are sent in each wave of Amy’s diagram.
1st
C Amy is just one of four friends initiating the first
wave of e-mails. Write an expression for the total 2nd
number of e-mails sent in the 2nd wave.
number of people × number of e-mails in 2nd wave written as a power

D Identify the computation that should be done first to simplify

the expression in C . Then simplify the expression.

Multiply 4 and 3 / Find the value of 32

The value of the expression is 4 × = .

Lesson 9.3 249

 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Reflect
1. In B , why does it makes sense to write the numbers of e-mails as powers?
What is the pattern for the number of e-mails in each wave for Amy?

Simplifying Numerical Expressions

A numerical expression is an expression involving numbers and operations.
You can use the order of operations to simplify numerical expressions.

Math On the Spot

my.hrw.com EXAMPLE 1 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1

Simplify each expression.

A 5 + 18 ÷ 32
5 + 18 ÷ 32 = 5 + 18 ÷ 9 Evaluate 32.
=5+2 Divide.

=7 Add.
3
B 21 + __
2

3
32
21 + __ = 21 + _93 Evaluate 32.
3
= 21 + 3 Divide.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

= 24 Add.

C 6 × 23 ÷ 3 + 1
6 × 23 ÷ 3 + 1 = 6 × 8 ÷ 3 + 1 Evaluate 23.

= 48 ÷ 3 + 1 Multiply.
= 16 + 1 Divide.

= 17 Add.

YOUR TURN
Personal
Math Trainer Simplify each expression using the order of operations.
Online Assessment
and Intervention 2. 7 + 15 × 92 = 3. 220 - 450 ÷ 32 =
my.hrw.com

250 Unit 4
 Using Exponents with Grouping Symbols
Remember to perform operations inside parentheses first when you simplify
expressions.

Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1 my.hrw.com

Simplify each expression using the order of operations.

A 4 × (9 ÷ 3)2 My Notes
4 × (9 ÷ 3)2 = 4 × 32 Perform operations inside parentheses.

=4×9 Evaluate 32.

= 36 Multiply.

B 53 + (12 - 2)2
53 + (12 - 2)2 = 53 + 102 Perform operations inside parentheses.

= 125 + 100 Evaluate powers.

= 325 Add.
(12 - 8)2
C 8 + _______
2
(12 - 8)2
42
8 + _______
2
= 8 +  __
2
Perform operations inside parentheses.
16
= 8 + __
2
Evaluate 42.

= 8+ 8 Divide.

= 16 Add.

Reflect
4. Critique Reasoning John wants to simplify the expression (5 + 3)2.
As a first step, he writes 52 + 32. Will he get the correct value for the
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

expression? If not, what should he do to simplify the expression?

YOUR TURN
Simplify each expression using the order of operations.
5. 5 × (20 ÷ 4)2 = Personal
Math Trainer
6. 82 - (5 + 2)2 = Online Assessment
and Intervention
(63 ÷ 9)2
7. 7 - _______
7 = my.hrw.com

Lesson 9.3 251

Guided Practice
1. In a video game, a guppy that escapes a net turns into three goldfish.
Each goldfish can turn into two betta fish. Each betta fish can turn into
two angelfish. Complete the diagram and write the number of fish at
each stage. Write and evaluate an expression for the number of angelfish
that can be formed from one guppy. (Explore Activity)

1 guppy
3 goldfish

× 2 betta fish

×2 = angelfish

Complete to simplify each expression. (Examples 1 and 2)

2. 89 - 42 × 4 + 12 = 89 - × 4 + 12 3. 6 × (36 ÷ 12)2 + 8 = 6 × ( )2 + 8

= 89 - + 12 =6× +8

= + 12 = +8

= =

(( ) ) (( ) )
2 3

(
(4 + 2)2
)
4. 12 × _______ - 7 = 12 × _______ - 7
4 4 (
(11 - 9)3
)
5. 320 ÷ ________ × 8 = 320 ÷ _______ × 8
2 2

( )
= 12 × _____ - 7
4
( )
= 320 ÷ _____ × 8
2
= 12 × -7 = 320 ÷ ×8

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

= -7 = ×8

= =

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. How do you use the order of operations to simplify expressions with

exponents?

252 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

9.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.1 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

Simplify each expression using the order of operations.

7. 5 × 2 + 32 8. 15 - 7 × 2 + 23

9. (11 - 8)3 - 2 × 6 10. 6 + 3(13 - 2) - 52

9 2 8 + 62
11. 12 + __
3
12. _____
11
+7×2

13. Explain the Error Jay simplified the expression 3 × (3 + 12 ÷ 3) - 4. For

his first step, he added 3 + 12 to get 15. What was Jay’s error? Find the
correct answer.

14. Multistep A clothing store has the sign shown in the shop window.
Pani sees the sign and wants to buy 3 shirts and 2 pairs of jeans. The SALE Today ONLY
cost of each shirt before the discount is $12, and the cost of each pair
of jeans is $19 before the discount.
$3
off every purchase!
a. Write and simplify an expression to find the amount Pani pays if
a $3 discount is applied to her total.

b. Pani says she should get a $3 discount on the price of each shirt and
a $3 discount on the price of each pair of jeans. Write and simplify an
expression to find the amount she would pay if this is true.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

c. Analyze Relationships Why are the amounts Pani pays in a and b

different?

d. If you were the shop owner, how would you change the sign? Explain.

Lesson 9.3 253

15. Ellen is playing a video game in which she captures butterflies. There
are 3 butterflies onscreen, but the number of butterflies doubles every
minute. After 4 minutes, she was able to capture 7 of the butterflies.
a. Look for a Pattern Write an expression for the number of
butterflies after 4 minutes. Use a power of 2 in your answer.

b. Write an expression for the number of butterflies remaining after

Ellen captured the 7 butterflies. Simplify the expression.

16. Show how to write, evaluate and simplify an expression to represent and
solve this problem: Jeff and his friend each text four classmates about
a concert. Each classmate then texts four students from another school
about the concert. If no one receives the message more than once, how
many students from the other school receive a text about the concert?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

17. Geometry The figure shown is a rectangle. The

green shape in the figure is a square. The blue and
white shapes are rectangles, and the area of the
blue rectangle is 24 square inches.
a. Write an expression for the area of the entire 2 in.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: imagebroker/

figure that includes an exponent. Then find
the area. 6 in.

b. Find the dimensions of the entire figure.

18. Explain the Error Rob and Lila try to simplify 18 × 42 + (9 - 3)2.
Rob simplifies the expression and gets 360. Lila simplifies it and gets 324.
Which student is correct? What error did the other student make?
Alamy

19. Persevere in Problem Solving Use parentheses to make this statement

true: 8 × 4 - 2 × 3 + 8 ÷ 2 = 25

254 Unit 4
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
9.1 Exponents Online Assessment
and Intervention

Find the value of each power. my.hrw.com

3. ( _79 ) 4. ( _12 )
2 6
1. 73 2. 92

5. ( _23 ) 6. ( _13 )
3 4
7. 120 8. 1.42

9.2 Prime Factorization

Find the factors of each number.

9. 96

10. 120

Find the prime factorization of each number.

11. 58 12. 212

13. 2,800 14. 900

9.3 Order of Operations

Simplify each expression using the order of operations.

15. ( 21 - 3 ) ÷ 32 16. 72 × ( 6 ÷ 3 )

17. 17 + 15 ÷ 3 - 24 18. ( 8 + 56 ) ÷ 4 - 32

19. The nature park has a pride of 7 adult lions and 4 cubs.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The adults eat 6 pounds of meat each day and the cubs
eat 3 pounds. Simplify 7 × 6 + 4 × 3 to find the
amount of meat consumed each day by the lions.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

20. How do you use numerical expressions to solve real-world problems?

Module 9 255
 MODULE 9 MIXED REVIEW Personal
Math Trainer
Assessment Online
Assessment and
Readiness my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 5. Which expression shows the prime

factorization of 100?
1. Which expression has a value that is less
than the base of that expression? A 22 × 52 C 1010
B 10 × 10 D 2 × 5 × 10
A 23
B _
5
6( ) 2
6. Which number has only two factors?
C 32 A 21 C 25
D 4 4
B 23 D 27

2. After the game the coach bought 9 7. Which expression is equivalent to

chicken meals for $5 each and 15 burger 3.6 × 3.6 × 3.6 × 3.6?
meals for $6 each. What percent of the
total amount the coach spent was used for A 3.6 × 4 C 34 × 64
the chicken meals? B 363 D 3.64
1
A 33 _% 8. Which expression gives the prime
3
B 45% factorization of 80?
2 A 24 × 10
C 66 _%
3
D 90% B 2×5×8

3. Which operation should you perform first C 23 × 5

when you simplify 175 - ( 8 + 45 ÷ 3 ) × 7? D 24 × 5

A addition
B division
Mini-Task
C multiplication 9. George wants to put carpeting in a

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

rectangular living room and a square
D subtraction
bedroom. The length and width of the
4. For a game, three people are chosen in the living room is 12 feet by 18 feet. One side
first round. Each of those people chooses of the square bedroom is 13 feet. It will cost
3 people in the second round, and so on. $3.50 per square foot to carpet the rooms.
How many people are chosen in the sixth
round? a. Write an expression that can be used to
find the total amount George will pay
A 18 for carpeting.
B 216
C 243
b. Evaluate the expression. How much will
D 729
George pay for the carpeting?

256 Unit 4
 Generating
10
MODULE

Equivalent
Algebraic LESSON 10.1
Modeling and Writing

Expressions Expressions
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a, 6.EE.2b,
6.EE.4, 6.EE.6

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION LESSON 10.2

How can you generate equivalent Evaluating
algebraic expressions and use Expressions
COMMON
them to solve real-world problems? CORE 6.EE.2c

LESSON 10.3
Generating
Equivalent
Expressions
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2b, 6.EE.3,
6.EE.4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Lloyd Sutton/

Real-World Video
Carpenters use formulas to calculate a
project’s materials supply. Sometimes
formulas can be written in different
forms. The perimeter of a rectangle can
my.hrw.com be written as P = 2(l + w) or P = 2l + 2w.
Alamy

my.hrw.com my.hrw.com Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

257
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online
Assessment and
Use of Parentheses my.hrw.com Intervention

EXAMPLE (6 + 4) × (3 + 8 + 1) = 10 × 12 Do the operations inside

parentheses first.
= 120 Multiply.

Evaluate.

1. 11 + (20 - 13) 2. (10 - 7) - (14 - 12) 3. (4 + 17) - (16 - 9)

4. (23 - 15) - (18 - 13) 5. 8 × (4 + 5 + 7) 6. (2 + 3) × (11 - 5)

Words for Operations

EXAMPLE Write a numerical expression Think: Quotient means to divide.
for the quotient of 20 and 5.

20 ÷ 5 Write 20 divided by 5.

Write a numerical expression for the word expression.

7. the difference between 42 and 19 8. the product of 7 and 12

9. 30 more than 20 10. 100 decreased by 77

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Evaluate Expressions
EXAMPLE Evaluate 2(5) - 32.

2(5) - 32 = 2(5) - 9 Evaluate exponents.

= 10 - 9 Multiply.
=1 Subtract.

Evaluate the expression.

11. 3(8) - 15 12. 4(12) + 11 13. 3(7) - 4(2)

14. 4(2 + 3) - 12 15. 9(14 - 5) - 42 16. 7(8) - 5(8)

258 Unit 4
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
base (base)
Visualize Vocabulary exponent (exponente)
Use the review words to complete the graphic. You may put more numerical expression
than one word in each oval. (expresión numérica)
operations (operaciones)
order of operations (orden
Simplifying Expressions de las operaciones)

Preview Words
algebraic expression
(expresión algebraica)
coefficient (coeficiente)
constant (constante)
equivalent expression
×, ÷, +, - 23 (expresión equivalente)
evaluating (evaluar)
like terms (términos
2+1+3
semejantes)
term (término, en una
expresión)
Understand Vocabulary variable (variable)

Complete the sentences using the preview words.

1. An expression that contains at least one variable is an

2. A part of an expression that is added or subtracted is a .

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3. A is a specific number whose value does not change.

Active Reading
Key-Term Fold Before beginning the module,
create a key-term fold to help you learn the
vocabulary in this module. Write the highlighted
vocabulary words on one side of the flap. Write
the definition for each word on the other side
of the flap. Use the key-term fold to quiz yourself
on the definitions used in this module.

Module 10 259
 MODULE 10

Unpacking the Standards

Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the
standards will help you know exactly what you are expected to
learn in this module.

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2
Write, read, and evaluate
What It Means to You
expressions in which letters You will use models to compare expressions.
stand for numbers.
UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.2
Key Vocabulary On a math quiz, Tina scored 3 points more than Yolanda. Juan scored
expression (expresión) 2 points more than Yolanda and earned 2 points as extra credit.
A mathematical phrase that
contains operations, numbers, Write expressions for the numbers of points that Juan and Tina
and/or variables. scored. Use y to represent the number of points that Yolanda scored.

Tina’s points: y + 3
Juan’s points: y + 2 + 2

Suppose Yolanda scored 82 points. Use the expressions to find the

number of points Tina and Juan scored.

Tina’s points: y + 3 = 82 + 3 = 85 points

Juan’s points: y + 2 + 2 = 82 + 2 + 2 = 86 points

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: Erik Dreyer/Getty

COMMON
CORE 6.EE.3
Apply the properties of What It Means to You
operations to generate You will use the properties of operations
equivalent expressions. to find an equivalent expression.

Key Vocabulary UNPACKING EXAMPLE 6.EE.3

equivalent expressions William earns $13 an hour working at
(expresión equivalente) a movie theater. He worked h hours in
Expressions that have the same
concessions and three times as many
value for all values of
hours at the ticket counter. Write and
the variables.
simplify an expression for the amount
of money William earned.

$13 · hours at concessions + $13 · hours at ticket counter

Images

13h + 13(3h)
13h + 39h Multiply 13 · 3h.
Visit my.hrw.com
to see all the h(13 + 39) Distributive Property
Common Core
Standards
52h Simplify.
unpacked.
my.hrw.com

260 Unit 4
 LESSON
Modeling and Writing
10.1
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a
Write expressions that record
operations with numbers
Expressions and with letters standing
for numbers. Also 6.EE.2b,
6.EE.4, 6.EE.6

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you model and write algebraic expressions?

Writing Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is an expression that contains one or more variables
and may also contain operation symbols, such as + or -.

A variable is a letter or symbol used to represent an unknown or unspecified Math On the Spot
number. The value of a variable may change. my.hrw.com

150 is a constant
A constant is a specific number whose value does and y is a variable.
not change.

Algebraic Expressions x w+n 150 + y

In algebraic expressions, multiplication and division are usually written without

the symbols × and ÷.

• Write 3 × n as 3n, 3 · n, or n · 3.
• Write 3 ÷ n as __n3.

There are several different ways to describe expressions with words.

Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

• added to • subtracted from • times • divided by
• plus • minus • multiplied by • divided into
Words • sum • difference • product • quotient
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• more than • less than • groups of

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a, 6.EE.2b

A Write each phrase as an algebraic expression.

The sum of 7 and x The operation is addition.

The algebraic expression is 7 + x.

The quotient of z and 3 The operation is division.

The algebraic expression is _3z .

Lesson 10.1 261

 B Write a phrase for each expression.
11x The operation is multiplication.

The product of 11 and x

8-y The operation is subtraction.

y less than 8

y less than 8
YOUR TURN
Write each phrase as an algebraic expression.
Personal
Math Trainer
1. n times 7 2. 4 minus y 3. 13 added to x
Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com Write a phrase for each expression.
x
__
4. 12

5. 10y

6. c + 3

Modeling Algebraic Expressions

Algebraic expressions can also be represented with models.

EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
Use a bar model to represent each expression.
A 7+x Combine 7 and x.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

7+x

7 x

B _3z Divide z into 3 equal parts.

z
3

262 Unit 4
 YOUR TURN
Draw a bar model to represent each expression.
Personal
Math Trainer
7. t - 2 8. 4y Online Assessment
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Comparing Expressions Using Models

Algebraic expressions are equivalent if they are equal for all values of the
variable. For example, x + 2 and x + 1 + 1 are equivalent.

Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.4 my.hrw.com

Katriana and Andrew started the day with the same amount of money.
Katriana spent 5 dollars on lunch. Andrew spent 3 dollars on lunch and My Notes
2 dollars on a snack after school. Do Katriana and Andrew have the same
amount of money left?
x
STEP 1 Write an algebraic
expression to represent
the money Katriana
has left. Represent the
expression with a model. 5 x-5
x−5
The variable represents the amount of
money both Katriana and Andrew have
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

at the beginning of the day.

STEP 2 Write an algebraic x

expression to represent
the money Andrew
has left. Represent the
expression with a model.
3 2 x- 3- 2
x−3−2
STEP 3 Compare the models.

The models are equivalent, so the expressions are equivalent.

Andrew and Katriana have the same amount of money left.

Lesson 10.1 263

 YOUR TURN

9. On a math quiz, Tina scored 3 points more than Julia. Juan scored
Personal
Math Trainer 2 points more than Julia and earned 2 points in extra credit. Write an
Online Assessment expression and draw a bar model to represent Tina’s score and Juan’s
and Intervention
score. Did Tina and Juan make the same grade on the quiz? Explain.
my.hrw.com

Modeling Real-World Situations

You can use expressions to represent real-world situations.

Math On the Spot EXAMPLE 4 COMMON

CORE 6.EE.2.6
my.hrw.com
A Tickets to the water park cost $53 per person. Write an expression to show
the total cost of tickets for a group of people.

A group of is a clue to multiply. The ticket price of $53 is a constant. The

number of people who need tickets is a variable.

Use x for the number of people.

The algebraic expression for the total cost of tickets is 53x.

B Genise has some savings. After babysitting, she adds $75 to her savings.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How much money has Genise saved?

Adds is a clue to use addition. The $75 Genise added to her savings is a
Math Talk constant. The amount of money Genise had saved before is unknown, so
Mathematical Practices
use a variable.
How do you know what
operation to use to Use y for Genise’s savings before she adds the babysitting money.
find the amount each
niece receives?
The algebraic expression for Genise’s total savings is y + 75.

YOUR TURN
10. Helen divides up some money to give equally to her four
nieces. If d represents the total amount, write an expression
to represent how much money each niece receives.

264 Unit 4
 Guided Practice
Write each phrase as an algebraic expression. (Example 1)
1. 3 less than y 2. The product of 2 and p

Write a phrase for each algebraic expression. (Example 1)

p
3. y + 12 4. __
10

5. Draw a bar model to represent the

expression m ÷ 4. (Example 2)

At 6 p.m., the temperature in Phoenix, AZ, t, is the same as the

temperature in Tucson, AZ. By 9 p.m., the temperature in Phoenix has
dropped 2 degrees and in Tucson it has dropped 4 degrees. By 11 p.m., the
temperature in Phoenix has dropped another 3 degrees. (Example 3)

6. Represent each city’s temperature at 11 p.m. with an algebraic expression and

a bar model.
t t

7. Are the expressions that represent the temperatures in the two cities
equivalent? Justify your answer.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8. Noelle bought some boxes of water bottles for a picnic. Each box contained
24 bottles of water. If c is the number of boxes, write an expression to show
how many bottles of water Noelle bought. (Example 4)

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

9. Give an example of a real-world situation that could be represented by an

algebraic expression.

Lesson 10.1 265

Name Class Date

10.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2a, 6.EE.2b, 6.EE.4, 6.EE.2.6 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

10. Write an algebraic expression with the Sarah and Noah work at Read On Bookstore
constant 7 and the variable y. and get paid the same hourly wage. The table
shows their work schedule for last week.

Read On Bookstore Work Schedule (hours)

Write each phrase as an algebraic expression.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday
11. n divided by 8 Sarah 5 3
12. p multiplied by 4 Noah 8
13. b plus 14
30. Write an expression that represents Sarah’s
14. 90 times x
total pay last week. Represent her hourly
15. a take away 16
wage with w.
16. k less than 24
31. Write an expression that represents Noah’s
17. 3 groups of w total pay last week. Represent his hourly

18. the sum of 1 and q wage with w.

19. the quotient of 13 and z 32. Are the expressions equivalent? Did Sarah
and Noah earn the same amount last
20. c added to 45
week? Use models to justify your answer.
21. 8 less than w

Write a phrase in words for each algebraic 33. Mia buys 3 gallons of gas that costs d
expression. dollars per gallon. Bob buys g gallons of
22. m + 83 gas that costs $3 per gallon.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

a. Write an expression for the amount
23. 42s

24. __9 Mia pays for gas.

d
b. Write an expression for the amount
25. t − 29

26. 2 + g Bob pays for gas.

c. What do the numeral and the variable
27. 11x
represent in each expression?
h
28. __
12
29. 5 − k

266 Unit 4
 34. The student council is asking people to donate money for the
new park outside the school. Everyone who makes the suggested
donation amount will be given a bracelet. If everyone donates the
suggested amount, and b bracelets are given away, what algebraic
expression represents the total amount collected in donations?

35. Mr. Delgado has some young orange trees. He wants to plant them
in 46 rows. If t is the total number of orange trees, write an algebraic
expression to represent how many trees he can plant in each row.

36. There are 15 violinists in the orchestra this year. Next year, two violinists
will leave and some new violinists will join the orchestra. If v is the
number of violinists who will join the orchestra, write an expression to
represent the number of violinists in the orchestra next year.

37. Jill, Meg, and Beth are sisters. Jill is 2 years younger than Meg. Beth is
half as old as Meg. Let m represent Meg’s age. Write two other algebraic
expressions based on this situation. Tell what each expression represents,
and what the variable stands for in each expression.

38. Multistep Will, Hector, and Lydia volunteered at the animal shelter in
March and April. The table shows the number of hours Will and Hector
volunteered in March. Let x represent the number of hours Lydia
volunteered in March.

March Volunteering
Will 3 hours
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Hector 5 hours

a. Will’s volunteer hours in April were equal to his March volunteer

hours plus Lydia’s March volunteer hours. Write an expression to
represent Will’s volunteer hours in April.
b. Hector’s volunteer hours in April were equal to 2 hours less than his
March volunteer hours plus Lydia’s March volunteer hours. Write an
expression to represent Hector’s volunteer hours in April.
c. Did Will and Hector volunteer the same number of hours in April?

Explain.

39. The town of Rayburn received 6 more inches of snow than the town of
Greenville. Let g represent the amount of snow in Greenville. Write an
algebraic expression to represent the amount of snow in Rayburn.

Lesson 10.1 267

40. Abby baked 48 dinner rolls and divided them evenly into bags. Let b
represent the number of bags. Write an algebraic expression to
represent the number of dinner rolls in each bag.

41. Eli is driving at a speed of 55 miles per hour. Let h represent the number
of hours that Eli drives at this speed. Write an algebraic expression to
represent the number of miles that Eli travels during this time.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING

42. Multistep Bob’s Bagels offers two breakfast options, as shown.

a. Let x represent the number of customers who order coffee and a
bagel. How much money will Bob’s Bagels make from these orders?

b. Let y represent the number of customers who order tea and a

breakfast sandwich. How much money will Bob’s Bagels make from

these orders?
c. Write an algebraic expression for the total amount Bob’s Bagels will
make from all the coffee and bagel orders and from all the tea and

breakfast sandwich orders.

43. Represent Real-World Problems The number of shoes in a closet is s. Work Area
a. How many pairs of shoes are in the closet? Explain.

b. What If? Suppose one of the pairs is missing a shoe. How many

shoes are in the closet?

44. Problem Solving Write an expression that has three terms, two different

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

variables, and one constant.

45. Represent Real-World Problems Describe a situation that can be

modeled by the expression x − 8.

46. Critique Reasoning Ricardo says that the expression y + 4 is equivalent

to the expression 1y + 4. Is he correct? Explain.

268 Unit 4
 LESSON
Evaluating
10.2
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2c
Evaluate expressions at
specific values of their
Expressions variables.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use the order of operations to evaluate algebraic
expressions?

Evaluating Expressions
Recall that an algebraic expression contains one or more variables. You can
substitute a number for that variable and then find the value of the expression.
This is called evaluating the expression.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2c

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable. My Notes
A x - 9; x = 15
15 - 9 Substitute 15 for x.

6 Subtract.

When x = 15, x - 9 = 6.
16
B __
n ;n=8
16
__
8 Substitute 8 for n.

2 Divide.
16
When n = 8, __
n = 2.
C 0.5y; y = 1.4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

0.5(1.4) Substitute 1.4 for y.

0.7 Multiply.

When y = 1.4, 0.5y = 0.7.

D 6k; k = _13
6
HINT: Think of 6 as __
1
.

()
6 _13 1 for k.
Substitute __
3

2 Multiply.

When k = _13, 6k = 2.

Lesson 10.2 269

 YOUR TURN
Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
Personal
Math Trainer m
Online Assessment
1. 4x; x = 8 2. 6.5 - n; n = 1.8 3. __
6
; m = 18
and Intervention
my.hrw.com

Using the Order of Operations

Expressions may have more than one operation or more than one variable.
To evaluate these expressions, substitute the given value for each variable and
then use the order of operations.
Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2c

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.

A 4(x - 4); x = 7
4(7 - 4) Substitute 7 for x.

4(3) Subtract inside the parentheses.

12 Multiply.

When x = 7, 4(x - 4) = 12.

B 4x - 4; x = 7
4(7) - 4 Substitute 7 for x.

28 - 4 Multiply.

24 Subtract.

When x = 7, 4x - 4 = 24.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

C w - x + y; w = 6, x = 5, y = 3
(6) - (5) + (3) Substitute 6 for w, 5 for x, and 3 for y.

Math Talk 1+3 Subtract.

Mathematical Practices
Is w - x + y equivalent
4 Add.
to w - y + x? Explain any
difference in the order When w = 6, x = 5, y = 3, w - x + y = 4.
the math operations
are performed. D x2 - x; x = 9

(9)2 - (9) Substitute 9 for each x.

81 - 9 Evaluate exponents.

72 Subtract.

When x = 9, x2 - x = 72.

270 Unit 4
 YOUR TURN
Evaluate each expression for n = 5.
Personal
4. 3(n + 1) 5. 4 (n - 4) + 14 6. 6n + n2 Math Trainer
Online Assessment
and Intervention
Evaluate each expression for a = 3, b = 4, and c = 6.
my.hrw.com

7. ab - c 8. bc + 5a 9. a - (b + c)
3

Evaluating Real-World Expressions

You can evaluate expressions to solve real-world problems.

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.2c Math On the Spot
my.hrw.com
The expression 1.8c + 32 gives the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for
a given temperature in degrees Celsius c. Find the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit that is equivalent to 30 °C.
STEP 1 Find the value of c.

c = 30 °C
STEP 2 Substitute the value into the expression.

1.8c + 32

1.8(30) + 32 Substitute 30 for c.

54 + 32 Multiply.

86 Add.

86 °F is equivalent to 30 °C.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN
10. The expression 6x2 gives the surface area of a cube, and the expression
x3 gives the volume of a cube, where x is the length of one side of
the cube. Find the surface area and the volume of a cube with a side
length of 2 m.

S= m2; V = m3

11. The expression 60m gives the number of seconds in m minutes.

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Lesson 10.2 271

Guided Practice
Evaluate each expression for the given value(s) of the variable(s).
(Examples 1 and 2)

1. x - 7; x = 23 2. 3a - b; a = 4, b = 6

3. _8t ; t = 4 4. 9 + m; m = 1.5

5. _12 w + 2; w = _19 6. 5(6.2 + z); z = 3.8

7. The table shows the prices for games in Bella’s soccer league. Women’s Soccer Game Prices
Her parents and grandmother attended a soccer game. How
much did they spend if they all went together in one car? Student tickets $6
(Example 3) Nonstudent tickets $12

a. Write an expression that represents the cost of one Parking $5

carful of nonstudent soccer fans. Use x as the number
of people who rode in the car and attended the game.

is an expression that represents the cost

of one carful of nonstudent soccer fans.
b. Since there are three attendees, evaluate the expression
12x + 5 for x = 3.

12( )+5= +5=

The family spent to attend the game.

8. Stan wants to add trim all around the edge of a rectangular tablecloth
that measures 5 feet long by 7 feet wide. The perimeter of the rectangular
tablecloth is twice the length added to twice the width. How much trim
does Stan need to buy? (Example 3)
a. Write an expression that represents the perimeter of the rectangular
tablecloth. Let l represent the length of the tablecloth and w

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

represent its width. The expression would be .
b. Evaluate the expression P = 2w + 2l for l = 5 and w = 7.

2( ) + 2( ) = 14 + =

Stan bought of trim to sew onto the tablecloth.

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

9. How do you know the correct order in which to evaluate algebraic

expressions?

272 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

10.2 Independent Practice

Personal
Math Trainer
Online
COMMON Assessment and
CORE 6.EE.2c my.hrw.com Intervention

10. The table shows ticket prices at the Movie 16 13. Look for a Pattern Evaluate the
theater. Let a represent the number of adult expression 6x - x2 for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
tickets, c the number of children’s tickets, and 6. Use your results to fill in the table
and s the number of senior citizen tickets. and describe any pattern that you see.

Movie 16 Ticket Prices x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Adults $8.75 6x - x 2

Children $6.50
Seniors $6.50

a. Write an expression for the total cost

of the three types of tickets.

b. The Andrews family bought 2 adult

tickets, 3 children’s tickets, and 1 senior
ticket. Evaluate your expression in part
a to find the total cost of the tickets. 14. The kinetic energy (in joules) of a moving
object can be calculated from the
expression _21mv2, where m is the mass of
the object in kilograms and v is its speed in
meters per second. Find the kinetic energy
c. The Spencer family bought 4 adult of a 0.145-kg baseball that is thrown at a
tickets and 2 children’s tickets. Did they speed of 40 meters per second.
spend the same as the Andrews family?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Explain. E= joules

15. The area of a square is given by x2, where

x is the length of one side. Mary’s original
11. The area of a triangular sail is given by the garden was in the shape of a square. She
expression _21 bh, where b is the length of has decided to double the area of her
the base and h is the height. What is the garden. Write an expression that represents
area of a triangular sail in a model sailboat the area of Mary’s new garden. Evaluate
when b = 12 inches and h = 7 inches? the expression if the side length of Mary’s
A= in.2 original garden was 8 feet.

12. Ramon wants to balance his checking

account. He has $2,340 in the account. He
writes a check for $140. He deposits a check
for $268. How much does Ramon have left

in his checking account?

Lesson 10.2 273

16. The volume of a pyramid with a square base
is given by the expression _13 s2h, where s is the
length of a side of the base and h is the height.
Find the volume of a pyramid with a square
base of side length 24 feet and a height
of 30 feet.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

17. Draw Conclusions Consider the expressions 3x(x - 2) + 2 and

2x2 + 3x - 12.
a. Evaluate each expression for x = 2 and for x = 7. Based on your
results, do you know whether the two expressions are equivalent?
Explain.

b. Evaluate each expression for x = 5. Based on your results, do you

know whether the two expressions are equivalent? Explain.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

18. Critique Reasoning Marjorie evaluated the expression 3x + 2 for x = 5
as shown:

3x + 2 = 35 + 2 = 37
What was Marjorie’s mistake? What is the correct value of 3x + 2
for x = 5?

274 Unit 4
 LESSON
Generating
10.3
COMMON
CORE 6.EE.3
Apply the properties of
operations to generate
Equivalent equivalent expressions. Also
6.EE.2b, 6.EE.4

Expressions
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you identify and write equivalent expressions?

COMMON
EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1 CORE 6.EE.4

Identifying Equivalent Expressions

One way to test whether two expressions might be equivalent is to evaluate
them for the same value of the variable.

Match the expressions in List A with their equivalent expressions in List B.

List A List B

5x + 65 5x + 1

5(x + 1) 5x + 5

1 + 5x 5(13 + x)

A Evaluate each of the expressions in the lists for x = 3.

List A List B

5(3) + 65 = 5(3) + 1 =

5(3 + 1) = 5(3) + 5 =
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

1 + 5(3) = 5(13 + 3) =

B Which pair(s) of expressions have the same value for x = 3?

C How could you further test whether the expressions in each pair are
equivalent?

D Do you think the expressions in each pair are equivalent? Why or why not?

Lesson 10.3 275

 EXPLORE ACTIVITY 1 (cont’d)

Reflect
1. Error Analysis Lisa evaluated the expressions 2x and x2 for x = 2 and
found that both expressions were equal to 4. Lisa concluded that 2x
and x2 are equivalent expressions. How could you show Lisa that she
is incorrect?

COMMON

EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2 CORE 6.EE.3

Modeling Equivalent Expressions

You can also use models to determine Algebra Tiles
if two expressions are equivalent. =1
Algebra tiles are one way to model =x
expressions.

Determine if the expression 3(x + 2) is equivalent to 3x + 6.

A Model each expression using algebra tiles.
3(x + 2) 3x + 6

B The model for 3(x + 2) has x tiles and 1 tiles.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The model for 3x + 6 has x tiles and 1 tiles.
C Is the expression 3(x + 2) equivalent to 3x + 6? Explain.

Reflect
2. Use algebra tiles to determine if 2(x + 3) is equivalent to 2x + 3. Explain
your answer.

276 Unit 4
 Writing Equivalent Expressions
Using Properties
Properties of operations can be used to identify Math On the Spot
equivalent expressions. my.hrw.com

Properties of Operations Examples

Commutative Property of Addition: When adding,
changing the order of the numbers does not 3+4=4+3
change the sum.
Commutative Property of Multiplication: When
multiplying, changing the order of the numbers 2×4=4×2
does not change the product.
Associative Property of Addition: When adding
more than two numbers, the grouping of the (3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + 5)
numbers does not change the sum.
Associative Property of Multiplication: When
multiplying more than two numbers, the grouping (2 × 4) × 3 = 2 × (4 × 3)
of the numbers does not change the product.
Distributive Property: Multiplying a number by
a sum or difference is the same as multiplying by 6(2 + 4) = 6(2) + 6(4)
each number in the sum or difference and then 8(5 - 3) = 8(5) - 8(3)
adding or subtracting.
Identity Property of Addition: Adding zero to a
9+0=9
number does not change its value.
Identity Property of Multiplication: Multiplying a
number by one does not change its value. 1×7=7

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.3

Use a property to write an expression that is equivalent to x + 3.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The operation in the expression is addition.

You can use the Commutative Property of Addition to write an equivalent
expression: x + 3 = 3 + x.

YOUR TURN
For each expression, use a property to write an equivalent expression.
Tell which property you used.

3. (ab)c =
Personal
4. 3y + 4y = Math Trainer
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5. 6 × 7 my.hrw.com

Lesson 10.3 277

 Identifying Equivalent Expressions
Using Properties
Math On the Spot EXAMPLE 2 COMMON
6.EE.3
CORE
my.hrw.com

Use the properties of operations to determine if the

expressions are equivalent.
A 3(x - 2); 3x - 6
Animated 3(x - 2) = 3x - 6 Distributive Property
Math
my.hrw.com 3(x - 2) and 3x - 6 are equivalent expressions.
1 (4 + x)
B 2 + x; __
2
__ 1x+ 2
1 (x + 4) = __ Distributive Property
2 2
1x
= 2 + __ Commutative Property
2
2 + x does not equal 2 + __ 1 x.
2
They are not equivalent expressions.

YOUR TURN
Use the properties of operations to determine if the expressions are
equivalent.
6. 6x - 8; 2(3x - 5) 7. 2 - 2 + 5x; 5x

8. Jamal bought 2 packs of stickers and 8 individual stickers. Use x to

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

represent the number of stickers in a pack of stickers and write an
expression to represent the number of stickers Jamal bought. Is the
expression equivalent to 2(4 + x)? Check your answer with algebra
tile models.

Personal
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278 Unit 4
 Generating Equivalent Expressions
Parts of an algebraic expression
The parts of the expression that
terms 12 + 3y2 + 4x + 2y2 + 4
are separated by + or - signs Math On the Spot
Numbers that are multiplied by my.hrw.com
coefficients 12 + 3y2 + 4x + 2y2 + 4
at least one variable
Terms with the same variable(s)
like terms 12 + 3y2 + 4x + 2y2 + 4
raised to the same power(s)

When an expression contains like terms, you can use properties to combine the
like terms and write an equivalent expression.

EXAMPL 3
EXAMPLE COMMON
CORE 6.EE.3, 6.EE.2b

Combine like terms.

A 6x2 - 4x2 6x2 and 4x2 are like terms.
6x2 - 4x2 = x2 (6 - 4) Distributive Property

= x2(2) Subtract inside the parentheses.

= 2x2 Commutative Property of Math Talk

Mathematical Practices
Multiplication
6x2 - 4x2 = 2x2 Write 2 terms that can be
combined with 7y4.
B 3a + 2(b + 5a)
3a + 2(b + 5a) = 3a + 2b + 2(5a) Distributive Property
Associative Property of
= 3a + 2b + (2 · 5)a
Multiplication
= 3a + 2b + 10a Multiply 2 and 5.

= 3a + 10a + 2b Commutative Property of Addition

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

= (3 + 10)a + 2b Distributive Property

= 13a + 2b Add inside the parentheses.

3a + 2(b + 5a) = 13a + 2b

y and 7y are like terms;
C y + 11x + 7y - 7x 11x and 7x are like terms.
y + 11x + 7y - 7x = y + 7y + 11x - 7x Commutative Property

= (1 + 7)y + (11 - 7)x Distributive Property

= 8y + 4x Simplify inside parentheses.

y + 11x + 7y - 7x = 8y + 4x

Lesson 10.3 279

 YOUR TURN
Combine like terms.
Personal
Math Trainer 9. 8y - 3y = 10. 6x2 + 4(x2 - 1) =
Online Assessment
and Intervention
11. 4a5 - 2a5 + 4b + b = 12. 8m + 14 - 12 + 4n =
my.hrw.com

Guided Practice
1. Evaluate each of the expressions in the list for y = 5. Then, draw lines to
match the expressions in List A with their equivalent expressions in List B.
(Explore Activity 1)
List A List B
4 + 4y = 4y − 4 =
4(y − 1) = 4(y + 1) =
4y + 1 = 1 + 4y =

2. Determine if the expressions are equivalent by comparing x+4 2(x + 2)

the models. (Explore Activity 2) + + + + +
For each expression, use a property to write an equivalent
+ + + + + +
expression. Tell which property you used. (Example 1)

3. ab = 4. 5(3x − 2) =

Use the properties of operations to determine if each pair of expressions is

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

equivalent. (Example 2)

5. _12(4 − 2x); 2 - 2x 6. _12(6x − 2); 3 − x

Combine like terms. (Example 3)

7. 32y + 12y = 8. 12 + 3x − x − 12 =

?
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

9. Describe two ways to write equivalent algebraic expressions.

280 Unit 4
 Name Class Date

10.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
COMMON Online
CORE 6.EE.2b, 6.EE.3, 6.EE.4 Assessment and
my.hrw.com Intervention

For each expression, use a property to write an equivalent expression.

Tell which property you used.

10. cd = 11. x + 13 =

12. 4(2x − 3) = 13. 2 + (a + b) =

14. Draw algebra tile models to prove that 4 + 8x and 4(2x + 1) are equivalent.

Combine like terms.

15. 7x4 − 5x4 = 16. 32y + 5y =

17. 6b + 7b − 10 = 18. 2x + 3x + 4 =

19. y + 4 + 3(y + 2) = 20. 7a2 − a2 + 16 =

21. 3y2 + 3(4y2 - 2) = 22. z2 + z + 4z3 + 4z2 =

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

23. 0.5(x4 - 3) + 12 = 24. _14 (16 + 4p) =

25. Justify Reasoning Determine whether 3x + 12 + x is equivalent to

4(3 + x). Use properties of operations to justify your answer.

26. William earns $13 an hour working at a movie theater. Last week he
worked h hours at the concession stand and three times as many hours
at the ticket counter. Write and simplify an expression for the amount
of money William earned last week.

Lesson 10.3 281

27. Multiple Representations Use the information in the table to write
and simplify an expression to find the total weight of the medals won
by the top medal-winning nations in the 2012 London Olympic Games.
The three types of medals have different weights.

2012 Summer Olympics

Gold Silver Bronze
United States 46 29 29
China 38 27 23
Great Britain 29 17 19

Write an expression for the perimeters of each given figure. Simplify the
expression.

28. 29.

10.2 in.
3x - 1 mm
x + 4 in. x + 4 in.
6 mm 6 mm
x + 4 in. x + 4 in.
3x - 1 mm
10.2 in.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Comstock/

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

30. Problem Solving Examine the algebra tile model.

a. Write two equivalent expressions for + + + + +
the model. + + + + +
b. What If? Suppose a third row of tiles identical to the ones above is
added to the model. How does that change the two expressions? Jupiterimages/Getty Images

31. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Write an example of an expression

that cannot be simplified, and explain how you know that it cannot be
simplified.

32. Problem Solving Write an expression that is equivalent to 8(2y + 4) that

can be simplified.

282 Unit 4
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
10.1 Modeling and Writing Expressions Online Assessment
and Intervention

Write each phrase as an algebraic expression. my.hrw.com

1. p divided by 6 2. 65 less than j

3. the sum of 185 and h 4. the product of 16 and g

5. Let x represent the number of television show episodes that are taped
in a season. Write an expression for the number of episodes taped in

4 seasons.

10.2 Evaluating Expressions

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.

6. 8p; p = 9 7. 11 + r; r = 7
60
8. 4(d + 7); d = -2 9. __
m; m = 5

10. To find the area of a triangle, you can use the expression b × h ÷ 2,
where b is the base of the triangle and h is its height. What is the area of

a triangle with a base of 6 and a height of 8?

10.3 Generating Equivalent Expressions

11. Draw lines to match the expressions in List A List B
List A with their equivalent expressions
7x + 14 7( 1 + x )
in List B.
7 + 7x 7x - 7
7( x - 1 ) 7( x + 2 )
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

12. How can you solve problems involving equivalent expressions?

Module 10 283
 MODULE 10 MIXED REVIEW Personal
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Readiness my.hrw.com Intervention

Selected Response 6. Katie has read 32% of a book. If she has

read 80 pages, how many more pages
1. Which expression represents the product does Katie have left to read?
of 83 and x?
A 40
A 83 + x
B 170
B 83 ÷ x
C 200
C 83x
D 250
D 83 - x
7. The expression 12(x + 4) represents the
2. Which phrase describes the algebraic total number of CDs Mei bought in April
expression _9r ? and May at $12 each. Which property is
A the product of r and 9
applied to write the equivalent expression
12x + 48?
B the quotient of r and 9
A Associative Property of Addition
C 9 less than r
B Associative Property of Multiplication
D r more than 9
C Commutative Property of
3. Rhonda was organizing photos in a Multiplication
photo album. She took 60 photos and
divided them evenly among p pages. D Distributive Property
Which algebraic expression represents the
number of photos on each page? Mini-Task
p
__
A p - 60 C 8. You can convert a temperature given
60
60
in degrees Celsius to a Fahrenheit
B 60 - p D __
p temperature by using the expression
9x ÷ 5 + 32, where x is the Celsius

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. Using the algebraic expression 4n + 6,
temperature.
what is the greatest whole-number value of
n that will give you a result less than 100?
a. Water freezes when the temperature is
A 22 C 24 0 °C. At what Fahrenheit temperature
B 23 D 25 does water freeze?
5. Evaluate 7w - 14 for w = 9.
b. Water boils at 100 °C. At what
A 2 temperature does water boil in
B 18 degrees Fahrenheit?
C 49
c. The temperature of some water is
D 77 15 °C. What is the Fahrenheit

temperature?

284 Unit 4
 Review
UNIT 4
Study Guide
MODULE
9 Generating Equivalent Key Vocabulary
Numerical Expressions base (base (en
numeración))
exponent (exponente)
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
order of operations (orden
How can you generate equivalent numerical expressions and use de las operaciones)
them to solve real-world problems? power (potencia)

EXAMPLE 1
Find the value of each power.

C. (_41 )
4
A. 0.92 B. 180

0.92 = 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.81 Any number raised to the

(_41 ) = (_41 ) (_41 ) (_41 ) (_41 ) = ___
4 1
power of 0 is 1. 256

180 = 1

EXAMPLE 2
Find the prime factorization of 60.

60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
2 60
2 30 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
3 15
5 5 The prime factorization of 60 is 22 × 3 × 5.
1

EXAMPLE 3
Simplify each expression.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

A. 4 × (23 + 5) B. 27 ÷ 32 × 6

= 4 × (8 + 5) 23 = 8 = 27 ÷ 9 × 6 32 = 9

= 4 × 13 Add. =3×6 Divide.

= 52 Multiply. = 18 Multiply.

EXERCISES
Use an exponent to write each expression. (Lesson 9.1)

1. 3.6 × 3.6 2. 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 3. _45 × _45 × _45

Unit 4 285
 Find the value of each power. (Lesson 9.1)

4. 120 5. 132 6. (_27 )

3

(_49 )
1
7. 0.42 8. 9. 0.73

Find the prime factorization of each number. (Lesson 9.2)

10. 75 11. 29 12. 168

13. Eduardo is building a sandbox that has an area of 84 square feet.

What are the possible whole number measurements for the length
and width of the sandbox? (Lesson 9.2)

Simplify each expression. (Lesson 9.3)

22 - (3 + 4)
2
14. 2 × 52 – (4 + 1) 15. __________
12 ÷ 4

MODULE
10 Generating Equivalent Key Vocabulary
Algebraic Expressions algebraic expression
(expresión algebraica)

?
coefficients (coeficiente)
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
constant (contante)
How can you generate equivalent algebraic expressions and use equivalent expressions
them to solve real-world problems? (expresión equivalente)
evaluating (evaluar)
term (término (en una
EXAMPLE 1
expresión))
Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variables.
A. 2(x2 - 9); x = 5 B. w + y 2 + 3w; w = 2, y = 6
2(52 - 9) 52 = 25 2 + 62 + 3(2) 62 = 36

= 2(16) = 2 + 36 + 6
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Subtract. Multiply.

= 32 Multiply. = 44 Add.

When x = 5, 2(x2 – 9) = 32. When w = 2 and y = 6, w + y 2 + 3w = 44.

EXAMPLE 2
Determine whether the algebraic expressions are equivalent:
5(x + 2) and 10 + 5x.

5(x + 2) = 5x + 10 Distributive Property

= 10 + 5x Commutative Property
5(x + 2) is equal to 10 + 5x. They are equivalent expressions.

286 Unit 4
 EXERCISES
Write each phrase as an algebraic expression. (Lesson 10.1)

1. x subtracted from 15 2. 12 divided by t

3. 4 groups of y 4. the sum of z and 7

Write a phrase for each algebraic expression. (Lesson 10.1)

5. 8p

6. s + 7

Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variables.

(Lesson 10.2)

7. 8z + 3; z = 8 8. 3(7 + x2); x = 2

9. s - 5t + s2; s = 4, t = -1 10. x - y3; x = -7, y = 3

11. The expression _12(h)(b1 + b2) gives the area of a trapezoid, with
b1 and b2 representing the two base lengths of a trapezoid and
h representing the height. Find the area of a trapezoid with base
lengths 4 in. and 6 in. and a height of 8 in. (Lesson 10.2)

Determine if the expressions are equivalent. (Lesson 10.3)

12. 7 + 7x; 7(x + _17 )

13. 2.5(3 + x); 2.5x + 7.5

Combine like terms. (Lesson 10.3)

14. 3m - 6 + m2 - 5m + 1

15. 7x + 4(2x - 6)
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

16. b2 + 3 + 2b2 + 4 - 7

17. 3(p + 5) - 8 + 11p

Unit 4 287
Unit 4 Performance Tasks
1. CAREERS IN MATH Freelance Computer Programmer
Antonio is a freelance computer programmer. In his work, he often uses
the power of 2n to find the number of ways bits (or units of information)
can be arranged. The n often stands for the number of bits.

a. Antonio is working on programming a new video game called

Millie’s Quest. In the game, the main character, Millie, collects golden
keys to help her in her quest. Antonio wants to write a formula to
show that Millie can collect one less key than the highest number of
bits that can be arranged in the system. What formula can he use?

b. If Antonio is working with a 16-bit system, how many golden keys

can Millie collect?

c. Antonio is also working on a new spreadsheet program. The

program takes up 14 bytes of memory. If each byte is equal to 8 bits,
how many bits is Antonio’s program? Show your work.

2. Hannah just bought a new camera. In January she took 14 pictures. The
number of pictures she took doubled each month for three months.

a. How many pictures did Hannah take in March? Write and solve an
expression with an exponent to show how many pictures she took.

b. In April, Hanna took half the number of pictures she took in March.
Her brother Jack thinks she took the same number of pictures in
April that she did in February. Hanna knew he was incorrect. Write
and solve an expression to show why Hannah is right.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

288 Unit 4
 UNIT 4 MIXED REVIEW Personal
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Selected Response 5. Angela earns x dollars an hour. On Friday,

she worked 6 hours. On Saturday, she
1. Which expression is equivalent to worked 8 hours. Which expression shows
2.3 × 2.3 × 2.3 × 2.3 × 2.3? how much she earned both days?
A 2.3 × 5 A 6x + 8
B 235 B 8x × 6x
C 2 ×35 5
C (6 + 8)x
D 2.3 5
6+8
D ____
x
2. Which operation should you perform first
6. Marcus is doing a science experiment
when you simplify 63 – (2 + 54 × 6) ÷ 5?
in which he measures the rate at which
A addition bacteria multiply. Every 15 seconds, the
bacteria double in number. If there are
B division
10 bacteria now, how many will there be in
C multiplication 2 minutes?
D subtraction A 160 bacteria
3. Sheena was organizing items in a B 256 bacteria
scrapbook. She took 25 photos and divided C 1,280 bacteria
them evenly between p pages. Which
algebraic expression represents the number D 2,560 bacteria
of photos on each page?
7. The prime factorization of which number is
A p – 25 25 × 5?
B 25 – p A 50
p
__
C 25 B 125
25
D __ C 160
p
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. Which is another way to write D 500

7 × 7 × 7 × 7?
8. Which expression has a value of 36 when
A 7 4 x = 4 and y = 7?
B 7(4) A 2xy
C 28 B 2x + 4y
D 4 7
C 6y - x

D 12x - 2y

Unit 4 289
 Mini-Tasks
Hot !
When possible, use logic to

Tip
eliminate at least two answer 13. For every bag of trail mix the local Scout
choices. Guide troop sells, they earn $0.45.
a. Write an expression to represent this
9. What should you do first to simplify the situation.
expression (43 + 9) ÷ 76 + 5?
A Add 4 and 9.
b. Sarah sold 52 bags of trail mix. How
B Add 76 and 5. much did she earn for her troop?
C Multiply 4 × 4 × 4.

D Divide (43+ 9) by 76. c. Let x represent the total number of

bags of trail mix sold by Sarah’s troop.
10. Which ratio is equivalent to 4:10?
Write an expression to show what
2
A _ percentage of bags Sarah sold.
5
8
B __
10
12
C __
16 14. Robert is replacing sod in two square-
16
D __ shaped areas of his backyard. One side of
10
the first area is 7.5 feet. One side of the
11. Travis and Paula went to lunch. Travis
other area is 5.7 feet. The sod costs y dollars
ordered a sandwich for $7.50, and Paula
per square foot.
ordered a burger for $5.25. After lunch, they
left a 15% tip for their waiter. How much a. Write an expression to show how much
money did they spend altogether? Robert will spend on sod.

A $12.75

B $14.66 b. If the sod costs $3.25 per square foot,

about how much will Robert spend
C $15.95
to put sod down in both areas of his
D $16.00 backyard? Round to the nearest dollar.
12. Which shows the following numbers in
order from greatest to least?
15. Jose wants to find how many gallons of
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1.5, _24, _42, 1.05 water he needs to fill his cube-shaped
4 2 aquarium. One side of his aquarium is 4 feet
A _, 1.5, 1.05, _
2 4
2 _
_ 4 long.
B 1.05, 1.5, ,
4 2
4 2 a. Write and solve an expression to find
C _, _, 1.5, 1.05
2 4 the volume of Jose’s aquarium.
4 2
D 1.05, _, _, 1.5
2 4

b. One cubic foot is equal to 7.48 gallons

of water. How many gallons of water
does Jose need to fill his aquarium?
Round to the nearest gallon.

290 Unit 4