8

Science
Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 2: Week 3-4
Earthquakes and Faults
Typhoon
Name of Learner_____________________________ Q2 W3
Section____________________________________ Date____________________

Earthquakes and Faults

Background Information

Humans have never drilled past Earth’s crust, and yet we know a lot about the
composition of the earth’s interior. Rocks yield some clues, but they only reveal information
about the outer crust. In rare instances, a mineral, such as a diamond, comes to the surface
from deeper down in the crust or the mantle. To learn about Earth’s interior, scientists use
energy, recorded by seismographs, to “see” the different layers of the Earth, just like doctors
can use an MRI, CT scan, or x-ray to see inside our bodies.

The Earth is made up of four layers: the crust, the mantle, outer core and the inner
core. The study of these layers is mostly done in the Earth’s crust since mechanical probes
are impossible due to the tremendous heat and very high pressure underneath the Earth’s
surface.

Figure 1. Interior of the Earth

WHAT ARE SEISMIC WAVES?

You learned that an earthquake is a vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid
release of energy most often because of the slippage along a fault in the Earth’s crust. This
energy radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves called seismic waves,
which are recorded in seismographs.
 Earthquakes generate two main types of seismic waves: body waves and surface
waves. Body waves travel through the interior of the earth. The fastest of these are primary
or "P" waves. These compressional waves move faster in dense rock and slower in fluids.
Thus, their speed and direction change. Because they are deflected by the earth's core, P
waves are not seen in the so-called shadow zone. The slowest body waves are secondary
or "S" waves. S waves are elastic shear waves that move material sideways, at right angles
to their direction of travel. Because secondary
waves travel only through solids, they do not
penetrate the earth's outer molten core. For this
reason, there is also an S wave shadow-zone.

The slower seismic surface waves do

not penetrate the earth's interior, but follow the
surface. One type of surface wave, the Love
wave, travels in a circular motion and causes
damage by displacing materials horizontally.
Love waves can be very damaging. This
cracked pavement and these twisted railroad
tracks clearly demonstrate their destructive
power. Earthquake damage also results from
Rayleigh waves, surface waves which deform
materials vertically.

Fig 2: Seismic Waves as they travel through the

Earth

INTERIOR OF EARTH: COMPOSITIONAL AND MECHANICAL LAYERS

The structure of the Earth consists of various spherical shells or layers that can be
categorized in two manners: either by their chemical compositions or mechanical properties.
Hence, compositional layers and mechanical layers are the two types of layers.

Fig 3. Two Different views of the Interiors of the Earth

COMPOSITIONAL LAYERS
Also known as the chemical layers and are called “compositional” or chemical layers
because they correspond to the material or elemental compositions.

LAYER DEFINITION

Crust The crust is the outermost chemical layer that ranges from 5 to 70 kilometers. It is
further categorized into thinner parts called the oceanic crust, and the thicker parts
called the continental crust. The oceanic crust underlies the oceanic basins
composed mostly of igneous rocks made from iron magnesium silicate. The
continental crust is composed primarily of sodium potassium aluminum silicate
rocks.

Mantle The mantle is the thickest layer that extends to a depth of around 2890 kilometers.
It is also divided into the upper mantle and lower mantle, both composed of silicate
rocks rich in iron and magnesium. The mantle is solid. However, at the upper
mantle, high temperatures make the silicate material considerably ductile, thus
allowing it to flow. The material in the lower mantle flows less easily because of
the intense and increasing pressure.

Core The core consists of denser materials composed primarily of iron and nickel. It is
divided between the outer core, which is about 2400 kilometers thick, and the inner
core, which has a radius of 1220 kilometers. The outer core is liquid, while the
inner core is primarily a solid ball with a temperature similar to the surface of the
Sun.

MECHANICAL LAYERS

The mechanical layers of the Earth a differentiated by their strength or rigidity. Thereby,
the mechanical layers correspond to the physical or mechanical properties of these layers.

Layer Definition

Lithosphere The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth that consists of the
entire crust and the top-most portion of the mantle. Furthermore, they are
divided into pieces called tectonic plates. The movements of these plates
are responsible for mountain-building, oceanic trench formation,
earthquakes, and volcanic eruption.

Asthenosphere The asthenosphere includes the soft layer of the mantle on which the
lithosphere moves. It is made of solid silicate materials, but the high
temperature allows it to flow on very long timescales. The lithosphere-
asthenosphere boundary is where geophysicists mark the difference in
ductility between the two layers.

Mesosphere The mesosphere is the layer below the asthenosphere but above the
outer core. It is essentially the lower mantle. Despite its high temperature,
the intense pressure in this region restricts the movements of the
molecules of the silicate material despite being under high temperature,
thus making it extremely rigid.
 Layer Definition

Outer Core The outer core extends from the bottom of the mesosphere or the lower
mantle and surrounds the inner core. Composed of iron and nickel, the
extreme temperature allows these metals to remain in their liquid phases.
It is the only layer of the Earth that is a true liquid. Furthermore, its
movement is responsible for generating the magnetic field.

Inner Core The inner core is also made of iron and some nickel. However, unlike the
outer core, it is a solid ball. The solidity is due to the intense pressure from
the upper layers. Hence, although it is as hot as the surface of the Sun,
there is speculation that the inner core is slowly growing as the liquid outer
core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the
gradual interior cooling.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of the earth
(S8ES-IIc-17)

ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer by encircling the letter of your choice.
1. Primary waves can pass through:
A. solids only B. liquids only C. solids and liquid D. crust and core only

2. Rank the seismic waves in order of appearance when an earthquake first occurs as
measured by a seismograph.
A. S and P waves at the same time, then surface waves
B. P waves, S waves, then surface waves
C. S waves, P waves, then surface waves
D. Surface waves, then S and P waves at the same time
3. What is the name of layer P?

A. Lithosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Outer Core
D. Inner Core
4. Why s-waves cannot travel through Earth's core?
A. the outer core is liquid and S-waves can't travel through liquids
B. the outer core is solid, and S-waves can't travel through solids
C. the outer core is metallic and S-waves can't travel through metals
D. the outer core is very hot, and S-waves can't travel through hot materials
5. How do scientists learn about the physical properties of Earth's different layers?
A. They ask major political leaders their opinions about scientific research.
B. They discuss and debate ideas about Earth's layers after looking at the internet.
C. They study scientific books and magazines about Earth and choose the best idea.
D. They measure seismic waves and make inferences based on changes in wave
speeds.

ACTIVITY 2: Our Dynamic Earth

Directions: Label the drawing and draw the symbol/s corresponding to the Earth’s layers.
Choose from the response grid on the right the symbol that you need to finish the figure on
the left.

Q1. What element is the most abundant

in the Earth’s crust?
________________________________
________________________________
Q2. What elements make up most of the
mantle?
________________________________
Q3. How did scientists come to know that
the outer core is liquid?
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Q4. What materials make up the inner
core?
________________________________
Q5. Is the inner core solid, liquid, or gas?
What keeps it in this phase?
________________________________

ACTIVITY 3: AMAZING WAVES!

Objectives:
• Define seismic waves scientifically.
• Differentiate the different types of seismic waves.
• Recognize the importance of seismic waves in the study of the Earth’s interior.

Procedure: Using the given organizer, write the necessary information to complete the
concept about seismic waves.
 SEISMIC WAVES

definition

MAIN TYPES

SUB-TYPES

characteristics characteristics

Guide Questions:
Q1. Differentiate surface waves from body waves?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which type of wave do you think were useful to seismologists in their study of the
Earth’s interior? Explain your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 4: Layers of the Earth Activity

Materials:
To create a 3D model of the layers of the Earth, you will need five (5) colors
of modelling clay and a wax dental floss (or thread, if not available).
Procedures:

1. Form a ball to represent the inner core. We chose red to represent the intense heat of
the inner core.
2. Next, roll out a circle of another color and wrap around the ball and roll gently. This next
layer represents the outer core.
3. Each subsequent color will need more modelling clay than the last. You will need a color
to represent the lower mantle, another for the upper mantle, and the outer layer for
the crust.
4. Once your ball of five (5) layers of modelling clay is complete, use a piece of waxed dental
floss to cut the ball down the middle, revealing all the layers underneath.
Reminder: Be sure not to press the layers too firmly together so that the colors don’t mix.
RUBRICS (20 Points)
a. Complete layers of the Earth’s interior – 10 points
b. Creativity – 5 points
c. Neatness - 5 points

REFLECTION:
How important are seismic waves in the study of Earth's interior?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________________________ Q2 W4
Section: __________________________________ Date: ___________________

Typhoon
Background Information

A Typhoon or Tropical Cyclone is a

weather disturbance that begins as a low
pressure center over an ocean with strong
circulating winds in counterclockwise
direction.

According to the Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), about 20 tropical cyclones enter
Figure 1.Image by NASA Earth Observatory
the Philippine Area of Responsibility each
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145945/typhoon-
year. kammuri-approaches-the-philippines

Tropical depression, tropical storm,

typhoon, and super typhoon are categories of tropical cyclones (Table 1). In simple terms, a
tropical cyclone is a system of thunderstorms that are moving around a center. As the winds
intensify or weaken, the category is upgraded or downgraded accordingly.

Table 1. Tropical Cyclone Categories

Wind Speed
Category
kilometers per hour (kph)
Tropical Depression 64 kph or less
Tropical Storm 65 kph to 118 kph
Typhoon 119 kph to 200 kph
Super typhoon greater than 200 kph

The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. In the
northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the
equivalent term is hurricane. Thus, a hurricane on one side of the Pacific Ocean will be called
a typhoon if it crosses into the other side.

A typhoon is also called a “hurricane” in western countries, “tai fung” in China, and
“taifu” in Japan. The term “typhoon” is used in the Philippines and other countries in Asia

In the Philippines, we use the same word for all categories of tropical cyclones. We
call it bagyo whether it is a tropical depression, a tropical storm or a typhoon.
Below are the lists of the deadliest and costliest Philippine typhoons.

Parts of Typhoon
There are three main parts of a typhoon:
1. Eye -- This is the center. It is the calm part
of the storm.
2. Eye Wall -- This part is around the eye. This
part has the strongest winds and rains. The
winds may blow 200 miles per hour.
3. Rain Bands -- These are the clouds that Figure 2. Parts of Typhoon
spin out and make the storm bigger. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-
How do typhoons form? 4/home/F_How_Strong_Is_That_Hurricane.html
You need two components to have a typhoon to form, the ocean and the heat of warm air.
According to scientists, the temperature of ocean water must be 26.5°C or greater. Since heat
rises, the warm air is pushed up into the sky and
can cause a large swirling action which creates a
typhoon. The moisture of the ocean coupled with
the heat of the air can keep the typhoon going
and growing. Tropical cyclones that form north of
the equator spin counterclockwise. Tropical
cyclones that form south of the equator spin
clockwise. This is due to the rotation of the Earth
called the Coriolis Effect.
Tropical cyclones usually weaken when they Figure 3.Image by NASA
reach land, because they are no longer being https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/en/
"fed" by the energy from the warm ocean waters.
However, they often move far inland, dumping numerous rain and causing lots of wind damage
before they die out completely.

Learning Competency with code

Explain how a typhoon develops and how it is affected by landmasses and bodies of water.
(S8ES-IId18)
Activity 1: Word Search!
Direction: Circle the 15 words listed below. Words appear straight across, back word straight
across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally
N O O H P Y T Z U C Y C L O N E I
D S B M L M V U M N W N Y M Z V I
A I B Q I J F X Z J J C J B F A I
W L L P O K A P R E S S U R E L U
G O A Z L H X L N L K Z Y D W V O
M I F Z S D U M L U R L O T R S P
R R Y E Q U A T O R K S L I G F Q
O O Q H P R E C I P I T A T I O N
T C O Q P P R S C R L C N T A K U
S N V D U O L C C X C Q D R T B Y
T H U N D E R A M V R K A O C I Y
C E W X G B P I I Y X X S P E W Y
V T E F D K K X W D H Q I I F U S
X E R H U R R I C A N E R C H Q D
M H Y R R J S N R L G V C A S N Y
Q M D E X K O C E A N Q K L I S B
I J R J E T Y W V C W N K W S B N

Yolanda ocean cloud precipitation typhoon equator

thunder Coriolis eye tropical wind hurricane
cyclone storm pressure

Activity 2: Let us recognize!

Direction: Answer the following item below. Write your answer letter of the best answer on
the blank before the number.
________ 1. In meteorology, what type of cyclone occurring in the western regions of the
Pacific Ocean?
a. Tornado b. Typhoon c. Hurricane d. Storm surge
________ 2. Where do typhoons form?
a. In a river or stream c. Over the ocean
b. At plate boundaries d. Under the Earth
________ 3. Where are typhoons most likely to do the most damage?
a. Near the seaboards c. In the forest
b. In a desert d. On the North Pole
________ 4. What is the difference between typhoons and hurricanes?
a. wind speed c. amount of rainfall
b. strength of winds d. place they originate
________ 5. Where do typhoons often make their way?
a. South America c. South East Asia
b. Middle East d. Europe
________ 6. Which of the following is not an "ingredient" in typhoon formation?
a. warm ocean waters c. coriolis force
b. high humidity d. cold and warm air
________ 7. The Philippines is above the equator and at the northern hemisphere of the
globe. How does the wind blow in the northern hemisphere?
a. counterclockwise c. b only
b. clockwise d. both a & b
________ 8. Within the eye of a tropical cyclone, the wind speed is __________.
a. damaging b. destructive c. slow d. strong
________ 9. What is a tropical cyclone which has winds going 65 kph to 118 kph?
a. Tropical Depression c. Tropical Storm
b. Typhoon d. Super typhoon
________ 10. Where is the most dangerous part of the typhoon with the highest speed
winds?
a. The top b. Eye c. The bottom d. Eye wall

Activity 3: FACT OR BLUFF!

Write FACT if the statement is true and BLUFF if the statement is false.
______________ 1. Typhoons or tropical cyclones do not affect the weather systems of the
Philippines.
______________ 2. Typhoons formed over warm water in the oceans.
______________ 3. Tropical cyclones become stronger when they hit land.
______________ 4. Typhoons are more violent than hurricanes.
______________ 5. Eye wall is the area of low pressure at the center of a hurricane.
______________ 6. Tropical Cyclones are a system of thunderstorms that are moving
around a center.
______________ 7. Tropical Cyclones require cool ocean waters to develop.
______________ 8. Typhoon is from the northeastern part of Pacific Ocean.
______________ 9. Tropical Cyclones need water vapor to form.
______________10. A typhoon will begin to break up when it gets over cooler water or a
large land mass.

Activity 4: Under What Conditions do Tropical Cyclones Form?

Shown below are the tracks (paths) of four tropical cyclones that entered the PAR in
the past years. The tracks were plotted by PAGASA. Study the maps and answer the following
questions.
 Figure 4. Tracks (paths) of selected tropical cyclones

1. Where did the tropical cyclones form? _________________________________

2. What can you say about the temperature of the bodies of water in the vicinity of the
Philippines? _____________________________________________________
3. In what direction did the tropical cyclones move?
________________________________________________________________
4. Which part of the Philippines was hit by the four tropical cyclones?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. In the case of Agaton, Yoyong, and Huaning, where did they die out? Near land
or in the middle of the ocean? Explain
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Reflection
Explain why the Philippines is prone to typhoons?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
References:
Lumen Earth Science, Accessed September 3, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/earths-interior/

Phys.org, Accessed September 3, 2020.

https://phys.org/news/2015-12-earth-layers.html

Konsye, Accessed September 3, 2020

https://www.konsyse.com/articles/structure-of-the-earth-compositional-vs-mechanical-layers/

Quizizz, Accessed September 3, 2020

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c096e2e9b5d3c001abad573/seismic-waves-and-earths-
interior-pop-quiz
DepEd K-12.com, Accessed September 3, 2020
https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html

Nelson, Ken. "Earth Science for Kids: Weather - Hurricanes (Tropical Cyclones)." Ducksters,
Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI),
www.ducksters.com/science/earth_science/hurricanes.php. Accessed 3 September 2020.
Pia C. Campo, May R. Chavez, Maria Helen D.H. Catalan, Ph.D., Leticia V. Catris, Ph.D.,
Marlene B. Ferido, Ph.D., Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Ph.D., Jacqueline Rose M. Gutierrez,
Shirley R. Jusayan, Michael Anthony B. Mantala, Cerilina M. Maramag, Marie P. 2013.
Science 8 Modules. Pasig City: Department of Education.
Quizizz, https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/582cf10481d8bd7c77cb792b/typhoon. Accessed
September 3, 2020
WordMint. https://wordmint.com/puzzles. Accessed September 3, 2020

ANSWERS KEY: (Week 3)

Activity 1: Choose the correct answer by encircling the letter of your choice.
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5.D
Activity 2:
Q1. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth’s
crust
Q2. The elements silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium
make up the mantle
Q3. The scientists were able to show that the outer core is
liquid due to the fact that S-wave cannot travel through this
Earth’s layer proven by the S-wave shadow zone.
Q4. The inner core is mostly made up of iron and nickel
Q5. The inner core is solid. This is due to the very high
pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the
temperature is really very high.
Activity 3: AMAZING WAVES!
 Q1. Surface
waves travel only
on the Earth’s
surface like
ripples of water
while body waves
travel through the
Earth’s body
(interior). In
addition, surface
waves arrive last
at seismic
recording stations
compared to the
body waves
Q2. The body
waves were used
by seismologists
because they can
pass through the
Earth’s interior.

Answers Key: (Week 4)

Activity 1. Word Search!

Activity 2. Let us recognize!

1. b. 6. d
2. c 7. a
3. a 8. c
4. d 9. c
5. c 10. d
Activity 3. FACT OR BLUFF!
1. BLUFF
2. FACT 7. BLUFF
3. BLUFF 8. BLUFF
4. BLUFF 9. FACT
5. BLUFF 10. FACT
6. FACT

Activity 4. Let us recognize!

1. In the ocean
2. Warm
3. Northwest direction
4. Northern part of the Philippines
5. Near land because they are cut off from the warm ocean waters that keep them going.

Prepared by:

LEYLANIE D. SAMSON PRECY T. MANARANG

SST-III Science SST-III
CMRICTHS Rafael L. Lazatin Memorial High School
Writer Week 3 Writer Week 4