#_ Essential BASH Operations [+150 ]

1. Basic Commands:

● echo: Print given arguments.

● pwd: Print working directory.
● cd: Change directory.
● ls: List directory contents.
● cat: Concatenate and display file content.
● man: Display manual pages.
● exit: Exit the shell.
● clear: Clear the terminal screen.
● history: Display command history.

2. File Operations:

● touch: Create an empty file.

● cp: Copy files or directories.
● mv: Move/rename files or directories.
● rm: Remove files or directories.
● find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.
● grep: Search text using patterns.
● head: Output the first part of files.
● tail: Output the last part of files.
● diff: Compare files line by line.
● chmod: Change file permissions.
● chown: Change file owner and group.

3. Process Management:

● ps: Display current processes.

● top: Display dynamic real-time process viewer.
● kill: Send a signal to a process.
● bg: Put processes in the background.
● fg: Bring processes to the foreground.

By: Waleed Mousa

4. Networking:

● ping: Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

● netstat: Print network connections, routing tables, statistics,
etc.
● ifconfig: Display or modify network interfaces.
● ssh: OpenSSH client (remote login program).
● scp: Securely copy files between hosts.

5. Environment & Variables:

● env: Display, set, or remove environment variables.

● export: Set an environment variable.
● unset: Unset an environment variable.
● alias: Create command shortcuts.
● $PATH: Environment variable specifying command search path.
● $HOME: Environment variable indicating user's home directory.

6. Pipelines & Redirection:

● |: Pipe; use output of one command as input to another.

● >: Redirect standard output.
● >>: Append to file.
● <: Redirect standard input.
● 2>: Redirect error output.
● 2>&1: Redirect error output to standard output.

7. Text Processing:

● sort: Sort lines in text files.

● cut: Remove sections from each line of files.
● awk: Text processing language.
● sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
● wc: Print newline, word, and byte counts for files.

By: Waleed Mousa

8. Script Basics:

● #! (shebang): Denotes script interpreter.

● variables: Store data for processing.
● arrays: Indexed and associative arrays.
● if..then..else: Conditional execution.
● for, while, until: Loop constructs.
● functions: Declare modular blocks of code.
● arguments: $1, $2... for script arguments, $# for argument count,
$@ for all arguments as a list.
● return: Exit a function.
● source: Execute commands from a file in the current shell.

9. Advanced Scripting:

● case: Conditional execution based on pattern matching.

● select: Generate menus.
● trap: Respond to runtime events (signals).
● string manipulations: ${#string}, ${string:position},
${string:position:length} etc.
● arithmetic: Use $((expression)) or let "expression".
● set: Change shell options.
● shift: Shift positional parameters.

10. Regex & Pattern Matching:

● *: Match any string of characters.

● ?: Match a single character.
● [...]: Match any character in the set.
● [^...]: Match any character not in the set.

11. Command Line Tricks:

● ctrl + r: Search through command history.

● ctrl + c: Terminate current command.
● ctrl + z: Suspend current command.
● ctrl + l: Clear screen.
● !!: Execute last command.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● !$: Last argument of the previous command.
● !<command>: Last time command was run.
● {command1,command2}: Execute multiple commands.

12. Job Control:

● jobs: List background jobs.

● &: Run command in background.
● nohup: Run command immune to hangups.

13. System Info & Monitoring:

● df: Report filesystem disk space usage.

● du: Estimate file and directory space usage.
● free: Display memory usage.
● uptime: Show system uptime.
● w: Show who is logged on and what they're doing.
● who: Display who's on the machine.
● lsof: List open files.

14. Archiving & Compression:

● tar: Archive files.

● gzip: Compress files.
● gunzip: Decompress files.
● zip: Package and compress files.
● unzip: Extract compressed files in ZIP format.

15. Package Management (specific to distribution):

● apt-get: APT package handling utility (Debian).

● yum: Package manager (RedHat, CentOS).
● dnf: Next-generation package manager (Fedora).
● pacman: Package manager (Arch Linux).

16. Permissions & Ownership:

● chgrp: Change group ownership.

● chown: Change file owner and group.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● umask: Set default permissions.

17. Disk Usage:

● fdisk: Manipulate disk partition table.

● mkfs: Create filesystem.
● mount: Mount a filesystem.
● umount: Unmount a filesystem.

18. Bash Options:

● set -e: Exit on error.

● set -u: Treat unset variables as errors.
● set -x: Print commands before executing them.

19. Text Editors in Bash:

● vi/vim: Opens the Vim (or Vi) text editor.

● nano: Opens the Nano text editor.
● emacs: Opens the Emacs text editor.

20. Bash Shortcuts & Keybindings:

● ctrl + a: Move to the beginning of the line.

● ctrl + e: Move to the end of the line.
● ctrl + u: Delete from cursor to the beginning of the line.
● ctrl + k: Delete from cursor to the end of the line.
● ctrl + w: Delete from cursor to the beginning of the word.
● ctrl + y: Paste the last deleted command.
● ctrl + t: Swap the last two characters before the cursor.

21. Bash Special Variables:

● $?: Holds the exit status of the last command executed.

● $$: Holds the process ID of the current script.
● $0: The name of the script itself.
● $*: All the arguments are double quoted. If a script receives two
arguments, $* is equivalent to $1 $2.
● $@: All the arguments are individually double quoted.

By: Waleed Mousa

22. Command Substitution & Evaluation:

● $(command): Execute command and replace it with its output.

● `command`: (backticks) Another way to execute command and replace
it with its output.
● $((expression)): Evaluate arithmetic expression.

23. Brace Expansion:

● {a,b,c}: Generates the strings 'a', 'b', and 'c'.

● {0..5}: Generates the strings '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5'.

24. Wildcard Patterns:

● *: Matches any string, including the null string.

● ?: Matches any single character.
● [class]: Matches any character in the given class.

25. String Manipulation in Bash:

● ${variable#pattern}: Remove from $variable the shortest part of

$pattern that matches the front end of $variable.
● ${variable##pattern}: Remove from $variable the longest part of
$pattern that matches the front end of $variable.
● ${variable%pattern}: Remove from $variable the shortest part of
$pattern that matches the back end of $variable.
● ${variable%%pattern}: Remove from $variable the longest part of
$pattern that matches the back end of $variable.

26. I/O Redirection & File Descriptors:

● 1> or >: Redirects standard output.

● 2>: Redirects standard error.
● &>: Redirects both standard output and error.
● 1<&-: Closes standard input.
● 2<&-: Closes standard error.

By: Waleed Mousa

27. Advanced Commands:

● xargs: Read items from standard input, then execute a command with
those items.
● seq: Generate a sequence of numbers.
● watch: Execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen.
● date: Display or set the system date and time.

28. Networking & Analysis:

● curl: Transfer data from or to a server.

● wget: Retrieve files using HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP.
● dig: Query DNS name servers.
● traceroute: Display the route packets take to a network host.

29. Permission & Identity:

● sudo: Execute a command as another user.

● su: Change user ID or become a superuser.
● id: Display user identity.

30. Debugging & Bash Options:

● set -v: Print shell input lines as they're read.

● set -n: Read commands but do not execute them.
● set -x: Print commands and their arguments as they're executed.

By: Waleed Mousa