PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
1

WEEK 1
 Lesson Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
•Shares research experiences and knowledge
•Explains the importance of research in daily life
•Describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of
research
•Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research
•Provide examples of research in areas of interest
• Directions: Fill out the blank spaces by referring to
the clues and guessing the word/s being defined.
Write your answers in your notebook.
1. _um_ _g_ng -to make a thorough search
2. c_h_ s_v_ -exhibiting or producing cohesion
3. _ra_ _ic_ -a picture, drawing, image used as a
decoration
4. m_n_ m_p -a diagram used to visually organize
information
5. i_n_v_ _i_n -the act or process of introducing new
ideas and methods
What is research?
According to the American sociologist Earl
Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic
inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and
control the observed phenomenon.

Research is a careful consideration of

study regarding a particular concern or
problem using a process of inquiry.
C. Using the words encircled,
formulate your own
definition of research.
 Misconception Check
Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if
you think that the sentence is a description of research. Put a cross (X) if you think
that it is not. Write your answers in your notebook.
_____1. Research must be hurriedly conducted.
_____2. There should be enough data before conducting
research.
_____3. The researcher must have a final say in his or her
findings.
_____4. The cause of why students fail quizzes is worth
researching.
_____5. Any concern or issue confronted by the students is
researchable.
What is the Importance of
Research in Daily Life?
Gain Essential Information

To Make Changes
To Enhance the Standard of Living

For a Safer Life

5. To Know the Truth

6. To Explore the
History
7. To Understand the
Arts
Characteristics of
Research
 1. Empirical:
•Research is based on direct
experience or observation
by the researcher. Most
research is based on a real-
life situation.
2. Systematic:
•Research follows
an orderly
procedure based
on valid
procedures and
principles.
3. Controlled:
•In research, all
variables except
those that are tested
are kept constant.
4. Analytical:
•Research utilizes
proven analytical
procedures in
gathering the data.
 5. Objective:
Research is unbiased. All
findings are logically based on
data.
Write TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE
if otherwise.
1. _________ Research involves finding possible answer to questions.
2. _________ Research is carried out to explain situation or phenomenon.
3. _________ Research is a discipline or process for experts only.
4. _________ Surveying is data gathering.
5. _________ Only new knowledge can be considered research.
6. _________ Research happens only in a laboratory.
7. _________ Research improves life.
8. _________ The end result of research is lies or falsehood.
9. _________ Rice cooker can be considered as output of research.
10. ________We better understand our humanity with research.
The Process of
Research
These 8 stages in the
research process:
1. Identifying the problem.
2. Reviewing the literature.
3. Setting research questions,
objectives, and hypotheses.
4. Choosing the study design.
These 8 stages in the
research process:
5. Deciding on the
sample design.
6. Collecting data.
7. Processing and
analyzing data.
8. Writing the report.
Research Ethics

It provides guidelines It educates and monitors

the conduct of research
for the responsible
to ensure high ethical
conduct of research. standards.
 The following shows why is it important to
adhere to the ethical norms in research:
• Norms promote the aims of research such as
knowledge, truth, and evidence of the error.
• Ethical standards promote the values that are essential
to collaborative work.
• Ethical norms held researchers accountable to the
general public.
• Norms in research help establish public support,
quality, and integrity of research.
 Ethical Principles in Research
A.Honesty F. Respect for
B.Objectivity Intellectual
C.Integrity Property
D.Carefulness G. Confidentiality
E. Openness H. Animal care
 Ethical Principles in Research
I. Responsible M. Non-Discrimination
Publication N. Competence
J. Responsible O. Legality
Mentoring P. Human Subjects
K. Respect for Protection
Colleagues
L. Social Responsibility
Research Misconducts
• (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
• (b) Falsification - manipulating research materials or
changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the
research record.
• (c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another
person's ideas, processes, results, or words without
giving appropriate credit.
 The Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines or R.A. 8293
•It contains:
•The provisions regarding published works and
copyright ownership.
•The term “published works” means works that,
with the consent of the authors, are made
available to the public in such a way that these
works can be sourced from a place and time
individually chosen by them.
Rights of Research Participants
•Human Rights.
•Copyright Infringement
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment
for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
Rights of Research Participants
•Voluntary
Participation
•Anonymity
•Privacy
•Intellectual Property
 Task 1: Check-Up
Directions: Put an “X” in the space before each statement that
describes plagiarism.
Correct Me if
I’m Wrong
• Directions:
Determine the
appropriate
ethical action to
address the
unethical
practices
described below.
Find at least five research titles conducted by their respective researcher/s. Indicate the
author/s. Then, identify whether the study utilized qualitative or quantitative method. Use
the given table below.
Short Essay: Answer the following questions based on
what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers
brief yet substantial.

What makes Why is it necessary

research important for researchers to
to you as a follow the process
student? of research?
 Lesson 2 Quantitative
and Qualitative Research
 RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Examples of Qualitative
and Quantitative
Research Topics in the
Different Areas of
Interest
Characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses,
and kinds of qualitative
research
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Design
 Design
Naturalistic : real-life situation

Emergent: Acceptance

Purposeful: Information rich

 COLLECTION OF DATA

Personal Empathic
experience Dynamic
neutrality:
and systems:
engagement
mindfulne
ss and no change is
: direct ongoing
contact judgment
 Unique
case Inductive
orientation: analysis:
Detailed
special and
and specific
unique

Analysis Holistic
Context perspect
sensitive: ive:
carefulness whole
phenom
enon
Strengths and
Weaknesses of
Qualitative
Research
 Qualitative Research is more focused on:
• Exploring the issues
• Understanding the actual problem
• Enabling oneself to answer all the questions.
• More dependent on deriving the value of variables
in their natural setting.
• Data is collected by asking open ended questions
and
• Serving with the direct quotations.
 Qualitative can be beneficial in the following
ways:
a. All the problems and the topics covered
are in detail.
b. This method majorly focuses on small
groups; do not require more expenses
c. On the emergence of new developed
information and findings, the revision,
direction and framework of the data can
be done easily quickly.
 Qualitative can be beneficial in the following
ways:
d. The data is collected from a small
group which bounds it to be universal
for a large population.
e. The data is collected based on
genuine efforts and gives a clear
vision on what can be expected.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
a.As the data is collected for a
small group
b.It becomes difficult to
demonstrate, maintain and assess
the rigidity of the data.
c. No collection of statistical data
 Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
d. As the data is in big quantity, analysis
and interpretation of the data takes much
time.
e. The responses of the subjects might be
affected as the researchers are bound to
be present during the process of data
gathering.
Kinds of Qualitative
Research
 Ethnography
•often used in the social sciences
•used in gathering data on human societies and
cultures
•It is the study of people in their own
environment using methods such as participant
observation and face-to-face interviewing.
•Data collection is done through participant
observation, interviews and questionnaires.
 Ethnography
•Tradition and Change in a Philippine Fishing
Village: An Ethnography
•The Indigenous Peoples of the Cordillera: An
Ethnography
•Navigating Identities: An Ethnography of
Filipino Immigrants in the United States
•Becoming Christian: An Ethnographic Study of
Religious Conversion in the Philippines
Phenomenology
•Describes the structure of experience as
they present themselves to
consciousness
•It seeks to achieve deep understanding of
the phenomenon by rigorous and
systematic examination of it.
•Its purpose is to describe essence of lived
experiences.
 Phenomenology
• The Experience of Being LGBT in the Philippines: A
Phenomenological Analysis
• The Experience of Living with Disability in the Philippines:
A Phenomenological Exploration
• Phenomenology of Filipino Food and Cuisine: An Inquiry
into Cultural Significance and Meaning
• The Phenomenology of Filipino Devotion to the Black
Nazarene
Grounded Theory
•An inductive technique developed for
health-related topics.
•Emerged from the discipline of sociology.
•The term “grounded” means that the theory
developed from the research is grounded or
has its roots from the data from which It has
derived.
Grounded Theory
•the discovery of emerging patterns in
data.
•It is the generation of theories from
data.
•Tries to explain why a course of action
evolved the way it did.
Grounded Theory
•Takes place when there is a discovery of
new theory which underlies your study
at the time of data collection and
analysis
Grounded Theory
•Exploring the Factors that Influence Filipino
Nurses' Career Choices: A Grounded Theory
Study
•A Grounded Theory of Filipino Indigenous
Knowledge Systems: Understanding the
Relationship between Indigenous Knowledge
and Sustainable Development
•Exploring the Process of Language Shift among
Filipino Migrants: A Grounded Theory Study
Historical Research
•It is the systemic collection
and objective evaluation of
data related to past
occurrence.
Historical Research
•The Cultural Impact of Colonialism on the
Philippines: A Qualitative Historical Study
•Exploring the History of Philippine
Indigenous Peoples: A Qualitative Inquiry
into their Struggles for Recognition and
Rights
•The Role of Religion in Philippine History: A
Qualitative Inquiry into the Impact of
Christianity and Islam
Case Study
•It is a long-term, in-depth, detailed
study of a specific subject, such as a
person, group, place, event,
organization, or phenomenon.
•It is used to test theoretical models
by using it in real world situation.
Case Study
• A Qualitative Case Study of the Philippine Coffee
Industry: Exploring the Dynamics of Sustainable
Development
• The Case of the Lumad People: A Qualitative Study of
Indigenous Peoples' Struggles for Land and Rights in the
Philippines
• The Case of Manila's Informal Settlements: A
Qualitative Study of Housing and Livelihood Strategies
• The Case of Boracay Island: A Qualitative Study of
Sustainable Tourism Development in the Philippines
Content and Discourse Analysis
•Content Analysis- is a research technique
that analyzes the modes of communication
such as letters, e-mails etc.
• Discourse Analysis- is the study of social
life, understood through analysis of
language it includes face-to-face talk, non-
verbal interaction, images and symbols.
Content and Discourse Analysis
•Materials for Discourse Analysis include
books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures
and advertisements.
•Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the
Impact of Modern Technologies on
Communication”
Discourse Analysis Research Titles
• Discursive Construction of HIV/AIDS in the
Philippines: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected
News Article
• Analyzing the Discursive Construction of 'the Other'
in Philippine Mainstream Television Programs: A
Critical Discourse Analysis Approach"
• "Discursive Practices of Filipino Beauty Pageant
Contestants: A Qualitative Discourse Analysis
Content Analysis Research titles
• Exploring the Role of Social Media in Shaping
Filipino Youth's Perception of Body Image: A
Content Analysis Study
• An Analysis of Philippine National TV News
Coverage on the Government's Response to the
COVID-19 Pandemic
• A Qualitative Content Analysis of Filipino Mothers'
Perceptions and Attitudes towards Childhood
Obesity
Narrative Analysis
•Designed to present things or events that
have happened in the past through a logical
progression of the relevant information.
•The main purpose of a narrative report is to
present a factual depiction of what has
occurred.
•Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students
through Proper Solid Waste Management”
Narrative Analysis
• Exploring the Narrative Accounts of Filipino
Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Qualitative
Narrative Analysis
• Narrative Accounts of Filipino Overseas Workers'
Experiences: A Qualitative Narrative Analysis
• A Narrative Report on the Experiences of Filipino
Mothers Who Lost Their Children to Extrajudicial
Killings: A Qualitative Narrative Analysis
Biography
•It is the study of an individual’s life and
struggles and how they reflect cultural themes
of the society.
•It deals with an interesting story found in
documents and archival materials.
•It is concerned with the reconstruction of life
histories and the constitution of meaning based
on biographical narratives and documents
Five common types of biography are:
• Scholarly Chronicles -focus on the historical
portrayal of an individual life.
• e.g. Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the Second
Woman President of the Philippines
• Intellectual Biography- narrative of a life through
the conceptual analysis of the subject’s motives
and beliefs within the world of ideas.
• e.g. Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal
Five common types of biography are:
• Life History Writing- recording of life memories,
experiences, whether one’s or another’s.
• e.g. The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)
• Memoir Biography- stylistic presentation of the
biographer’s reflections and insights in relation to the
factual account of life.
• e.g. The Experiences of Stranded Students in the
COVID-19 Pandemic
• Narrative Biography-a nonfiction account of life
experiences of a person.
Action Research
•is a classroom-based or school-based research
seeking transformative change through the
process of taking action and doing research,
which are linked together by critical reflection.
•This type of research is commonly conducted
by the teachers to give solutions to the
existing problems to improve students’
academic performance and positive attitudes
Action Research
•Developing a Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in
a Multicultural Classroom: An Action Research
Study in a Philippine University
•Empowering Teachers through Lesson Study:
An Action Research Study in a Rural Elementary
School in the Philippines
•Enhancing the Reading Comprehension Skills of
Grade 7 Students: An Action Research Study in
a Public High School in the Philippines
Importance of
Qualitative Research
Across Fields
 Social Work
It represents the best
•

available research on HUMSS

emerging problems or
application of
evidence to diverse
population.
 Marketing
•It can be used to test new
ideas or products and to gain
ABM
a realistic view of how
customers or clients would
react to that particular
product.
 Business
• Data from quantitative research such
as market size, demographics, and
user preferences provide important
ABM
information for business decisions.
• Qualitative research provides valuable
data for use in the design of a product
including data about user needs,
behavior patterns, and use cases.
 Sports
• The results of qualitative research
can inform stakeholders about
facilitators and obstacles to
exercise, motivation and
adherence, the influence of
experiences, beliefs, disability and
capability on physical activity,
exercise engagement and
performance, and to test
strategies that maximize physical
performance.
 Medicine
• The goal of qualitative
research is to help us gain an
understanding as to how or
why certain things occur.
• Qualitative research seeks
that understanding through
STEM
observation and interviews,
both of which provide
insight into the research
question.
 Psychology
• Qualitative research is an
important alternative to
quantitative research in
psychology.
• It generally involves asking
broader research questions,
collecting more detailed data
(e.g., interviews), and using
non-statistical analyses.
•
Arts
Qualitative is important in
arts since with the use of
this research people could
be able to reach new ideas
and conclusions which will
help people improve arts
and discover new
techniques and any other
more.
 Literature
• It plays a crucial and guiding role HUMSS
in the iterative process between
theory and data because it
determines how existing theories
are dealt with in the design and
conduct of research.
• As such, considerations as to
when and how to use the
literature acquire great
importance
Agriculture and Fisheries
•Interviews are a key element of
qualitative research fisheries
scientists may incorporate to
STEM
improve understanding of why
fisheries operate as they do,
and what the effects of policy
changes are likely to be.