Relation between two quantities of the same Kind is called ratio. If @ and b are two quantities of the same kind and b is not zero, then the ratio of a and b is written as a: b or in a fraction = b Example: If hockey team wins 4 games and losses 5, then the ratio of the games won to < 4 games lost is 4: 5 or in fraction = Note: (i) A ratio has no unit (ii) The order of the elements in a ratio is important. (iii) The ratio a: b, the first term a is called antecedent and the second term b is called consequent. Find the ratio of (i) 200 gm to 700 gm (ii) 1 km to 600 m Solution: (i) Ratio of 200 gm to 700 gm 200 2 7 700 7 Where 2: 7 is the simplest (lowest) form of the ratio 200 : 700. (ii) Ratio of | km to 600m Since 1km = 1000m 200 : 700 = Then 1000: 600 = VARIATIONS and 4 Solution: Since the ratios a +3: and 4: 5 are equal. In fraction form a3 4 T+a 5 5(a+3)=4 (7 +a) a= If 2 is added in each number of the ratio 3: 4, we get a new ratio 5 : 6. Find the numbers. Solution: Because the ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4. Multiply each number of the ratio with x. Then the numbers be 3x, 4x and the ratio becomes 3x : 4x. Now according to the given condition. 3x+2 _5 4x+2 6 6 (3x +2) = 5(4x + 2) 18x +12 = 20x + 10 18x 20x = 10-12 > -2x=-2 -2 | Thus the required numbers are 3x= 3(I) = 3 and dx = 4(I))= 4 BSBREMTYTZE Find the ratio 3a4¢4b + 5a47b iarb= 5:8 Solution: Given that a:b=5:8 or ® b 3a+4b Sa+7b Dividing numerator and denominator by “b” 3a+4b ; ()+4(2) rar 5] = |+7| — b Now 3a¢4b:5a+7b = 47 ~ 8i Hence, 3a+4b : Sa+7b = 47:81 (b) Proportion: A proportion is a statement, which is ed as an equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a: b and c: dare equal, then we can write a:b = ec: d ‘Symbolically the proportion of a, b, ¢ and d is written as a:b e:d Ina proportion show that product of extremes = product of means. The proportion of a, b, ¢ and d is written as a:bi:e:d or expres ols ® ie ad = be Where quantities a, d are called extremes. While b, ¢ are called means. Which shows that, Product of Extremes = Product of Means (RPT Find x, if 60m : 90 m=: 20kg : x kg Solution: Given that 60m : 90m 60:90 = 20:x Oke : x kg Product of Extremes = Product of Means 60x = 90 & 20 9020 60 1800 re 60 x=30 x is 30kg (BESERA Find the cost of 15 kg of sugar, if 7 kg of sugar costs 560 rupees. x= Solution: Let the cost of 15 kg of sugar be x— rupees. Then in proportion form 15 kg: Tkg :: Rs. x : Rs. 560 15:7= x: 560 Product of Extremes = Product of Means 15 x 560 = 7x Tx = 15560 _ 135x560 7 x = 15(80) x = 1200 Thus, x =Rs. 1200EXERCISE 3.1 QL Express the following as a ratio a: b and as a fraction in its simplest (lowest) form. wv Rs. 750 : Rs. 1250 (i) 450m: 3 m(~ 450 em : 300 cm 450m 45 _ 45 +15 3.3.2 30 30+15 2 (iii) 750g (- [kg = 1000 g) :(2000g + 750g) 227508 27508 (iv) 27min. 30 Second 1h 27min. 30 Second: 1h ~ 1h =60 min = 60x60s = 3600s) = (27x 60s + 30s): 3600s (1620 s + 30s) : 3600 s 1650 s : 3600s _ 1650 _ 165 - 7600 360 dividing by 15) (vy) 75°: 225° 5x1? _ 75+25 _3 225x1° 225+25 9 = -=1:3 Q.2 Inaclass of 60 students, 25 students are girls and remaining students are boys. Compute the ratio of (i), Boys to total students (ii). Boys to girls Number of students = 60 Number of girls 25 Number of boys 60-25 = 35 (i) Ratio of boys to the total students Number of boys : Total students 35: 60 _35 “60 60 (ii) Ratio of boys to the girls Number of boys : Number of girls. 35:25 235 _35+5_7_4.5 25 25+5 5 Q.3 If 34x-Sy) = 2x ~Ty, find the ratio x : y. Solution: 3(4x—Sy)=2x-Ty 12x —15y = 2x-Ty 12x -2x = 15y-Ty 10x =8y x_8 y 10 x_ 8+2 y 10+2 x_4 ys xiy = 4:5 Q.4 Find the value of p, if the ratios 2p+5:3p+4 and3:4 are equal. Solution: 1" ratio = 2p + 5: 3p +4 2 ratio = 3:4 According to given condition 2p+5:3p+4= 2p+5_ 3 3p+4 4 4(2p+5)=3(3p+4) 8p+20=9p+12 20-12 =9p—8p 8=p = padQS I the ratios 3x + 1: 6+ dx and 2:5 are equal. Find the value of x. Solution: Ratio = 3x41:644x 2" Ratios 2:5 According to given condition Bx+1:644x = 2:5 )=2(6+4x) Q.6 Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 8. If 9 is added to each number, we get a new ratio 8:11. Find the numbers. Solution: Ratio between two numbers Number to be added =9 New ratio = 8:11 Let I Number = 5x 2" Number = 8x By condition: 5x49: 8x49 = 8:11 Sxt9_ 8 +9) =8(8x +9) 55x +99 = 64x +72 99-72 = 64x -55x 27=9x 21 on 3axaxs3 x Thus [number = 5x =5(3)=15 2" number = 8x = 8(3) = 24 Required numbers are 15 and 24. Q.7 If 10 is added in each number of the ratio 4 : 13, we get a new ratio 1 : 2, What are the numbers? Solution: — Ratio of two numbers = 4: 13 Number to be added = 10 New ratio Let 1“ number 2™ number By condition: 4x +10:13x +10=1:2 4x+10 1 T3x+10 2 2(4x +10) =1(13x +10) 8x +20=13x +10 20-10 =13x —8x. 10=5x 10 =x > x=2 Thus I number = 4x = 4(2)=8 2™ number = 13x = 13(2) = 26 Required numbers are 8 and 26. Q.8 Find the cost of 8 kg of mangoes, if 5 kg of mangoes cost Rs. 250. Solution: Mangoes = Skg Price = Rs. 250 Mangoes = 8kg Let Price = x =? We know that Skg : 8 kg = Rs. 250: Rs. x 5 _ 250 8 x x 5=8%250 8x250 xe 5 x =8x50 Rs.400Q9 Ita:b=7: 6, find the value of 3a + 5b: 7b-Sa, Solution: arb=7:6 a7 b 6 _3at5b ~ Tb-Sa Dividing numerator and denominator by “b”. 3a+5b 3a+5b:7Tb-5Sa a Putting = b 21430 £ 42-35 & Babb: Tb-Sa =51:7 Q.10 Complete the following: 24 7 diy ip 38180 3x a|Z (i) If ay then 4x = x , then ay=. a Spa. = (iii) If EGE then 5q=.. Solution: - 24 6 >a 24x =7%6 6%4x = 7X6 axa Pf b 4x =7 ae. Sa _15b we Say = 15b(3x) Say = 45bx ay = 250% aye lay = 9bx Giy 2P4 BP. 20m Sm 5m (9pq) = 18p(2ém) sq = 362m 9pm opm [sq = 40 Q.11 Find x in the following proportions. (i) 3y52:422x43:7 (ii) (ii) (iv) p?+pq+q?:x pt+q (vy) 8-x:11-x516-x:25-x Solution: @ 3x=2:422x43:7 Product of Extremes = Product of Means 7(3x-2)=4(2x +3) 21x- 14=8x 4 12 21x-8x =12414 13x = 26 26 13 xX=2|tii) 2 “x-1 3 (x44 oduct of Extremes = Product of Means 5(2x+8) —36=10x +40 —10x =40+36 2x =76 76 8} — aL g? (iv) pts pea f® Gal p+q Product of Means = Product of Extremes (p'-4’) cc 7 (hrtpatd)(P-a)! 2)(p-a) (p+a) -q' 7 HPF) OO (p-aip+a) “ op (p+ prrq’) «=(p-q)(p+q) (vy) 8=x:1l-x216—x:25-x Product of Extremes = Product of Means (8-&)(25-x)=(I1-x)(16-x) 200 —8x — 25x +x? =176-11x —16x + x? 200—33x + x? =176—27x + x? 200-176 = 33x — X2-27x+ X? 24=6x 24 fea] Variation; There are two types of variations: (i) Direct variation (ii) Inverse variation (i) Direct variation] If two quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity in the same ratio, then this variation is called direct variation > If a quantity y varies directly with regard to a quantity x, we say that y is directly proportional to x and is written as yexor y=kx where k40. Note: The sign « read as “varies as” is called the sign of proportionality or variation, while k # 0 is known as constant of variation. Examples: (i) Faster the speed of a car, longer the distance it covers. (ii) The smaller is the radius of the circle, smaller is the circumference BEMMEEEEFind the relation between ance d of a body falling from rest varies as the square of the time t, neglecting air resi e. Find k, if d = 16 feet for t = 1 see. Also derive a relation between d and t.EXERCISE 3. Qt Wy y when x= ies directly as x, and y = 8 find wa y in terms of x. (i) y when x (i) Xwheny Solution: [y= x]|”~ i) yeox yekx 0) To find k, Put y=8 and x =2 in equation (i) 8 = k(2) $k =k => [k= (ii) To find y, Put k in equation (i) ye (ii) Now Put x = 5 in equation (ii) (iii) To find x, Put y=28 in equation (ii) y=4x 28=4(x) 28=4(x) 7 Q.2 If yex, and y (i) yin terms of x (ii) x when y =35 and y when x= 18 Solution: rfc) boa fy) ye yoke (i) To find k, > x=7 =7 when x=3 find and 3 in equation (i) veel), To find x, Put = 35 in equation (ii) Put Q3 If R«eT and R=5 when T=8, find the equation connecting R and T. Also find R. when T = 64 and T when R =2 R=5| |R=? Solution: [Re 7. T =8) |T =64 ReT R=KkT (i) To find k, Put R=5 and T=8 in equation (i)Put & = in equation (i) al R=kT 5 R: feseeeeeeeeeelii) ‘Yo find R, Put T= 64 in equation (ii) R= 3 8 (64) 5 Put K== and R=20 in equation (i) 32=T > Q4 If RT? and R=8 when T=3, find R when T = 6. R=8| [R= Solution: [R eT? olution ral Irae ReT? REE i D) To find k, Put R=8 and T=3 in equation (i) 8=k(3)? 8=k(9) oz, => 9 To find R, Put k= eS and T=6 in equation (i) 9 R=kT* (6)? 4 86) #8 R=8(4) => Q5 VecR? and V=5 when R=3, find R, when V = 625. R Soluti vers | =>] R=? omen: R=3| |v =625 Vice R3 VER To find k, Put V=5 and R = 3 in equation (i) (33) 5=k(27) eer 27 27 Put k=— in equation (i) b= ation (2 7 ’ V = kRS Mer (ii) To find R, Now put V=625 in equation (ii) 5 625) =— RP (625)= 55 125 B 27x125= R3 RB = 3x 3 R= (3x5) Rs =(15)3 Taking cube root of both sides V8 = VIS x! ax! R 3215 3 R= 15Q.6 Lf w varies directly as u and w= 81 when u =3, Find w, whe Solution: wees we kus? 0) To find k. Put w=SL and u=3 in equation (i) 81=k(3)3 81=k(27) k=3 Put in equation (i) WEBB cee venii) To find w, Now put u in equation (i) 5)5 w=3(125) w=375 Q.7 Ify varies inversely as x and y = 7 when x = 2, find y, when x = 126. =7 Solution: — {yee 4} |” x| [x=2 1 a x k . a (i) x To find k, Puty =7 and k 2 Tx2=k l4=k > [ks14 Put £=14 in equation (i) Us ‘Yo tind y, Now put x = 126 in equation (ii) 4 14 34! area Q8 If y+ and y = 4 when x =3, find x x when y = 24. Solution: ‘To find k, Put y=4 and k 4a5 in equation (i) (ii) To find x, Now put y = 24 in equation (ii)- 1 Q.9 ws Sand w=5 when z= 7, find w when 2 . 1 Solution: |» —| a Peni etern (given) (i) To find k, Put w=5 and z=7 in equation (i) k > in equation (i) 35 Pow z z ii) z To find w, Now put 8 in equation (ii) Q.10 Act and A =2 when r = 3, find r r when A=72. . 1] [A=2] [A=72 Solution: [A «| , 2 1 Ack rs - (i) ‘To find k, Put A=2- and r=3 in equation (i) k 18=k > 8] Put k= 18 in equation (i) P 18 A=—. Pp ii) To find r, Now put A = 72 in equation (ii) 7212 =18 pals I QL as peand 3 when b = 4, find a, b when b = 8. [ Solution: |a c — (i) To find k, Puta = 3and b =4 in equation (i)Put K = 48 in equation k 48 astaas Ba (i) seven (ii) To find a, Now. put b= 8 in equation .....(ii) 48_ 48 _48 (8) 64 Q12 Ve t and V = 5 when r = 3, find V when r= 6 and r when V = 320. Solution: 0) To find k, Put V = Sand r=3 in equation (i) 5x27=k => {k=135) Put k = 135 in equation .....(i) _ 135 VP cesses ii) , To find V, Put r = 6 in equation (ii) 135 _ 135 ~ (6) 216 - shone by27) ‘To find r, put v = 320 in equation (ii) 1 Q.13 me: — and m = 2 when n = 4 find m n when n = 6 and n when m = 432. Solution: moe L|fm=2] n’|\n=4)} 1 mee n k m= & veveeeeli) n To find k, Put m = 2 and n = 4 in equation (i) ek (ay _K 64 2x64=k 128=k > [k Put k = 128 in equation _ 128 m= To find m, put m= = 6 in equation (ii) zea 2a) (6) 216 5427 16To find a, Now, put b = 8 in equation .....(ii) 48 48 48, 64+ Q.12 Ve — and V = 5 when r = 3, find V when r= 6 and r when V = 320, Solution ay V= 9] [v= 320] Veo 6 |[r=?_ | vet r «(i To find k, Put V =5 and r=3 in equation (i) k By a 27 sxM7=k = [k=135) Put k = 135 in equation .....(i) yaa r To find V, Put r = 6 in equation (ii) 135 _ 135 Vea = = (6) 216 Iv (Dividing by 27) Yo find r, put vy = 320 in equation (11) 35 I Q.13 me: — and m = 2 when n = 4 find n when n = 6 and n when m = 432. Solution: mee L| [m= 2] [m=2| [n=? | [w=4 | [n= 6| [m= 432] mee — P k m= nv To find k, Put m= 2 and n= 4 in equation (i) 2x64=k 128=k > [k=128 Put k = 128 in equation ........(i) 128 . ME eccccceeenlii) n To find m, put n = 6 in equation (ii) _ 128 128 3216 S427To find a, Now, put b = 8 in equation .....(ii) 48 48 48, 64+ Q.12 Ve — and V = 5 when r = 3, find V when r= 6 and r when V = 320, Solution ay V= 9] [v= 320] Veo 6 |[r=?_ | vet r «(i To find k, Put V =5 and r=3 in equation (i) k By a 27 sxM7=k = [k=135) Put k = 135 in equation .....(i) yaa r To find V, Put r = 6 in equation (ii) 135 _ 135 Vea = = (6) 216 Iv (Dividing by 27) Yo find r, put vy = 320 in equation (11) 35 I Q.13 me: — and m = 2 when n = 4 find n when n = 6 and n when m = 432. Solution: mee L| [m= 2] [m=2| [n=? | [w=4 | [n= 6| [m= 432] mee — P k m= nv To find k, Put m= 2 and n= 4 in equation (i) 2x64=k 128=k > [k=128 Put k = 128 in equation ........(i) 128 . ME eccccceeenlii) n To find m, put n = 6 in equation (ii) _ 128 128 3216 S427Vo find n. Put in equation (ii) ~ (dividing by 16) Taking cube of root hird Proportional If three quantities a, b and c are related as a:b::b:¢ Then c is called the third proportion. Find a third proportional of x + yand ?—y, Solution: Let c be the third proportional then x4y:x?—y?::x@-yFic Product of Extremes = Product of Means c (x+y) = (x? 2) (2 -y2) “i (2-y9(2 (2-¥)(-y) +9) ce SO ees x+y c (x+y) (x—y) (xy) c (x+y) (xy? if four quantities a, b, c and d are related as a: obo: d then d is called the fourth proportional QEMCes Find fourth proportional of a’ —b', a+b and a?+ab +b? Solution: Let x be the fourth proportional then (ab—b3) (a+b): 2 (a2 bab be): x Product of Extremes = Product of Means x (a3 —b3) = (a +b) (a? + ab + b?) (a+b)(a2+ab +b) aw3—b3 (a+b)(a2+ab+5? ) xs (a-b)(a2-tatrFB? ) a+b x= SD a—b Mean Proportional} If three quantities a, b and ¢ are related asa:b::b: c, then b is called the mean roportional. anys Find the mean proportional of 9p"q! and r’. Solution: Let m be the mean proportional, then 9p°q! :m::m:r° Product of Extremes = Product of Means or m.m = 9p%q‘(r°) m= +3pqr Continued Proportion If three quantities a, b and c are related as arbi: bic Where a is first, b is the mean and ¢ is the third proportional, then a, b and ¢ are in continued proportion eres Find p, if 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. Solution: Since 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. Q:piip:3 ie Product of means = Product of extremes pep = (12)Q) => p= 6 Vp? =2V36 Thus [p = £6ERCISE 3.3} Qk: Find a third proportional (i) 6,12 Solution: Let third proportional is x then 6,12, x By proportion. 6:12:12: Product of Extremes = Product of Means 6x) = 12x 12 6x) = 144 (i) a’, Solution: Let 3" proportional is x then a’, 3a By proportion a: 3a? s: 3a? x Product of Extremes = Product of Means xa = (3a2)(3a2) xa = Sat 9a" (iii) at—b*, a-b Solution: Let 3" proportional is x then a? b?, a—b, x By proportion ab? a-bita—bix Product of Extremes = Product of Means x(a? b2) = (a-b)(a—b) = (anh) a? bie (a+b)(scb) [a [aap 2 x s fiv) (x Solution: Let 3" proportional is By proportion: (xy)? x3 yPe x3 ydca Product of Extremes = Product of Means a(x—y)?=(x3-y9)(x?-y?) then (xy), = y8 a (sy? (x? + xy + y?)? aoe eel se Yea (vy) (xty)?’, 2 xy Solution: Let 3" proportional is ‘Then (x + y)>, x" xy By Proportion: (xtyy 2 x? Product of Extremes = Product of Means: a(xty)’ = (x? — xy — 2y?) (x? = xy - 2y)wi Solution: Let 3" proportional is x p-a Pr— pq tq? By proportion. e pa prq_ pe+q? pt—pq+q? pq+ qe Product of Extremes = Product of Means x =—P4_, pe—pq+g? pe x, Pca [a5] (p?—pq+q?) | ‘ (p-qy +4 or pata’) (p?—q?) __-H(p-4) ye LD w= pd (p -pqtq?)7 (p*q) (p-q) Q. Find a fourth proportional SS (i) 5,8, 15 Solution: Let 4" proportional is x then 5, 8, 15, x By proportion 5:8::15:x Product of Extremes = Product of Means Six) = 8 (15) 35°) (ii) Ast, 2x4, 18° Solution: Let 4" proportional is “a"then 4x", 2x3, 18x, a By proportion xt: 2x82: 18x? sa Product of Extreme = Product of Means. a(4x") = 2x18x") 36x" as 4x4 asox'4 a=9x* 15a°b%, 10ab*, 21ab* Solution: Let 4" proportional is x then 15a°b®, 10a2b°, 21a3b3, x By proportion 15a°b®: 10a°b? +: 214%? x Product of Extremes = Product of Means x(15a°b*) = (10a°b° )(21a°b') Marg i b* eae IS 0° =14b*° x =14b7 (iv) 11x + 24; (x - 3), (Sx*- 40x) Solution: Let 4" proportional is “a” X11 x + 24, (x = 3), (5x" - 40x3), a By proportion X11 x + 24: (x3): Sx" = 40x30 Product of Extremes = Product of Means a(x? = 11x #24) = (x — 3) (Sx"-40x3) _(x=3)(5x*=40x2) x3(x-8) x?—3x -8x 424 _ 5x3(x=3)(x-8) x(x—3)=8(x—2) 5x4(s~A) (x8)) peasy pap? pata? Solution: tt Let 4" proportional is x pie q's pa? pe pqrq?, x By proportion peg’. p pata? : x Product of Means X(p*eq?) = (pq?) (p*-pq+q?) ?=q?)(p?= pa +4?) pag (p+@) (pa) (pt=parae) (p+) (p=peraty =a) (vi) (p*=q?)(p?+ pq +q?),p>+q°,p>—q? Solution: Let 4" roportional is x. Then (p'-q'\p'+pq+q’), p'+q°, pa". x By proportion: (p’- F\(p"+pq+q’) : p'+q’: : p's Product of Extremes = Product of Means: x (p a P\(p* Pate P= (p+q°)( p’-@) ae (p> Es) ea? = pata) (peG(P?— pat PPD (p+ 9qeq) a an (PG (PQ pire) (p* = pgt a") Q.3: Find mean proportional: () 20,45 Solution: Let mean proportional is m then 20, m, 45 By proportion 20: mi:m:45 Product of Means = Product of Extremes nim = 20 %45 m = 900 Faking square root [m? = £J900 [m Product of Extremes (ii) —-20x4y*, 5x’y Solut Let mean proportional is m then 20x*y°, m , 5x’y By proportion, 20x58 :m:: m: 5x’y Product of Means = Product of Extremes = (20x*y*)(5x’y) m? = 100 x!°y® Taking square root of both sides ra = +,/100x!y® ~ m=4Vi00.Vx yo m=4V100.Vx!fy® tox 6d m=410x 2y ? [m=#10x5y* (ii) 1Sp*gr?,135q°r? Solution: Let mean proportional is m then ISp'gr , m, 135 q't" By proportion I5p‘qr s m:: m: 135q°r" Product of Means = Product of Extremes mam = (I5p*qr*)(135q‘r”) m? = 2025p'q°r"" Taking square root m= +N 2025 Jp" la? ve” ' Ww m=H45p 2q 24 5 p2.q3.riy ey, SOY Ney Solution: Let mean proportional ism then \?=y?,m, 22 uty By proportion sm Product of Means = Product of Extremes. mm=(x2-y2) 229) m?=(x-y)? Taking square root vm? =4y(x-y)7 (x-y) Q4 Find the values of the letter involved in the following continued proportions @) 5,p,45 ™ Solution: By continued proportion Sipiip:45 Product of Means = Product of Extremes 25 Taking square root of both sides vp? (ii) 8, x, 18 Solution: By continued proportion Bix 1x18 Product of Means = Product of Extremes xx = 8x18 w= 144 Taking square root fe =+Viaa [x=#12] (ii) 12, 3p - 6,27 Solution: By continued proportion 12:3p-6::3p-6:27 Product of Means = Product of Extremes. (3p-6)(3p-6) =12%27 (3p-6)?=324 Taking square root of both sides y(3p—6)° = £V324 3p-6=+18 3p-6=18 or 3p-6=-18 3p=18+6 or 3p=-18+6 3p=24 or 3p=-12 24 or 3 p=8 or (iv) 7,m—3,28 Solution By continued proportion 7:m-3:: m=3:28 Product of Means = Product of Extremes (m-3)(m-3)=7x28 (m-3)?=196 ‘Taking square root of both sides V(m=3)? = V196 m-3=414 m-—3=14 or m-3 4 “1443 m=l4+3 or m= m=I7) or m=-I1Uf four quantities a, by © and d- torn a Proportion, then nity other useful properties may be deduced by the properties of fractions. (L) Theorem of Inyertendo arb = e:d, thenb:a=d:cis called invertendo theorem. BESTE 3m 2q, then Qn: 3m = 2q:p Solution: Since 3m:2n = p: 2q 3m By invertendo theorem 2n _ 2 3m p ie 2In:3m = 2q:p (2) Theorem of Alternando If a:b=c:d, then a: called altemando theorem. BEE! 3p +1 then prove that 3p+1: Solution: Given that 3p + 1:2 q = Sr: 7s 2q then 3241 2 Xt 2q 7s By alternando theorem Bp+1 _ 2q “3 75 Thus. 3p+1 :5r=2q: 7s (3) Theorem of Componendo If a:b = c:d then componendo theorem is written as fi) atb:b = c#ded andi) ara tbh =cre+d Bein If m+3 :q 2, then prove that m+n+3: n=p+q-2:q-2 Solution: Since m+3: n=p:q-2 m+3 _ op n q-2 By componendo theorem (m+3)+n n m+nt+3 — p+q orp TREE Pane h q-2 This m#n43:n=p+q-2:q-2 (4) Theorem of Dividendo ts a:b =c: d, then dividendo theorem is written as: () a-bib = c-ded and (ii) a [POG s fm + 2p+3:3q41 Then m-n+3:n-2=2p-3q4+2:3q+1 Solution: Given that m+1:n-2 =2p+3:3q41 m+l _ 2p+3 n-2 3q+1 By didvidendo theorem (m+) =( Then Thus m-n+3:n-2=2p-3q+2:3q+1 (5) Theorem of componendo-dividendo | Ifa:b=c:d, then componendo-dividendo theorem is written as: (i) atb:a—b = c+d: c-d (ii) a—bia+b = c-d:c4#d SEER If m:n =p: q then prove that 3m+7n:3m-—7n = 3p+7q:3p-7q Solution: Since m:n = p:q o B= P nq > 3 Multiplying both sides by =, we get 3m _ ap Th Iq ‘Then using componendo- dividendo theorem 3m+7n ap+7q 3m-Tn 3p—7q. or M+ Tn 3mM=Tn = 3p+7q : 3p—7qit om: 4 Solution: Given that Sm+3n:5m—3n = 5p43q:5p—3q Sm-+3n 5p+3q Sti +3n— Sif + 3n 10m _ 10p on 6q “ne both sides by a ae Using theorem of componendo - dividend, find the value of m+3p,m+2q ip 4 pa m—3p m-2q p+q Solution: Since m = £P4 or pq 3p) (2 1 “ p+q mo 2q 3p p+q By componendo- dividend theorem m+3p _ 24+(p+q)_ 2q+p+q m-3p 2q-(p+q) 2q m+3p _ p+3q =q (ii) mip q~ Again from eq. (i) , we have moe Sh 2q p+q By componendo-dividendo theorem _ 3p+(pt4q) _ #p+q ~ 3p-(p+a) 3p-p-g apta (iii) 2p-q 4p+q 2p-q 6pq-3¢ \+14p° + pq-4p9-4'] (p-q)2p-q) pg" | (p-g)2p-4) Spq +3q?-+4p?—3pq— (p-q)(2p-a) Using theorem of componendo - dividendo solve the equation vx+3 +5 _4 K+3-Vx-3 3 Solution: Given equation is Vx+3t+Vx-3 4Xe3 — = 40 x-3 V#3 = 4 (x-3) = x#3 = 49x-147 > \-49x = = 147-3 ~ 48x — 150 => ASX 5 sing componendo-dividendo theorem, (x+3)2-( Solution: Given equation is (x+3)?( - (x #3)?+(x - By componendo-dividendo theorem (le +3)2—(x-5)?}+[(x+3) )2+(x > (x a solve the equation nh ZO fe 9 AE (x-5)? AL (xt => x ;| = BP x-5 Taking square root = +3 x43 or 2-3 x-5 x43 = 3(x-5) or x+3 = -3(x~5) x43 =3x-15 or x+3=-3x415 3x-x or xX4+3x=15-3 = 2x or 4x 12 = xk or 4/51 Q=K or x The solution set is (3.9)EXERCISE 3.4} Q.1 Prove that a:b = c:d,if dats C i) (ii) a act+bd?_ +03 (iii) 5 ac?—bd? c3—d3 . atct+b’d _act+bd? (iv) = we—b'd ac?—bd? (vy) pa+qb : pa-qb=pe+qd : pe-qd (vi) +d . a—3b+2c—3d (vii) ee any a2+b? _ actbd (viii) +—>=——_ a ac—bd Solutions: dat+Sb _4e+5d “Ga-5b 4-34 Solution: 4a+Sb _4e+5d 4a—5b 4c—5d By componendo ~ dividendo theorem (4a+5b) 5b) _(4e+5d) +(4e~Sd) Mi +5b— A +5b AC +5d— AC +5d Ba _ 8c 10b 10d By multiplying both sides by s 316 Ba 38 Be K Wb £ Wa aie <== 5 asbse:dHence proved bod+9 21-9b By componendo ~ dividendo theorem (224+ 9b)+ (24-96) (2a +9b)=(2a—9b) 2a+ 98 +2a-96 _ 2¢+ 9+ 20-9 26 +9= 249 26 49d = 26 +9d 4e 8b 18d Multiplying both sides by ° Aa _ Ao v4 “Wb Wd t ¢ bd = arb=c:d Hence proved ac+bd? _ +d (ii) Rea Solution: act+bd?_ +03 at—bd? a3 By componendo ~ dividendo theorem (ac? + bd?)+(ac?—bd?) _ (c3+d3)+(c3—d?) (ac? + bd?) - (ac? - bd?) Naan, ~d3) B+ +8 a +B Ase bd? d.d? d? Multiplying both sides by — c at WE ott bat aa bd = a:b=e:d Hence proved . aetb'd _ack+bd? (vy SS = ae-bd ac—bd? Solution: a2c+b'd _ ac?-+bd? ae—bed act—bd? By componendo ~ dividendo theorem (atc-+bAd) +(a2e—bd) (ac? +bd2) + (ac®—be2) (ate+b2d)—(a2e—bed) (ac? + bd?) - (ae? — ba?) wet bed +ate— bd _ act bd? +ac?— bd PE +b2d— a +b2d act + bd? = ac? + bd? Bare Lact Zod Zba2 aac _ acc ‘bbd bdd Multiplying both sides by = aa bt pt a€c bpd ae ae bd a = — a:b=e:d Hence proved (v) pat+qb:pa—qb=pe+qd:pe—qd Solution: pa-+qb: pa—qb=pe+qd:pe-qd OR path _pe+qd pa-qb pe-qd By componendo- dividendo theorem (parab)+(pa=gb) _ (pe+qd)+(pe-qd) (pa+qb)=(pa-qb) (pe+qd)- (pe~qd) pat 8 + pa gh _ pet gd +pe~ gd pa rgb= pa rgb pega - pC +qdwi Solution: Let 3" proportional is x p-a Pr— pq tq? By proportion. e pa prq_ pe+q? pt—pq+q? pq+ qe Product of Extremes = Product of Means x =—P4_, pe—pq+g? pe x, Pca [a5] (p?—pq+q?) | ‘ (p-qy +4 or pata’) (p?—q?) __-H(p-4) ye LD w= pd (p -pqtq?)7 (p*q) (p-q) Q. Find a fourth proportional SS (i) 5,8, 15 Solution: Let 4" proportional is x then 5, 8, 15, x By proportion 5:8::15:x Product of Extremes = Product of Means Six) = 8 (15) 35°) (ii) Ast, 2x4, 18° Solution: Let 4" proportional is “a"then 4x", 2x3, 18x, a By proportion xt: 2x82: 18x? sa Product of Extreme = Product of Means. a(4x") = 2x18x") 36x" as 4x4 asox'4 a=9x* 15a°b%, 10ab*, 21ab* Solution: Let 4" proportional is x then 15a°b®, 10a2b°, 21a3b3, x By proportion 15a°b®: 10a°b? +: 214%? x Product of Extremes = Product of Means x(15a°b*) = (10a°b° )(21a°b') Marg i b* eae IS 0° =14b*° x =14b7 (iv) 11x + 24; (x - 3), (Sx*- 40x) Solution: Let 4" proportional is “a” X11 x + 24, (x = 3), (5x" - 40x3), a By proportion X11 x + 24: (x3): Sx" = 40x30 Product of Extremes = Product of Means a(x? = 11x #24) = (x — 3) (Sx"-40x3) _(x=3)(5x*=40x2) x3(x-8) x?—3x -8x 424 _ 5x3(x=3)(x-8) x(x—3)=8(x—2) 5x4(s~A) (x8)