Physics Topics of Interest

Khayla Black & Brian Lee

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Week 1

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Khayla

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 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Outline
Goal: to calculate the forms of relativistic momentum and energy

Approach:

- Begin with notions of space and time

- Develop an appropriate velocity
- Use Lagrangian mechanics to get the momentum
- Use Hamiltonian mechanics to get the energy

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 4

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Premises you need to agree with

Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 5

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Premises you need to agree with

NO C!!!!!!!!

Mechanics: Differential Geometry:

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 6

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

4 Vectors as the Language of Relativity

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 7

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

The invariant quantity 𝝉 allows for proper transformation

Why doesn’t this work?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 8

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

How do we relate Uμ and Vi?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 9

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

4-Velocity Summary

This one, we didn’t prove, but

you can check it for yourself.

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 10

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Classically:

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 11

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Classically: Relativistically:

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

going for a good guess)

Lucky guess Old action was Action needs to

proportional to be invariant
mass

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 12

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Classically: Relativistically:

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

going for a good guess)

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 13

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Particle motion: develop the proper lagrangian

Classically: Relativistically:

(A little bit sleazy, but we are just

going for a good guess)
Check the limit:

Kinetic energy!

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 14

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Using the lagrangian to calculate relativistic momentum

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 15

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 16

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

something?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 17

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

something?

Is this a four vector?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 18

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Using the momentum and lagrangian to calculate energy

Now, did you notice we missed

something?

Is this a four vector?

We just derived this, what is it?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 19

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Notice anything about the

momentum 4-vector?

Invariance of inner product New conservation law!

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 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Notice anything about the

momentum 4-vector?

Invariance of inner product New conservation law!

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 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Reformulation of momentum for massless particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 22

 Khayla Black: Relativistic Laws of Motion

Key Takeaways

Mass = 9.12x10-31 in both cases

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 23

Brian

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 Brian Lee: What’s a Group?

What’s a Group?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 25

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

Let’s “discover” an important

group—bear with me!

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 26

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

Let’s build off

our colloquial
definition

Figure 1. A regular n-gon.

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 27

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

Did anything
change?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 28

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

1) Label vertices

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 29

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 30

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

1) Label vertices

2) Get the same shape

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 31

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 32

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 33

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

1) Label vertices
(clockwise)

2) Get the same shape

3) Rigid motions

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 34

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

A symmetry is a function which acts on your shape (via rigid motion)

to produce a shape equivalent to the original.

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 35

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

How would you define a symmetry?

E.g. this is a
symmetry

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 36

 Brian Lee: Introduction to Group Theory

Dihedral Groups (denoted D2n)

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 37

Week 2

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Khayla

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What is cardinality?
We say A and B have the same cardinality when there exists a bijection f : A → B

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What is cardinality?
We say A and B have the same cardinality when there exists a bijection f : A → B

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Some important sets

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What is the cardinality of N?

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What is the cardinality of N?
But, something interesting:

Let A = {2, 4, 6, …}

|A| = |N| ?

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What is the cardinality of N?
But, something interesting:

Let A = {2, 4, 6, …}

|A| = |N| ?

Reframe as

N = {1, 2, 3, 4}

A = {2, 4, 6, …} = {2n} ∀ n ∈ N

∀ x ∈ N, ∃ y ∈ A st 2x = y

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What is the cardinality of Z?

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What is the cardinality of Z?
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … }

Z = {0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, …}

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

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What is the cardinality of Q?

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What is the cardinality of Q?

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What is the cardinality of R?
Idk, but it’s not N.

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Cardinality: the propensity of a
set to form a bijection?

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Brian

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 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Recall that a group is…

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 53

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 54

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

What do we need to check?

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 55

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 56

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

YES

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 57

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 58

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

YES

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 59

https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Real_Multiplication_is_Associative 60
 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

YES

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 61

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 62

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

YES

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 63

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 64

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Examples:

NO

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 65

 Brian Lee: Some Groups

Important Classes of Groups

Abstract Algebra, Dummit & Foote (3ed) 66

Week 3

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Khayla

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Outline
- Solving for equations of motion using Lagrangian Mechanics
- Deriving the proper lagrangian for particles and fields
- Deriving the Lorentz force law using the Lagrangian

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

What is the kinetic of these objects?

A box moving on an included plane An electron in circular motion A bead free to move around
a rotating loop

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

What is the kinetic of these objects?

A box moving on an included plane An electron in circular motion A bead free to move around
a rotating loop

How can we generalize this principle?

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

So, what is the lagrangian for this box?

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

The Euler-Lagrange equation goes from {\L} to E.O.M

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Summary
- Define the (generalized) coordinates of your system
- Write out the lagrangian
- Apply the Euler-Lagrange Equation for each coordinate
- Solve to get the equations of motion of your system

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Questions that I have

- Why does the lagrangian being defined this way work to give us equations of
motion?
- Proof of the Euler-Lagrange equations?
- Many other things. What do you wanna add here?

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

What is the action?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 76

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

What might we want to do here?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 77

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 78

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 79

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 80

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 81

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Fields affecting particles

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 82

 We just did particle. Take a crack at the field.
What is the action (lagrangian AND differential)?

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Making actions and lagrangians for particles and fields

Action for the field

Action for the particle

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 84

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 85

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

So, what is the action?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 86

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

How can we rewrite this in a

convenient way? Hint: what is dX?

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 87

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 88

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 89

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

Equations of motions for particles and fields

Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory, Susskind & Friedman 90

 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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 Khayla Black: Deriving the Lorentz Force Law

E.O.M manifest as the Lorentz Force Law

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Week 4

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Khayla

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Some important sets

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 Khayla Black: Part One: A few results about real numbers

Overview: Part One

- Introduce the well-ordering principle

- Prove the archimedean theorem

- Prove the density of the rational numbers

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 Khayla Black: Part One: A few results about real numbers

Important theorems
Well ordering:
“Every nonempty subset S of the natural numbers has a least element.”

Archimedean:
Colloquially “the natural numbers are unbounded”

Mathematically:

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 Khayla Black: Part One: A few results about real numbers

Proof of Archimedean property

Statement:

Proof:

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 Khayla Black: Part One: A few results about real numbers

Density of the rationals

Statement:

Proof:

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Overview: Part Two

- Derive the first two maxwell equations using vector identities

- Derive the coulomb force!

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving the first two Maxwell Equations

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

In terms of delta

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

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 Khayla Black: Part Two: Deriving the fundamental relations of E&M

Deriving Coulomb's Law

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Brian

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n…

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n… is the group of all symmetries of a
regular n-polygon

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n… is the group of all symmetries of a
regular n-polygon

Recall that a symmetry…

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n… is the group of all symmetries of a
regular n-polygon

Recall that a symmetry…is a function/map

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Motivation

Recall D2n… is the group of all symmetries of a
regular n-polygon

Recall that a symmetry…is a function/map NOT the

resulting symmetric object

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

To see how our symmetry acts on an n-gon we
introduce Group Actions:

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

To see how our symmetry acts on an n-gon we
introduce Group Actions:

THESE ARE NOT GROUP

OPERATIONS!

Example coming soon… 125

 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Now for a brief aside…

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

HOMOMORPHISMS & ISOMORPHISMS!

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Definition

This is a
permutation
representation!

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Example

How could you write a group action for
1 D6 on the set consisting of the vertices of
this triangle S = {1,2,3}?

3 2

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Example

How could you write the group action for
1 D6 on the set consisting of the vertices of
this triangle S = {1,2,3}?

A permutation representation! Actions

are equivalently representations!

3 2

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Example

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 Brian Lee: Group Actions, Cyclic Groups

Group Actions: Example

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Week 5

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An Introduction to the
Standard Model
Khayla Black

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

Disclaimer + Motivation

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

Anything missing?

139
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

Feynman Diagrams

140
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

A heuristic for a deeper approach

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

142
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Holy Grail: Force Carriers

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Holy Grail: Force Carriers

Strong Force

Weak Force

Electromagnetic Force

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

145
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

Quarks
Flavor and color

Notice all interactions experienced by

these and only these !

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Quantum chromodynamics and the strong force
t

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

Quantum electrodynamics and the electromagnetic force

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

149
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

Quantum flavordynamics and the weak force

150
 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model: The Higgs Boson

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

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 Khayla Black: An Overview of the Standard Model

The Standard Model

Fermions: physical
matter; half-integer spin

Bosons: force
mediators; integer spin

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Week 6

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Stern Gerlach
Khayla Black

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 Khayla Black: The Stern Gerlach Experiment
(Modern Quantum Mechanics, Sakurai)
Stern Gerlach

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Stern Gerlach Results

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Stern Gerlach Results

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Stern Gerlach Results

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Stern Gerlach Results

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So, what’s going on here?

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Analogy with Polarization of Light

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Analogy with Polarization of Light

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Stern Gerlach Results - Interpretation

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Now, how do we distinguish x and y?

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Stern-Gerlach in Action

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Now, make your own Stern Gerlach experiment!

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Review of Groups
Brian Lee

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 Brian Lee: Review of Groups

Review: Group Axioms

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 Brian Lee: Review of Groups

Ex: What’s a group?

1) Is the ordered pair of the set of all real numbers and usual multiplication (R, *)
a group?

2) Is the ordered pair of the set of all n x n matrices and usual matrix
multiplication (Mn, *) a group?

3) Let x be an element of order o. Is the group generated by x (denoted <x>)

abelian?

4) For 1) and 2), if they are not groups, how would you make them into groups?

169
 Brian Lee: Review of Groups

Ex: Group Actions (Permutations, Homomorphisms)

1) What are the axioms for something to be a group action (denoted g ᐧ a for a
group G acting on a non-empty set A)

2) What is a permutation?

3) What is a group homomorphism? An isomorphism?

4) How you can associate with each element g in the group G a permutation σg?

5) Sketch a proof of how you can define a homomorphism from each g in G to

each σg in SA.

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171
Questions?

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Week 6

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What is a Manifold?
Khayla Black
Derive the covariant form of the Maxwell Equations
Levi Civita definition:
Charts and Atlases
Charts and Atlases
Exercise: Is the 2-Sphere a manifold?

1. Is the 2-Sphere a manifold? If so,

find an atlas.
2. Prove condition 1 for the atlas by
providing a set of charts for the
manifold.
3. Prove condition 2 for the atlas by
providing the composition of the
maps for each chart.