CHAPTER:1

INTRODUCTION

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It is well known that the Banach contraction theorem plays important roles in various areas of

investigation. In the last three decades, metric space has been generalized in different directions

such as ConeMetric Space,b-Metric Spaces, 2-Metric Spaces ,G-Metric Spaces, Fuzzy Metric

Spaces etc. The classical result of Banach runs as follows :

Theorem 1[18](Banach1922). Let X be a complete metric space and T: X X be such that

d(Tx,Ty) d(x,y); …………(1.1)

for all x, y X where 0< < 1. Then, T has a unique fixed point in X.

It is to be noted that, if |X| be the cardinality of the set, then the number of metric introduced on

X is 2|X| [96].

Definition1[33](Czerwik1998): Let X be a non-empty set and d: X×X [0, ). A function d is

called a b-metric with constant (base) s if

1. d( x,y)=0 iff x=y,

2. d(x,y)= d(y,x) for all x,y X,

3. d(x,y) [d(x,z) + d(z,y)], for all x,y,z X.

In this case, the pair (X,d) is called a b-metric space [ 140 ].

It is obvious that, a b-Metric Space with s=1 is a metric space [140], there are examples of b-

Metric Spaces which are not metric spaces [140].

The following theorem which is a common fixed point theorem for two mappings f and g which

turns out to be a Banach Contraction Theorem when f=g and a2=0 in the following Theorem 2.

2
Theorem 2. Let (X, d) be a complete b-Metric space with a constant s 1and let f, g : X X be

two mappings on X. Suppose that a1 , a2 are non- negative real with a1 , and a1 + a2 such

that the inequality

( ) ( )
s d(fx, gy) a1 d(x,y) + a2 ; ……(1.2)
( )

holds for each x,y X. Then f and g have a unique common fixed point.

The notion of a Cone Metric Space is another extension of metric spaces in [61]. Huang and

Zhang[61] have introduced the notion of Cone metric space as follows:

Definition 2[61]. Let E be a real Banach space and P be subset of E. By we denote the zero

element of E and by int P i.e. the interior of P. The subset P is called a Cone if and only if

i) P is nonempty, closed and P { }

ii) a, b R, a,b , x,y P ax +by P;

iii) P (- P) ={ }.

On the basis, we define a Partial ordering with respect to P by x y iff y-x P. We shall

write x<y to indicate that x y but x , while x y will stand for y-x int P. Write ||. || as the

norm on E. The Cone P is called normal if there is a number K>0 such that for all x,y E,

x y implies ||x|| ||y||. The least positive number satisfying the above is called the

normal constant of P. It is well known that K 1.

3
In the following, we always suppose that E is a Banach Space, P is a Cone in E with int P

and is a patial ordering with respect to P.

Definition 3 [61] . Let X be a non-empty set. Suppose that the mapping d: X×X E satisfies

1. < d(x,y) for all x,y X with x and d(x,y) = iff x=y;

2. d(x,y)= d(y,x) for all x,y X;

3. d(x,y) ( ) + d(z,y), for all x,y ,z X.

Then d is called a Cone metric on X and (X, d) is called a Cone metric space.

The notion of b-metric space has been formulated in Cone metric spaces in the following way

and is called a Cone-b metric [62].

Definition 4 [62]. Let X be a non-empty set and be a given real number. A mapping

d: X×X E is said to be a Cone b-metric if and only if for all x,y,z X, the following

conditions are satisfies:

1. < d(x,y) for all x,y X with x and d(x,y) = iff x=y;

2. d(x,y)= d(y,x) for all x,y X;

3. d(x,y) , ( ) + d(z,y)], for all x,y ,z X.

The pair (X,d) is called a Cone b-metric space.

It is obvious that the class of Cone b-metric spaces include the class of cone metric space. Since,

a Cone metric space must be a Cone b metric space [62], but, the converse of the above

statement is not always true as is evident from the following example [61].

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Example 1.1: Let E= R 2, P={(x,y) E : x,y 0} E, X= R and d: X E such that x,y ,z

X, the following conditions are satisfies:

d(x,y)= (|x-y|p, |x-y|p),

where 0 and p >1 are two constants. Then (x, d) is a Cone b-metric space, but not a metric

space.

In the next example [61] it has been shown that the coefficient s= > 1and K and X with a

suitable cone metric on X and thus X becomes a Cone b- metric space but it is not a Cone metric

space[62,63].

Example 1.2: Let X= {1,2,3,4}, E= R 2 , P={(x,y) E : x 0 , y 0 }. Define d: X E by

d(x,y) = (|x-y|-1, |x-y|-1), if x y and d(x,y)= , if x=y. Then (X,d) is a Cone b- metric space

with the coefficient s= . But it is not a Cone metric space.

Huang and Zhang extended Banach contraction theorem from metric space to Cone b metric

space with the coefficient s 1 in the following way [61].

Theorem 3. Let (X, d) be a complete Cone b-metric with the coefficient s 1. Suppose the

mapping T : X satisfy the contractive condition

d(Tx,Ty) d(x,y) for all x,y X … … ... (1.3)

where [0,1) . Then T has a unique fixed point in X. Furthermore the iterative sequence

{Tnx}, x is in X converges to a fixed point.

Huang and Zhang [61] further proved the following theorem in Cone b-metric space as follows:

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Theorem 4 . Let (X,d) be a complete Cone b-metric space with the coefficient s 1. Suppose the

mapping T : X satisfies the condition

d(Tx,Ty) 1d(x,Tx) + 2 d(y,Ty) 3d(x,Ty)+ 4d(y,Tx), for all x, y X, … … ...(1.4)

where the constant i [0,1) and { 1+ 2 + s( 3 + 4)} < min {1, }, i =1,2,3,4. Then T has a

unique fixed point in X. Moreover, the iterative sequence {T n x} converges to the fixed point.

The cone P which is a subset of Real Banach space E is called normal if there is a number k > 0

such that for all x, y E, 0 x y implies ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖. The least number k satisfying the

above is called the normal constant P.

The notion of contractive mapping has been introduced by Edelstine [45] in his paper in the

following way:

Definition 5 [45] :Let X be a metric space with metric d and let T: X X. Then T is said to be a

contractive mapping when

d(Tx,Ty) < d(x,y), x y.

Edelstein had imposed some restrictions on the iterative sequence needed to prove the theorem in

[ 45].

Moraless and Rogers [95] have extended the notion of contractiveness to contractive in Cone

metric space as follows:

Let (X,d) be a cone metric space and T, S : X X be two functions. A mapping S is said to

be a T-contractive if for each x,y X such that Tx Ty then d( TSx, STy)< d(x,y).

It is clear that every T- Contraction function is T- Contractive, but the converse is not true.

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In the following example [cf.40] if is shown that, T-Contractive, but the converse is not true.

Example 1.3[40] : Let E = (C[0,1], R ), P = { E: 0}, X = R , R is a set of reals and d : X

X E defined by

d(x,y) = | | , where et E. Then (X, d) is a Cone metric space.

Let T, S : X X two functions deined by Tx = x and Sx = √ . Then

(i) S is a T-Contractive function;

(ii) S is not a T-Contraction mappings;

The notion of generalized metric space has been introduced by Branchiri [20] in

the following way:

Definition 6 [20]. Let X be a nonempty set. Suppose that the mapping d : X X R, where R

is a set of reals satisfies :

(i) d(x,y) 0, for all x, y X and d(x,y) = 0 iff x = y;

(ii) d(x,y) = d(y,x), for all x, y X;

(iii) d(x,y) d(x,w) + d(w,z) + d(z,y), for all x, y X and for all distinct points w, z

X – {x, y}.

Then d is called a generalized metric space and (X, d) is a generalized metric space [20].

It is very interesting to note that in a metric space every convergent sequence is Cauchy

sequence but in generalized metric space every convergent sequence need not be a

Cauchy sequence [13,17,20].

Brinciari [20] proved Banach Contraction theorem in generalized metric spaces, where

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 as Lahiri and Das [87] have extended the result of Ciric Contraction [31] from metric space to

generalized metric spaces.

The notion of generalized metric space has been introduced by Jleli and Samet [70] in another

way:

Let X be a non-empty set and D : X×X [0, ) be a given mapping. For every x X , let us

define the set C(D,X,x)= { {xn} X: ( ) }

Definition 7[20]. D is called a generalized metric on X if it satisfies the following conditions:

i) For every (x,y) X×X, we have D(x,y)=0 x=y.

ii) For all (x,y) X×X, we have D(x,y)=D(y,x);

iii) There exists a real constant c>0 such that , for all (x,y) X×X and

{xn} C(D,X,x) we have D(x,y) c lim D(x,y).

The Pair (X, d) is called a generalized metric Space.

Elkouch and Maharani [47] have extended Kannan [80,81] fixed point theorem in the new

setting of generalized metric space with the help of the following theorem :

Theorem 5: Let (X,D) be a D-complete generalized metric space, and let f be a self mapping on

X satisfying

d(Tx, Ty) [d(x,Tx) + d(y,Ty)], … … … (1.5)

for some constant [0, ) such that c <1.If there exists an element x0 X such that

(D,X,x)< then the sequence {fnx0} converges to some X. Moreover, if D( )< ,

then is a fixed point of f. Moreover, if for each fixed point ‟ of f in X such that D( ‟, ‟)

< , we have = ‟.

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It has been further proved the following in the same paper [80,81].

The notion of 2-metric space was introduced by Gähler [52,53,54] in the following way:

Definition 8[52]. A 2-metric space is a set X with a non-negative real valued function d on

X×X×X satisfying the following conditions:

1) For two distinct point x, y in X there exists a point z in X such that d(x,y,z) 0.

2) d(x,y,z)=0 if at least two of x,y,z are equal.

3) d( x,y,z) =d(x,z,y)= d( y,z,x).

4) d(x,y,z) d(x,y,u) +d(x,u,z) + d(u,y,z) for all x,y,z,u X.

The function d is called a 2-metric for the space X and (X, d) is called 2-metric space

“Geometrically 2-metric space represent the area of a triangle.

Many research workers have obtained several fixed point theorems in 2-metric spaces such as

Imdad, Kumar and Khan[ 64]; Iseki [65,66]; Naidu & Prasad [97,98]; Singh [127]; Sarkar and

Tiwary [117,119]De Sarkar and Tiwary [120] etc.

Recently the following theorem has been proved by Lateef [90].

Theorem 6. Let f be an orbitally continuous self-map from complete 2-metric space X into itself,

if f satisfies

[ 1+ p d(x,y.z)] p max {dx,fx,a).d(y,fy,a), d(x,fy,a). d(y,fx,a)} +

q max {d(x,y,a), d(x,fx,a), d(y,fy,a)}, … … … (1.6)

for all x,y,a X and p ,0< q <1, then for each x X, the sequence { Tnx} converges to a

unique fixed point.

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Definition 9: Let X be a non-empty set and let D( X) is a collection of subsets of X×X, then

D( X) is called the uniformity for X when it satisfies

a) D D( X) D,

b) D1, D2 D D1 D2 D,

c) D D E E D for some E D,

d) D D E-1 D for some E D,

e) D D,D E E D.

When X has such a structure, we call X a uniform space.

Before going to write the proposition we mention the following definition:

Definition 10 : Let (X, d) be a generalized metric space. A self-mapping f on X is called a

Hardy- Rogers contraction if there exists non-negative real constants i for i=1,2,3,4,5 such that

=∑ [0,1) and D(fx,fy) 1 D(x,y)+ 2 D(x,fx)+ 3 D(y,fy) + 4D(y,fx)+ 5 D(x,fy)

for all x,y X.

Proposition : Let (X,D) be a generalized metric space, and let f : X X be a Hardy Rogers

contraction. Then any fixed point w X of f satisfies D(w,w) D(w,w) = 0.

Let f,g : X X where X is a metric space with metric d, f and g be said to be weakly

commutative iff d(fgx,gfx) d(fx,gx), for all x X.

Jungck [76] generalized the notion of weakly commutivity to Compatibility and he established

that the converse is not true. Several results on common fixed point theorem for compatibility

type of mappings as well as weak commutativity for two or more than two self-mappings have

been proved by many authors as one can see in the references.

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Let X be a metric space and B(X) be the bounded subsets of X, then a mapping F : X B(X) is

said to be a set valued mapping and a point x X is said to be a fixed point of F if x F(x).

Nadlar [96] extended Banach contraction theorem from point valued mapping to set valued using

Hausdorff metric in the following way :

H(A,B)=max{ ( ), ( )}, for all A,B B(X), and

d(x,B) = inf { d(x,b) : b B}, for all x X.

Tiwary and Lahiri [128] have extended the results of Edelstein [45,46] using the notion of

Hausdorff metric from point valued to set valued mappings for contractive mappings. They

further extended the results of Sehgal [123] from point valued to set valued mappings.

B. Fisher [49] introduced the idea of an another type of real valued mapping while studying the

existence of fixed point for set valued mappings :

Let (X,d) be a metric space and let, B(X) be the bounded subset of X. Let : X X [0, ) be

such that

(A,B) = sup { d(a,b), a A, b B}.

Here

d(a,b) d(a,c) + d(c,b) , for all a, b, c B(X) .

Here is not metric because ( ) = 0, Implies A = B but if A = B then ( ) is the

diameter of A, which is not zero if A contains more than one point.

Using this notion Fisher [ 48,49,50] ,Tiwary and Lahiri [126], De Sarkar and Tiwary [120] have

proved several fixed point theorems for set valued mappings.

Veeramani and Pai [103] combined the notion of Hausdorff metric and distance between a point

and a set to obtain fixed point for set valued Kannan Type mappings. Yanigi has also proved a

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common fixed point theorem for a sequence of multivalued mappings in a metrically convex

metric space for set valued mappings in the following theorem:

Theorem 7. Let (X, d) be a complete and metrically convex metric space and K be nonempty

closed subset of X. Let, {Tn } (n=1,2,3,…) be a sequence of multivalued mappings of K into

CB(X). Suppose that there are non-negative real numbers with +( )( + )< 1

such that,

H(Ti (x), Tj(y)) d(x,y) + {D(x, Ti(x))+ D(y, Tj(y))}+ {D(x, Tj(y)) + D(y, Ti(x))} …(1.7)

for all x,y K and for all i,j = 1,2,3,… . If Tn(x) K and for each n= 1,2,3,… , then the

sequence {Tn} (n= 1,2,3,…) has a common fixed point in K.

In this thesis we have studied existence of fixed point theorems for point valued as well as set

valued mappings in different spaces. Sometimes we have considered Hausdorff metric and

sometimes the real valued mappings as introduced by Fisher. The whole thesis is summarized in

five chapters apart from the chapter of introduction and Bibliography. Some of the proofs of the

theorems are produced here in chapter wise discussion to make the theorems clear because the

proof in the main part of the thesis is given in short to avoid the repetition.

In chapter 2: we have considered (X, ) to be a complete b-metric space with b 1

and we suppose that CB(X) is the family of bounded.

Definition 2.1. Let X be a (nonempty) set and s 1 be a given real number. A functiond: X X

[0, ) is a b-metric on X if, for all x,y,z , the following conditions hold:

* d(x,y)=0 if and only if x=y,

* d(x,y)=d(y,x)

* d(x,z) s [d(x,y)+d(y,z)].

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 In this case, the pair (X,d) is called a b-metric space(metric type space). It should be noted that,

the class of b-metric spaces is effectively larger than that of metric spaces, every b-metric is a

metric with s=1, while the converse is not true.

Definition 2.2[96]. Let X and Y be nonempty sets. T is said to be a multi-valued mapping from

X to Y if T is a mapping from X to some subsets of Y.

Definition 2.3[96]. A point of x0 X is said to be a fixed point of the multi-valued mapping Tif

x0 Tx0 .

Definition 2.4[72]. Every single valued mapping can be viewed as a multi-valued mapping.

Let f: X Y be a single valued mapping. DefineT: X 2Y by Tx={f(x)}.

It is to be noted that T is a multi-valued mapping iff for each x X, Tx Y. Unless otherwise

stated we always assume Tx is non-empty for each x X.

Definition 2.5[96]. Let (X,d) be a metric space. We define the Hausdorff metric on CB(X) induced

by d as

( ) ( )
H(A,B)=max{ , }, for all A,B CB(X), where CB(X) denotes

the family of all nonempty closed and bounded subsets of X and d(x,B)=inf{d(x,b):b B}, for all

x X.

Lemma 1[96]. If A, B CB(X) and a A, then for each >0, there exists b B such

d(a,b) H(A,B) +

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Definition 2.6. Let (X,d) be a b-metric space. Then a sequence {xn} in X is called Cauchy

sequence if and only if for all >0 there exists n( ) N such that for each m,n n( ) we have

d(xn,xm)< .

Definition 2.7. Let (X,d) be a b-metric space. Then a sequence {xn} in X is called convergent

sequence if only if there exists an x X such that for all >0 there exists n( ) N such that for all

n n( ) we have d(xn,x) < . In this case we write =x.

In the following example it has been shown the existence of b-metric space.

Example 1.4: Let (X, d) be a metric space and (x,y)=(d(x,y))p, where p>1 is a real number. Then

is a b-metric with s=2p-1.

We now show the existence of a metric space and from there we derive a b-metric space.

Suppose X=R is the set of real numbers and d(x, y)=|x-y| is usual Euclidean metric, then

(x,y)=(x-y)2 is a b-metric on R with s=2. But is not a metric on R.

A b- metric space is said to be complete if and only if each b-Cauchy sequence is b-convergent.

It is to be noted that in a b-metric space every convergent sequence has a unique limit and also

every convergent sequence is Cauchy but it is remarkable to note that b-metric is not continuous

while metric space is continuous [6].

Definition 2.8. Let (X, d) be a b-metric space. A subset Y X is called closed if and only if for

each sequence {xn} in Y which b-converges to an element x, we have x

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Definition 2.9. Let (X, d) be a b-metric space and f and g be self-mappings on X. f and g are

said to compatible if whenever a sequence {xn} in X is such that {fxn} and {gxn} are b-

convergent to some t X, then ( )=0. f and g are said to non-compatible if

there exists at least one sequence {xn} in X is such that {fxn} and {gxn} are b-convergent to

some t X, but ( ) is either nonzero or does not exist. f and g are said to

satisfy the b-(E.A) property [100] if there exists a sequence {xn}such that fxn = gxn = t,

for some t X.

It is to be noted that Non-compatibility implies b-(E.A) property. Ozturk Turkoglu [101] have

shown with the example that there are mappings which satisfy (E-A) condition but they are non-

compatible.

We collect the following definition from the Jungck [76]:

Definition 2.10[76]. Let f and g be given self-mappings on a set X. The pair (f, g) is said to be

weakly compatible if f and g commute at their coincidence points

(i.e. fgx = gfx whenever fx = gx).

We say that F1, F2 satisfy the condition (A) when

H(F1x, F2y)≤ α (x,y) + β{ (x, F1x)+ (y, F2y)}+ { (x, F2y)+ (y, F1x)}… …(A)

( )
where 0< ( <1 and (β+ )< ; α,β, ≥0 for all x,y ɛ X.
β )

In the introduction we have mentioned some theorems and quoted proof of some of

them in details to know the proof. We have our theorem as follows:

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 Theorem 1: If F1, F2 satisfy the condition (A). Then F1 and F2 have a unique

common fixed point.

Proof: Fix any x X. Define x0 = x and let x1 F1x0. we may choose x2 ɛ F2x1 such that by

Lemma 1[96], we have

(x1,x2)≤H(F1x0, F2x0)+ɛ0

≤α (x0,x1)+β{ (x0, F1x0)+ (x1, F2x1)}+ { (x0, F2x1)+ (x1, F1x0)}+ɛ0

≤ α (x0,x1)+β{ (x,0x1)+ (x1,x2)} + { (x0,x2) + (x1,x1)}+ɛ0

≤ α (x0,x1)+β{ (x,0x1)+ (x1,x2)}+ s[ (x0,x1)+ (x1,x2)]+ɛ0

( by using b-metric space definition)

i.e., (1-β- s) (x1,x2) ≤(α+β+ s) (x0,x1)+ɛ0

( )
i.e., (x1,x2) ≤ ( (x0,x1)+( ;where ɛ= (
) ) )

Again by Lemma 1[96], there exist x3 F1x2 such that

d(x3,x2)≤ H(F1x2, F2x1)+( )

≤ α (x2,x1)+β{ (x2, F1x2)+ (x1, F2x1)}+ { (x2, F2x1)+ (x1, F1x2)}+ ( )

≤ α (x2,x1)+β{ (x2,x3)+ (x1,x2)}+ { (x2,x2)+ (x1,x3)}+ ( )

(x3,x2)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+β (x2,x3)+ { (x2,x2)+ (x1,x3)} + ( )

(x2,x3)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+ β (x2,x3)+ (x1,x3)+ ( )

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i.e., (x2,x3)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+ β (x2,x3)+ s[ (x1,x2)+ (x2,x3)]+ ( )

i.e., (1-β-ϒs) (x2,x3)≤ (α+β+ s) (x1,x2)+ ( )

( )
i.e., (x2,x3)≤ ( (x1,x2) + (
) )

( )
i.e., (x2,x3)≤ ( (x1,x2) +ɛ2
)

Similarly there exist x4 F2x3 such that

d(x3,x4)≤ H(F1x2, F2x3)+( )

≤ α (x2,x3)+β{ (x2, F1x2)+ (x3, F2x3)}+ { (x2, F2x3)+ (x3, F1x2)}+( )

≤ α (x2,x3)+β{ (x2,x3)+ (x3,x4)}+ { (x2,x4)+ (x3,x3)}+

( )

i.e., (x3,x4)≤ (α + β) (x2,x3) + β (x3,x4)+ s[ (x2,x3)+ (x3,x4)]+( )

i.e., (1-β- s) (x3,x4)≤ (α+β+ s) (x2,x3)+( )

( )
i.e., (x3,x4)≤ ( (x2,x3)+(
) )

( )
i.e., (x3,x4)≤ ( (x2,x3)+ɛ3
)

Continuing this process, we obtain by mathematical induction a sequence {xn}n N such

that xn F1xn-1, xn+1 F2xn then we have

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 ( )
(xn,xn+1)≤ ( (xn-1,xn)+ ɛn ; where ɛ= (
) )

( )
For all n N , let λ= ( , we have
)

(xn,xn+1)≤λ (xn-1,xn)+ ɛn≤λ(λ (xn-2,xn-1)+ɛn-1)+ɛn

≤λ2 (xn-2,xn-1)+λɛn-1)+ɛn ≤λ2(λ (xn-3,xn-2)+ɛn-2)+λɛn-1+ɛn

≤λ3d(xn-3,xn-2)+λ2ɛn-2)+λɛn ≤ …

i.e., (xn,xn+1)≤λn (x0,x1)+ ∑

Now we have, (xn,xn+1)≤ λn (x0,x1)+ ∑

∑ ( )≤∑ ( )+ ∑ ∑

≤∑ ( )+ ∑ ∑

( ) ( )
≤∑ ( )+ ∑ * }
( ) ( )

( )
≤ ( )∑ +∑ * }
( )

( )
≤ ( )*( }+*(
)
}
)( )

≤( [λ ( )+ɛ] < ∞
)

Hence we get, ( ) =0 .

Now, we show that {xn} is a cauchy sequence in X. Let m, n>0 with m > n as m = n+p; p N.

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Then,

(xn,xm) = (xn,xn+p)≤ s (xn,xn+1)+s2 (xn+1,xn+2)+ … + sp (xn+p-1,xn+p)

when we take n ∞ , we get ( ) =0

Hence the sequence {xn} is a Cauchy sequence.

Since by the hypothesis the space X is complete, then the sequence {xn} is convergent.

So, let xn= x0 i.e. ( ) =0

Now we show that x0 is a fixed point of F1, F2; we have

(x0, F1x0)≤ s[ (x0,x2n+2)+ (x2n+2, F1x0)]

≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+ (F1x0,x2n+2)]

≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+H(F1x0, F2x2n+1)]

≤s[ (x0,xn+2)+α (x0,x2n+1)+β{ (x0, F1x0)+ (x2n+1, F2x2n+1)}+ { (x0, F2x2n+1)+ (x2n+1, F1x0)}

i.e., (x0,F1x0) ≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+α (x0,x2n+1)+β{ (x0, F1x0)+ (x2n+1,x2n+2)}

+ * (x0,x2n+2) + (x2n+1, F1x0)}]

Putting n ∞ in the above inequality, we get

i.e., (x0, F1x0) ≤βs (x0 , F1x0)+ s (x0 , F1x0)

i.e., (x0, F1x0)≤ (β+ )s (x0, F1x0)

i.e., (1-βs- s) (x0, F1x0) ≤0

19
Therefore, (x0, F1x0) =0,since 0< (β+ )s<1.

Thus x0 F1x0 i.e. x0 is a fixed point of F1.

Similarly, for the mapping F2, we have

(x0, F2x0) =0 i.e. x0 is a fixed point of F2.

Therefore, F1 and F2 have a common fixed point.

Uniqueness of fixed point :

To prove uniqueness of x0 , we assume y0 X be another common fixed point of F1 such that

x0 ≠ y0, hence F1y0 = y0. i.e., d(x0,y0) ≠ 0

Now from the condition (A) we have

(x0,y0) = (F1x0, F2y0)≤s[ (x0, F2y0)+ (y0, F1x0)]≤s[ (x0,y0)+ (y0,x0)]

i.e., (x0,y0) ≤2s (x0,y0)

i.e., (x0,y0) < (x0,y0)

Which is a contradiction.

Hence (x0,y0) =0 ; which implies that x0=y0

Similarly, for the mapping F2, we have (x0,y0) =0 .

This completes the proof. Hence x0 is the unique common fixed point.

Therefore, the sequence {xn} convergences to a common fixed point of F1, F2 .

20
We say that F1, F2 satisfy the condition (B) when

( )
H(F1x, F2y)≤ α (x,F1y) + β{ (y,F2y)+ (x, F2y) + (y, F1x) }+ { } (y,F2y) , … (B)
( )

where 0< (α+(2b+1)β+ )< 1 and (α+β)< ;α,β, ≥0 for all x,y X.

Theorem 2: We say that F1, F2 satisfy the condition (B). Then F1 and F2 have a unique common

fixed point.

Proof is given in the main part.

We say that F1, F2 satisfy the condition (C) when

H(F1x,F2y)2 α* (x,F1x) (y,F2y)+ (x,F2y) (y,F1x)}+β{ (x,F1x) (y,F1x)

+ (x,F2y) (y,F2y)} + (x,y) (F2y,F1x), … ….(C)

for all x,y X and α,β, 0, with 0<α+β+ <1 ;α+2 β+ <1, and 0.

Theorem 3. If F1, F2 satisfy the condition (C).Then F1 and F2 have a common unique fixed point .

Proof is given in the main part.

We say that F satisfy the condition (D) when

( )( ( ))
H(Fx,Fy)≤ α (x,y) + β{ (x, Fx)+ (y, Fy)}+ { (x, Fy)+ (y, Fx)}+ , … (D
( ( ))

( )
where 0< <1 i.e. α+2β+2 b <1 and (β+ )< ;α,β, , ≥0 for all x,y X.
( )

Theorem 4: If F satisfies the condition (D).Then F has a unique fixed point.

21
Proof: Fix any x X . Define x0=x and let x1 Fx0. By Lemma 1[96], we may choose x2 Fx1

such that (x1,x2)≤H(Fx0, Fx0)+ɛ0

( )( ( ))
≤α (x0,x1)+β{ (x0, Fx0)+ (x1, Fx1)}+ { (x0, Fx1)+ (x1, Fx0)}+ +ɛ0
( ( ))

( )( ( ))
≤ α (x0,x1)+β{ (x,0x1)+ (x1, x2)}+ { (x0,x2)+ (x1,x1)}+ +ɛ0
( ( ))

≤ α (x0,x1)+β{ (x,0x1)+ (x1,x2)}+ s[ (x0,x1)+ (x1,x2)]+ ( )+ ɛ0

(by using b-metric space definition)

(1-β- s) (x1,x2) ≤(α+β+ s+ ) (x0,x1)+ɛ0

( )
(x1,x2) ≤ (x0,x1) + ; where ɛ= (
( ) ( ) )

Again by Lemma 1[96], there exist x3 Fx2 such that

(x3,x2)≤ H(Fx2, Fx1)+ ( )

( )( ( ))
≤ α (x2,x1)+β{ (x2, Fx2)+ (x1, Fx1)}+ { (x2, Fx1)+ (x1, Fx2)}+ +
( ( ))

( )

≤ α (x2,x1)+β{ (x2,x3)+ (x1,x2)}+ { (x2,x2)+ (x1,x3)}+( )

i.e., (x3,x2)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+β (x2,x3)+ { (x2,x2)+ (x1,x3)}+( )

(x2,x3)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+ β (x2,x3)+ (x1,x3)+( )

22
 (x2,x3)≤ (α+β) (x1,x2)+ β (x2,x3)+ s[ (x1,x2)+ (x2,x3)]+( )

i.e., (1-β- s) (x2,x3)≤ (α+β+ s) (x1,x2)+( )

( )
i.e., (x2,x3)≤ ( (x1,x2) +(
) )

( )
i.e., (x2,x3)≤ ( (x1,x2) +ɛ2
)

Similarly there exist x4 Fx3 such that (x3,x4)≤ H(Fx2, Fx3)+( )

≤ α (x2,x3)+β{ (x2, Fx2)+ (x3, Fx3)}+ { (x2, Fx3)+ (x3, Fx2)}+ ( )

≤ α (x2,x3)+β{ (x2,x3)+ (x3,x4)}+ { (x2,x4)+ (x3,x3)}+ ( )

i.e., (x3,x4)≤ (α+β) (x2,x3)+β (x3,x4)+ s[ (x2,x3)+ (x3,x4)]+( )

i.e., (1-β- s) (x3,x4)≤ (α+β+ s) (x2,x3)+( )

( )
i.e., (x3,x4)≤ ( (x2,x3)+(
) )

( )
i.e., (x3,x4)≤ ( (x2,x3)+ɛ3
)

Continuing this process, we obtain by mathematical induction a sequence {xn},n N

such that xn Fxn-1, xn+1 Fxn then we have

( )
(xn,xn+1)≤ ( (xn-1,xn)+ ɛn ; where ɛ = (
) )

23
 ( )
For all n N, let λ= ( , we have
)

(xn,xn+1)≤λ (xn-1,xn)+ ɛn≤λ(λ (xn-2,xn-1)+ɛn-1)+ɛn

≤λ2 (xn-2,xn-1)+λɛn-1)+ɛn≤λ2(λ (xn-3,xn-2)+ɛn-2)+λɛn-1+ɛn

≤λ3 (xn-3,xn-2)+λ2ɛn-2)+λɛn≤…

(xn,xn+1)≤λn (x0,x1)+ ∑

Now we have, (xn,xn+1)≤ λn (x0,x1)+ ∑

∑ ( )≤∑ ( )+ ∑ ∑

≤∑ ( )+ ∑ ∑

( ) ( )
≤∑ ( )+ ∑ * }
( ) ( )

( )
≤ ( )∑ +∑ * }
( )

( )
≤ ( )( +
) ( )( )

≤( [λ ( )+ ] <
)

Hence we get ( )=0

Now, we show that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in X. Let m, n > 0 with m > n as m = n+p; p N.

(xn,xm) = (xn,xn+p)≤ s (xn,xn+1)+s2 (xn+1,xn+2)+ ……………….+ sp (xn+p-1,xn+p)

24
when we take n , we gate ( ) =0

Hence the sequence {xn} is a Cauchy sequence.

Since, by hypothesis, the space X is complete, the sequence {xn} is convergent.

So, let xn = x0 i.e. ( )

Now we show that x0 is a fixed point of F; we have

(x0 , Fx0)≤ s[ (x0,x2n+2)+ (x2n+2, Fx0)]≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+ (Fx0,x2n+2)]

≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+H(Fx0, Fx2n+1)]

≤s[ (x0,xn+2)+α (x0,x2n+1)+β{ (x0,Fx0)+ (x2n+1,Fx2n+1)}+ { (x0,Fx2n+1)+ (x2n+1,Fx0)}

( )( ( ))
+ ]
( ( ))

i.e., (x0 ,Fx0) ≤ s[ (x0,xn+2)+α (x0,x2n+1)+β{ (x0,Fx0)+ (x2n+1,x2n+2)}

( )( ( ))
+ { (x0,x2n+2)+ (x2n+1,Fx0)} + ]
( ( ))

Putting n in the above inequality, we get

(x0,Fx0) ≤βs (x0,Fx0)+ s (x0,Fx0)

(x0 ,Fx0) ≤ (β+ )s (x0,Fx0) (1-βs- s) (x0,Fx0)≤0 (x0,Fx0) =0

Thus x0 ɛ Fx0 i.e.Fx0 = x0

Therefore, F has a fixed point.

25
Uniqueness of fixed point :

To prove uniqueness of x0 , we assume y0 X be another common fixed point of F such that x0 ≠

y0 , hence Fy0 =y0.i.e. (x0,y0) ≠ 0.

Now from (D) we have,

(x0,y0) = (Fx0,Fy0)≤s[ (x0,Fy0)+ (y0,Fx0)]≤s[ (x0,y0)+ (y0,x0)]

i.e., (x0,y0) ≤2s (x0,y0) (x0,y0) < (x0,y0)

which is a contradiction.

So, we have d(x0,y0) =0.

Hence x0 is the unique fixed point of F.

This completes the proof.

We say that T, S satisfy the condition (E) when

( ) ( )
sd(Tnx,Sm y) a1d (x,y) + a2 d(x,Tn x) + a3 d(y,Tn x) + a4 ….(E)
( )

for all x,y X and ai 0, i=1, 2,3, 4 with (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4) <

Theorem 5. If T, S satisfies the condition (E), then T, S have a common fixed

point.

Proof is given in the main part.

We say that f, g, T, S satisfy the condition (F) when

26
 ( )
d(fx, gy) (d(Sx,Ty), d(fx,Sx), d(gy,Ty), d(fx,Ty), ) for all x,y in X,

… … … (F)

f(X) T(X) and g(X) S(X) such that >1, is a constant and where : , is the

set of all non-negative real numbers and ( ) is non-decreasing in

each coordinate and upper semi-continuous. Suppose that one of the pairs (f, S) and (g,T) satisfy

the b-(E.A)-property and that one of the subspaces f(X), g(X), S(X),T(X) is b-closed in X.

Theorem 6: If f, g, T, S satisfies the condition (F), then f, g, S and T have a unique common

fixed point.

Proof is given in the main part.

In chapter 3: we have quoted the following definitions from [52].

Definition 3.1:Let X be a non-empty set and d: X X X R+ . If for all x, y, z and u in X.

We have,

(d1) d(x, y, z) = 0 if at least two of x, y, z are equal.

(d2) for all x y, there exists a point z in X such that d(x, y, z) 0

(d3) d(x, y, z) = d(x, z , y) = d(y, z, x) = …… and so on.

(d4) d(x, y, z) d(x, y, u) + d(x, u, z) + d(u, y, z), x, y, z and u in X

Then d is called a 2- metric on X and the pair (x, d) is called 2-metric space.

Definition 3.2: A sequence {xn+ in a 2-metric space (X, d) is called a Cauchy sequence when

d(xn,xm,a)→0 as n,m →∞ .

27
Definition 3.3: A sequence {xn+ in a 2-metric space (X, d) is said to be convergent to an

elementx in X when d(xn,x,a)→0 as n→∞ for all a X.

Definition 3.4: A 2-metric space (X,d) is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in X

converges to a point of X.

Definition 3.5: A sequence {xn+ in a 2-metric space (X, d) is said to be a Cauchy sequence

when d(xn,xm,a)→0 as n,m →∞ for all a X.

Definition 3.6: A sequence {xn+ in a 2-metric space (X, d) is said to be convergent to an

element x in X when d(xn,x,a)→0 as n→∞ for all a X.

Definition 3.7: A 2-metric space (X,d) is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence is

convergent in X.

Definition 3.8: A 2-metric space (X,d) is said to be bounded if there exist a constant K such

that

d(x, y, z) K for all x, y, z X.

Definition 3.9: A mapping f in 2-metric space (X,d) is said to be orbitally continuous if for all z

in X,

d(fnx,u,z) →0 as n→∞ implies that d(ffnx,fu,z) →0 as n→∞.

Definition 3.10: A mapping G form a 2- metric space (X,d) into itself is said to be sequentially

continuous at a point x X if every sequence {xn} in X such that ( )

, ( ) .

28
For every convergent sequence in a 2-metric space is a Cauchy sequence.

Lemma 2: Let {xn} be a sequence in complete 2-metric space in X if there exists h [0,1] such

that d(xn,xn+1, a) hd(xn-1,xn, a) ,for all a X then {xn} converges to a point in X.

Also, Naidu and Prasad [97,98] proved that every convergent sequence need not be a Cauchy

sequence in 2-metric space.

Definition 3.11: Let (X,d) be a 2-metric space. We define the Hausdorff metric on CB(X)

( ) ( )
induced by D as H(A,B,u)=max{ , }, for all A,B CB(X),

where CB(X) denotes the family of all nonempty closed and bounded subsets of X and

D(x,B,u)=inf{d(x,y,u):x A ,y B, u X}, D(A,B,u)= inf{d(x,y,u); x A, y B, u X}

D(x,B,u)=D({x},B,u)= inf{ d(x,y,u); x A, y B, u X}. So, D(x,y,u) ≤ d(x,y,u).

We say that F1 , F2 satisfy the condition (G) when F1, F2 : XCpt(X), where Cpt(X) be the

family of all compact subsets of X, be such that

H(F1x, F2y,u) ≤ k D(x, F1x,u).D(y, F2y,u).d(x,y,u)}1/3 for all x,y X and 0<k<1, … … (G)

We quote some theorems with their proof from our main part:

Theorem 1. Let F1 and F2 satisfy the condition (G). Then F1 and F2 have a unique

common fixed point in X.

Proof: Let, x0 X and F1x0=x1, F2x1=x2, F1x2=x3, F2x3=x4

i.e., F1xn=xn+1 and F2xn+1=xn+2 such that d(x1,x2,u) ≤ H(F1x0, F2x1,u)

Now, from the given condition is

29
d(x1,x2,u)≤ H(F1x0, F2x1,u) ≤ k{D(x0, F1 x0,u).D(x1, F2x1,u).d(x0,x1,u)}1/3

Or, d3(x1,x2,u) ≤ k3 {D(x0, F1x0,u).D(x1, F2x1,u).d(x0,x1,u)}

Or, d3(x1,x2,u) ≤ k3 {d(x0, x1,u).d(x1,x2,u).d(x0,x1,u)}

Or, d2(x1,x2,u) ≤ k3{ d(x0,x1,u)}2

Or, d(x1,x2,u) ≤ k1 d(x0,x1,u) where k1=k3/2, 0<k1<1 … … … (3.1)

Now, d(x2,x3,u)≤ H(F1x1, F2x2,u) ≤ k {D(x1, F1 x1,u).D(x2, F2x2,u).d(x1,x2,u)}1/3

Or, d3(x2,x3,u) ≤ k3 {D(x1, F1x1,u).D(x2, F2x2,u).d(x1,x2,u)}

Or, d3(x2,x3,u) ≤ k3 {d(x1, x2,u).d(x2,x3,u).d(x1,x2,u)}

Or, d2(x2,x3,u) ≤ k3{ d(x1,x2,u)}2

Or, d(x1,x2,u) ≤ k1 d(x1,x2,u) where k1=k3/2, 0<k1<1

≤k12 d(x0,x1,u) (by (3.1)) … … ....(3.2)

Similarly we get, d(xn,xn+1,u) ≤ k1n d(x0,x1,u) ………. .………….(3.3)

Taking on both side we get d(xn,xn+1,u)=0 as k1 (0,1) …………(3.4)

Now, we will prove that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in the given 2-metric space X.

Now, d(xn,xn+2,u) ≤ d(xn,xn+2,xn+1) + d(xn,xn+1,u) + d(xn+1,xn+2,u)

=d(xn,xn+2,xn+1) +∑ ( ) ………….(3.5)

Now, d(xn,xn+2,xn+1) = d(xn+1, xn+2, xn)≤ H(F1xn, F2xn+1,xn)

30
≤ k{D(xn, F1xn,xn).D(xn+1, F2xn+1,xn).d(xn,xn+1,xn)}1/3

= k{d(xn, xn+1,xn).d(xn+1,xn+2,xn).d(xn,xn+1,xn)}1/3

=k{0.d(xn+1,xn+2,xn).0}=0

So, from (3.4) we get, d(xn,xn+2,u) ≤∑ ( ) … … ....(3.6)

Again, d(xn,xn+3,u) ≤ d(xn,xn+3,xn+2) + d(xn,xn+2,u) + d(xn+2,xn+3,u)

= d(xn,xn+3,xn+2) + ∑ ( ) (by (3.6))

Similarly we can prove, d(xn,xn+3,xn+2) =0

Proceeding as above we will get,

d(xn,xn+p,u) ≤ ∑ ( )

= k1n( 1+k1+k12+…+k1p-1) d(x0,x1,u) ( by (3.4))

< k1n/(1-k1) d(x0,x1,u)

Taking on the above inequality we get,

d(xn,xn+p,u) =0 … … … (3.7)

So, {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in X.

So, there exists a point z in F1z F2z such that xn=z.

Now, d(xn, F2z,u) ≤ H(F1xn-1, F2z,u) ≤k{ D(xn-1, F1xn-1,u).D(z, F2z,u).d(xn-1,z,u)}1/3

Taking on the above inequality we get,

31
d(z, F2z,u) ≤k {d(z,z,u).d(z, F2z,u).d(z,z,u)}1/3= k.0=0

So, F2z =z. … … …(3.8)

Similarly d(F1z, xn+2,u) ≤ H(F1z, F2xn+1,u)≤k{D(z, F1z,u). D(xn+1, F2 xn+1,u).d(z, xn+1u)}1/3

Taking on the above inequlity we get,

d(F1z,z,u)≤k{d(F1z,z,u).d(z,z,u).d(z,z,u)}1/3= k.0=0

So, F1z =z. … … … (3.9)

Now, from (3.7) and (3.8) we get, F2z=z= F1z … … … (3.10)

So, z is a common fixed point of F1 and F2.

Now, we will prove z is unique.

To prove uniqueness of z, let, w(≠z) be another common fixed point of F1 and F2.

So, F2w=w= F1w. … … … (3.11)

Now, d(z,w,u)≤ H(F1z, F2w,u) ≤ k {D(z, F1z,u).D(w, F2w,u).d(z,w,u)} 1/3

=k. {d(z,z,u).d(w,w,u).d(z,w,u)} 1/3 (by (3.10) and (3.11))

=k.0=0

So, z=w, which shows that z is aunique common fixed point of F1 and F2.

We say that f1 and f2 satisfy the condition (H) when f1 and f2 be an orbitally continuous self –

map from complete 2-metric space X into itself, f and g satisfies –

32
 [1+p (x,y, )] (f1x,f2y, ) p max { (x, f1 x , ) . (y,f2y, ) , (x,f2y, ).

(y, f1x, )}+q max { (x,y, ), (x, f1x , ) , (y, f2y , ) } … … … (H)

for all x,y and X and p 0, 0 1.

Theorem 2: Let f1 and f2 satisfythe condition (H) then the sequence { xn } iterated by f1 and f2

convergence to a common fixed point of f1 and f2.

Proof: Let x0 X be an arbitrary point and we define { xn } as x1= f1(x0), x2= f2(x1), x3= f1(x2),

x4= f2(x3), ……………x2n= f2(x2n-1), x2n+1= f1(x2n) ……….………….(3.12)

Suppose x2n x2n+1, for every n=0, 1, 2, 3, ………….then

[1+p (x2n,x2n+1, )] (f1(x2n) , f2(x2n+1) , ) p max { (x2n, f1(x2n) , ) . (x2n+1, f2(x2n+1) , ) ,

(x2n, f2(x2n+1) , ). (x2n+1, f1(x2n) , )}+ q max { (x2n,x2n+1, ), (x2n, f1(x2n) , ) , (x2n+1,

f2(x2n+1) , ) }

Which implies-

[1+p (x2n,x2n+1, )] (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) p max { (x2n, x2n+1 , ) . (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) , (x2n,

x2n+2 , ). (x2n+1, x2n+1 , )} + q max { (x2n,x2n+1, ), (x2n, x2n+1 , ) , (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) }

i.e., (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) + p (x2n,x2n+1, ). (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) p max { (x2n, x2n+1 , )

. (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) , 0 } + q max { (x2n,x2n+1, ), (x2n, x2n+1 , ) , (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) }

(x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) + p (x2n,x2n+1, ). (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) p (x2n, x2n+1 , ) . (x2n+1, x2n+2

, )+ q max { (x2n,x2n+1, ), (x2n, x2n+1 , ) , (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) }

i.e., (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) q max { (x2n,x2n+1, ), (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) } … … … (3.13)

33
 Case 1: If (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) is maximum, then

(x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) (1- q ) (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) 0

(1-q) 0 [Since (x2n+1, x2n+2 , ) 0]

q >1 which is contradiction, since q<1.

Case 2: So, in (3.13) (x2n,x2n+1, ) is maximum and from(3.13) we get

(x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) q (x2n,x2n+1, ) ………………(3.14)

Also q<1 (1+q) <2 1< (2-q) 1>( q >(

) )

Now, from (3.14) we get (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) (x2n,x2n+1, )

( )

Therefore, (x2n+1 , x2n+2 , ) h (x2n,x2n+1, ) , putting h=( ………………(3.15)

)

Now (3.15) hold for all a X. Hence in view of Lemma 2, Nesic type contractive definition, the

sequence {xn} converges to some common fixed point u X, then for all a X, since f is orbitally

continuous, we have ( ( ) ( ) )=0

( ( ) ( ) )=0.

From the definition of 2-metric space,

(u, f1(u), ) (u, f1(u), f12n+1(x0)) + (u, f12n+1(x0), f1(u)) + (f12n+1(x0), f1(u), )

Which tends to zero as n .

34
Consequently, (u, f1(u), ) = 0 f1(u)=u.

Similarly, for the mapping f2, we have (u, f2(u), ) = 0 f2(u)=u.

Therefore f1(u) = f2(u) = u. Hence f1 and f2 have common fixed point.

For the uniqueness of u, suppose v X be another common fixed point of f1 such that v u .

Hence there exists a point a X such that (u,v, ) 0 then from (3.13) we have,

[1+p (u,v, )] (f1(u), f2(v), ) p max { (u,f1u , ) . (v, f2v , ) , (u, f2v , ).

(v, f1u , )}+ q max { (u,v, ), (u, f1u ,a) , (v, f2v , ) }

i.e., [1+p (u,v, )] (u,v, ) p max { (u, u , ) . (v, v , ) , (u, v , ). (v, u, )}

+ q max { (u,v, ), (u, u , ) , (v, v , ) }

i.e., (u,v, ) q (u,v, ) (u,v, ) < 0, since q<1 , which is a contradiction.

Hence, (u,v, )=0 which implies that u=v.

Similarly, for the mapping f2, we have (u,v, )=0.

Therefore the sequence { xn } converges to a common fixed point of f1 and f2.

We say that F1 and F2 satisfies the condition (I) when

(F1x,F2y,z)2 a1{ (x, F1x,z) (y, F2y,z)+ (x, F2y,z) (y, F1x,z)}

2
+a2{ (x,y,z) (y, F1x,z)+ (x, F1x,z) (y, F2y,z)} + a3 (y, F2y,z), … … … (I)

for all x,y and z X and a1,a2,a3 0, with 0<a1+a2+a3 <1

35
Theorem 3: Let F1 and F2 be an orbitally continuous self-mapping from complete 2-

metric space X into itself F1 and F2 satisfies the condition (I) Then F1 and F2 have a

common uniquefixed point in X.

Proof : Fix any x X . Define x0=x and let x1 F2x1 such that x2n+1= F1x2n,

x2n+2= F2x2n+1.

Now, we have

(F1x2n, F2x2n+1,z)2 a1{ (x2n, F1x2n,z) (x2n+1, F2x2n+1,z)+ (x2n, F2x2n+1,z) (x2n+1, F1x2n,z)}

2
+a2{ (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1, F1x2n,z)+ (x2n, F1x2n,z) (x2n+1, F2x2n+1,z)}+a3 (x2n+1, F2x2n+1,z)

a1{ (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)+ (x2n,x2n+2,z) (x2n+1,x2n+1,z)}

2
+a2{ (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1,x2n+1,z)+ (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)}+a3 (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)

(x2n+1,x2n+2,z)2 a1 (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)+a2 (x2n,x2n+1,z) (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)

2
+a3 (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)

i.e, (x2n+1,x2n+2,z) a1 (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)+a2 (x2n,x2n+1,z)+a3 (x2n+1,x2n+2,z)

i.e, (1-a3) (x2n+1,x2n+2,z) (a1+a2) (x2n,x2n+1,z)

( )
i.e, (x2n+1,x2n+2,z) (x2n,x2n+1,z)
( )

( )
i.e, (x2n+1,x2n+2,z) h (x2n,x2n+1,z) [ putting h= ( ]
)

Therefore the above equation holds for all z X. Hence in view of lemma Nesic type

contractive definition, the sequence { xn } converges to some common fixed point u X, then
36
for all z X we have –

(( ) )=0 ( ( ) )=0

Since F1 is orbitally continuous, we have ( ( ( ) ( ) )=0

( ( ) ( ) )=0.

Now from the definition of 2-metric space,

2n+1 2n+1 2n+1

(u, (u),a) (u, (u), (x0)) + (u, (x0), (u)) + ( (x0), (u),a)

Which tends to zero as n .

Consequently, (u, (u),a) = 0 (u)=u.

Similarly, for the mapping F2 , we have (u, F2 (u),a) = 0 F2 (u)=u.

Therefore F1(u)= F2(u)=u. Hence F1 and F2 have common fixed point.

Uniqueness: Now we show that u is a unique fixed point. For that cause, we suppose

that v X be another common fixed point of F1 such that v u . Hence there exists a point

z X such that d(u,v,z) 0 then we have,

(F1u, F2v,z)2 a1{ (u, F1v,z) (u, F2v,z)+ (u, F2v,z) (v, F1u,z)}+a2{ (u,v,z) (v, F1 u,z)

2
+ (u, F1u,z) (v, F2v,z)}+ a3 (v, F2v,z)

i.e, (u,v,z)2 a1{ (u,v,z) (u,v,z)+ (u,v,z) (v,u,z)} + a2{ (u,v,z) (v,u,z)

2
+ (u,u,z) (v,v,z)}+ a3 (v,v,z)

37
 i.e, (u,v,z) a1 (u,v,z) + a2 (u,v,z)

i.e, (u,v,z) (a1+ a2 ) (u,v,z) (u,v,z) < (u,v,z) ,

which is a contradiction. Hence (u,v,z)=0 that implies u=v.

The sequence {xn} convergences to a common fixed point of F1, F2.

We say that a mapping T satisfies the condition (J) when

2
(Tx,Ty, ) a1 (x,Tx, ) (y,Ty, ) + a2 (x,Ty, ) (y,Tx, ) + a3 (x,Tx, ) (y,Tx, )+
2
a4 (x,y, ) (y,Ty, ) + a5 (y,Ty, ), … …. …(J)

for all x,y X and a1,a2,a3 0, with 0< a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 <1.

Theorem 4. Let (X, ) be a complete 2-metric Space. Let T be a continuous self map

of X, satisfying the condition (J). Then T has a common unique fixed point .

The proof is in the main part.

We say that the mappings E,F,T satisfy the condition (K) when

min{ d(Ex,Fy,a), d(Tx,Ex,a), d(Ty,Fy,a), d(Tx,Fy,a), d(Ty,Ex,a)} +

p min{d(Tx,Ty,a), d(Ex,Fy,a)} q d(x,y,a) ,for all x, y, a in X. … … …(K)

Theorem 5: Let E, F and T be the three self-mapping of a complete metric space

(X,d) to itself be sequentially continuous and satisfying the conditions d(Tx,Ty,a)

d(x,y,a)(ii) T E = ET, TF = FT, E(X) ( ) ( ) ( )And E,F,T satisfy

the condition (I). If p > q in the condition (K), then E, F, and T have a unique

common fixed point in X.

Proof is given in the main part.

38
In chapter 4:

Let E always be a real Banach space and P a subset of E. P is called a cone if and only if:

(i) P is closed, non-empty, and P { },

(ii) ax + by P for all x, y P and non-negative real numbers a,b,

(iii) x P and –x P x =0 P ( -P ) = { }

Given a cone P E, we define a partial ordering with respect to P by x y if and

only if (y-x) P. We shall write x < y to indicate that x y but x y, while x << y

will stand for y-x int P, int P denotes the interior of P.

Definition 4.1[61]. The cone P is called normal if there is a number K > 0 such that for all x, y

E, 0 implies ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖.

The least positive number satisfying above is called the normal constant of P.

The cone P is called regular if every increasing sequence which is bounded from above is

convergent. That is, if {xn} is sequence such that

x1 x2 ............ xn …………….. y

for some y E, then there is x E such that ‖ ‖ as n . Equivalently the cone P is

regular if and only if every decreasing sequence which is bounded from below is convergent. It

is well known that a regular cone is a normal cone.

In the following we always suppose E is a Banach sace, P is a cone in E with int P and is

partial ordering with respect to P.

Definition 4.2[61]. Let X be a non-empty set and d : X × X → E a mapping such that:

39
 (d1) 0 ≤ d (x, y) for all x, y X and d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y;

(d2) d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y X;

(d3) d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y) for all x, y, z X.

Then d is called cone metric on X, and (X, d) is called a cone metric space [3].

Definition 4.3 : Let (X, d) be a cone metric space, x X, and {xn} n≥1 a sequence in X. Then-

(i) {xn}n≥1 converges to x, whenever for every c E with o c, there is a natural

number N such that d(xn, x) c for all n ≥ N. We denote this by =x

or xn → x as n → ∞.

(ii) {xn}n≥1 is said to Cauchy sequence if for every c E with o c, there is a natural

number N such that d(xn, xm) c for all n, m ≥ N.

(iii) (X, d)is called a complete cone metric space if every Cauchy sequence in X is

convergent.

Lemma 3: Let (X, d) be a cone metric space, P E a normal cone with normal constant K. Let

{xn}, {yn} be two sequences in X and x, y X.

(i) {xn} converges to x X if and only if ( , x) = 0. If {xn} converges to x

and {xn} converges to y then x = y. That is the limit of {xn} is unique;

(ii) If {xn} is convergent then it is a Cauchy sequence.

(iii) {xn} is a Cauchy sequence if and only if d(xn, xm) = 0, for all n, m

(iv) If xn → x and {yn} is another sequence in X such that yn → y,

then d(xn, yn) → d(x, y).

Definition 4.4[62] : Let X be a nonempty set and s 1 be a given real number. A mapping

40
d: is said to be cone b-metric if and ony if, for all x, y, z X, the following

conditions are satisfied:

(i) d(x,y) = if and only if x = y and d(x,y) if x y for all x, y X;

(ii) d(x,y) = d(y,x) for all x, y X;

(iii) d(x, y) ≤ s[d(x, z) + d(z, y)] for all x, y, z X.

The pair (X,d) is called a cone b-metric space.

Definition 4.5: Let (X, d) be a cone metric space. If for any sequence {xn} in X, there is a

subsequence { } of {xn} such that { } is convergent in X. Then X is called a sequentially

compact cone metric space.

Definition 4.6[2]: Let (X, d) be a cone metric space, P be a normal cone with normal constant K

and let T : X → X. Then:

(i) T is said to be continuous if limn→∞ xn = x, implies that limn→∞ if , =

Tx , for every {xn} in X;

(ii) T is said to be sequentially convergent, if we have, for every sequence {yn}, if T

{yn} is convergent, then {yn} also is convergent.

(iii) T is said to be subsequentially convergent, if we have, for every sequence

{yn} , if {yn} is convergent, then {yn} also is convergent.

Lemma 4: If (X, d) be a sequence compact cone metric space, then every function T : X → X is

sub sequentially convergent and every continuous function T : X → X is sequentially

convergent.

41
 Lemma 5: Let (X, d) be a cone 2-metric space, P be a normal cone with normal constant K. Let

{xn } be a sequence in X. Then {xn} is a Cauchy sequence if and only if

d(xn, xm, a) → 0, as (n, m) → ∞, for all a X.

Definition 4.7: Let X be a nonempty set and s ≥ 1 be a given real number.

A function d : X × X → E is said to be a cone b-metric if the following conditions hold:

(C1) θ d(x, y) for all x, y X and d(x, y) = θ if and only if x = y;

(C2) d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y X;

(C3) d(x, z) s[d(x, y) + d(y, z)] for all x, y, z X.

The pair (X, d) is then called a cone b-metric space.

Suppose that (X, ) be a complete cone metric space. P be a normal cone with normal constant k.

We say that the self map T on X satisfies the condition (L) when Q satisfy the condition

(Qx,Qy) k{ (x,Qx) + (y,Qy) + (x,Qy) + (y,Qx)}, x, y X and k [0, ½) … … (L)

Theorem 1: Suppose that (X, ) be a complete cone metric space. P be a normal cone with

normal constant k. We say that the self map T on X satisfies the condition (L) . Then T has a

unique fixed point in X and for any x X iterative sequence * } converges to the fixed point .

Proof: Let x0 ℰ X be an arbitrary point and we define {xn} as

x1=Qx0, x2=Qx1= x0 , … , xn+1= Qnxn = x0, … …

Since P is normal, then we have (xn+1,xn)= (Qxn ,Qxn-1)

42
 ≤k{ (xn,Txn)+ (xn-1,Txn-1)+ (xn,Txn-1)+ (xn-1,Txn)}

≤k{ (xn,xn+1)+ (xn-1,xn)+ (xn,xn)+ (xn-1,xn+1)}

≤k{ (xn,xn+1)+ (xn-1,xn)+ (xn-1,xn)+ (xn,xn+1)}

≤k{ (xn,xn+1)+ (xn-1,xn)+ (xn-1,xn)+ (xn,xn+1)}

⟹ (1-2k) (xn+1,xn) ≤ 2k (xn-1,xn)

⟹ (xn+1,xn) ≤ ( (xn-1,xn)
)

⟹ (xn+1,xn) ≤ (xn-1,xn) where =( )

For n > m, (xn,xm)≤ (xn,xn-1)+ (xn-1,xn-2)+ …+ (xm+1,xm)

≤( + + …+ ) (x1,x0) ≤( ) (x1,x0)

Therefore ‖( )‖≤( )K‖ ( )‖,( since P is normal ) ………………(4.2)

This implies (xn,xm) → 0 as n,m → ∞.

Hence {xn} is a Cauchy sequence. By the completeness of X, there is u X such that

xn→ u as n→∞.

Again since, (u,Qu)≤ (u,Qxn)+ (Qxn,Qu)≤ (u,Qxn)+ (Qu,Qxn)

≤ (u,Qxn)+ k{ (u,Qu)+ (xn,Qxn)+ (u,Qxn)+ (xn,u))

(1-k) (u,Qu)≤ (u,Qxn)+ k{ (xn,Qxn)+ (u,Qxn)+ (xn,u)}

43
⟹ (u,Qu)≤ ( ) [ (u,xn+1)+ k{ (xn,xn+1)+ (u,xn+1)+ (xn,u)}]

⟹‖ ( )‖≤ ( )[ ‖ ( )‖+k{‖ ( )‖+‖ ( )‖+‖ ( )‖}]

Since xn= u, then xn+1= u .

Therefore ‖ ( )‖≤( )[ ‖ ( )‖+k{‖ ( )‖+‖ ( )‖+ ‖ ( )‖} ]

⟹‖ ( )‖ = 0.This implies Qu=u. So u is a fixed point of Q.

Let (X,d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient s 1.

Suppose the mapping T : X→ X satisfying the following condition

( ) ( )
d(Tx,Ty)≤ a1 d(x,y) + a2 d(x,Tx) + a3 d(y,Ty)+ a4{ + (1+d(x,y)) ...(M)
( )

for all x,y X and with [0,1), is a constant and (a1+a2+a3)<1.

Theorem 2: Let (X,d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient s 1

Suppose themapping T : X→ X satisfying the condition (M).Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Furthermore, for any x X, the iterative sequence * } converges to the fixed point.

Proof: Let x0 X be an arbitrary point and we define a construct sequence {xn} by using

iterative method, where xn = Txn-1, n 1, i.e., x1=Tx0, x2=Tx1= x0 , …, xn+1= Txn = x0.

Now by the equation (M), we get

d(xn+1,xn)= d(Txn,Txn-1)

44
 ( ) ( )
≤ a1 d(xn,xn-1) + a2 d(xn,Txn) + a3 d(xn-1,Txn-1)+ a4{ + (1+d(xn,xn-1) )
( )

( ) ( )
≤ a1 d(xn,xn-1) + a2 d(xn,xn+1) + a3 d(xn-1,xn)+ a4{ ( ))
+ (1+d(xn,xn-1)
(

≤ a1 d(xn,xn-1) + a2 d(xn,xn+1) + a3 d(xn-1,xn)

i.e., (1 – a2 ) d(xn+1,xn) ≤ a1 d(xn,xn-1) + a3 d(xn,xn-1)

i.e., d(xn+1,xn) ≤ ( [a1 d(xn,xn-1) + a3 d(xn,xn-1)]

)

( )
i.e., d(xn+1,xn) ≤ d(xn,xn-1)
( )

( )
Let = , (a1+a2+a3) <1; 0< <1 then
( )

i.e., d(xn+1,xn) ≤ d(xn,xn-1)

Now by induction method, we have

2 3 n-1
d(xn+1,xn) ≤ d(xn,xn-1) ≤ d(xn-1,xn-2)≤ d(xn-2,xn-3) ≤ … ≤ d(x1,x0).

For any m 1, p 1, it follows that

d(xm+p,xm) ≤ s[d(xm+p,xm+p-1) + d(xm+p-1,xm) ]

= sd(xm+p,xm+p-1) + sd(xm+p-1,xm)

≤ sd(xm+p,xm+p-1) + s2 [d(xm+p-1,xm+p-2) + d(xm+p-2,xm) ]

= sd(xm+p,xm+p-1) + s2d(xm+p-1,xm+p-2) + s2d(xm+p-2,xm)

≤ sd(xm+p,xm+p-1) + s2d(xm+p-1,xm+p-2) + s3d(xm+p-2,xm+p-3) + … …+ sp-1d(xm+2,xm+1) + sp-1d(xm+1,xm)

45
 m+p-1
≤s d(x1,x0)+s2 m+p-2
d(x1,x0)+ s3 m+p-3
d(x1,x0) + … … + sp-1 m+1
d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m
d(x1,x0)

m+p-1
= (s +s2 m+p-2
+ s3 m+p-3
+ … … + sp-1 m+1
+ sp-1 m
)d(x1,x0)

,( ) -
= d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m
d(x1,x0)

≤ d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m
d(x1,x0).
( )

Let c be given and observe that ( )

d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m
d(x1,x0)

Now by lemma 4, we find m0 N such that

d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m
d(x1,x0) c, for each m > m0 . ………………(4.4)
( )

Thus, d(xm+p,xm) ≤ d(x1,x0) + sp-1 m

d(x1,x0) c, for each m > m0 , for any p.
( )

So, by using lemma 3, we obtain that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in (X,d).

Again, since (X,d) is a cone b-metric space, then there exists ℰ X such that xn .

take n0 N such that d(xn, ) for all n> n0. Hence

( )

d(T ) s[d(T ) + d( )] s[ d( ) + d( )- ,

for each n>n0. Then, by lemma 4, we deduced that d(T ) i.e., T .

That is, is a fixed point of T.

Uniqueness: Now we show that the fixed point is unique. If there is another fixed point

, by the given condition (M) and lemma 4 we have

46
d(T ) = d(T ) d( ).

By Lemma 4, we have . The proof is completed.

Corollary 4.1: Let (X,d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient s 1.

Suppose the mapping T : X→ X satisfying the following condition

d(Tx,Ty)≤ a1 d(x,y) + a2 d(x,Tx) + a3 d(y,Ty)+ a4d(x,Ty) (1+d(x,y)) ……….…(4.4)

for all x,y ℰ X and with ℰ [0,1), is a constant and (a1+a2+a3) <1.

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Proof: We prove the corollary 4.1 in the same way of the theorem 2.

In Chapter 5: Suppose, (X, u) be a complete Hausdroff uniform Space. We define { di: i I}=P*

and (2X, u*) a hyperspace. Let, P: X→2X be a continuous mapping and Px compact for each x in

X. Assume that Hi(Px,Py)≤ K(Qi(x,y)) ,for i I and x,y X, where Qi(x,y)= max{ di(x,y), di(x,Px),

di(y,Py)}+{ di(x,Py).di(y,Px)}, ….….(N)

Theorem 1: If P satisfy (N) and K:[0,1]→[0,1), K(0)=0 and K(t)≤t, for all t [0,1) and K is a non

decreasing. Then, there exists a v in X with ∑ (di (x0,Px0))<∞. Here K is not assumed to be

continuous and Kn(t)= K(Kn-1(t)), Then P has a unique fixed point.

Proof is given in the main part.

We say that the mapping T satisfies the condition (P) when

47
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Hi(Tx,Ty)r.d(y,Tx) + min {di(x,Tx).di(y,Ty)r-1,di(y,Ty)r} min{ , }
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
+{ i(x,Tx) + di(x,y)}.{ +di(y,Ty)+ .di(y,Tx).{ } for all i and x,y X,
( ) ( )

where r 1 is an integer, are real numbers such that 0<( )<1….(P)

Theorem 2 : Let (X,U) be an F-orbitally complete Hausdroff uniform space defined by {di: i

I}=p* and ( , ) a hyperspace and let T:X 2X be a continuous mapping with Tx compact for

each x in X. Suppose T satisfies the condition (P) then T has a unique fixed point .

Proof is given in the main part.

In chapter 6: The concept of a metric space is a very important tool in many scientific fields and

particularly in the fixed point theory.

In recent years, this concept has been generalized in several directions and many notions of a

metric-type space was introduced (b-metric, 2-metric space, generalized metric space, quasi-

metric space, symmetric space etc.)

In 2015, Jleli and Samet [70] introduced a very interesting concept of a generalized metric space,

which covers different well-known metric structures including classical metric spaces, b-metric

spaces, dislocated metric spaces, modular spaces, and so on.

In the field of metric space, there have been a number of generalization. One such generalization

is 2-metric space was initiated by Gahler[52,53]. Geometrically in plane 2-metric function

abstracts the properties of the area function for Euclidean triangle just as a metric unction

abstracts the length function for Euclidean segment. After the introduction of concept of 2-metric

space, many authors establish an analogue of Banach‟s contraction principle in 2-metric space.
48
Iseki [65,66] for the first time developed fixed point theorem in 2-metric space. Since then a

quite number of authors establishes fixed point theorems. In1922 Banach [18] established well

known result called „Banach contraction principle‟ in complete metric spaces. Many authors

generalized this result but this theory had given twist by Kannan [81] introducing the new class

of contraction mappings and proved the fixed point theorem in a complete metric spaces or

which the continuity of self-maps is not required.

In 2000, the concept of a generalized metric space introduced by Branciari [20], where the

triangular inequality of a metric space has been replaced by a more general inequality involving

four points instead of three. As such, any metric space is a generalized metric space but the

converse is not true [20]. He presented the well- known Banach‟s fixed point theorem in such a

space. Recently a further generalization of that result has been obtained in B. K. Lahiri, and

Pratulananda Das [87]. In this chapter first we have proved fixed point theorem on generalized

metric space. In second section introduction for an integral type of the Banach contraction

principle.

In literature, the basic fixed point theorem is Banach contraction principle which asserts that if M

is a complete metric space and T: M → M is a contraction mapping. That is there exists k [0,1)

such that for all Then T has unique fixed point. In 2000 A. Brainciari [20] introduced generalized

metric space as follows:

Definition 6.1: Let M be a non-empty set. A metric space is an ordered pair (M, d) and d is a

metric on M, that is, a function d : M × M → R+ such that for any x, y and z in X

i) d(x, y) > 0 (non − negativity),

ii) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y (identity of indiscernibles),

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 iii) d(x, y) = d(y, x) (symmetry),

iv) d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y) (triangle inequality).

Then d is called a generalized metric and (M, d) is called a generalized metric space. It is note

that every metric space is a generalized metric space. But converse is not true. It is also

illustrated with an example by A. Azam and M. Arshad with an example in [13].

Definition 6.2. Let (X, d) be a metric space. The map T : X → X is said to be Lipschitzian

mapping if there exists a constant k > 0 (called Lipschitz constant) such that d(T x, T y) ≤ kd(x,

y) for all x, y X. A Lipschitzian mapping with a Lipschitz constant k less than 1, i.e. 0 < k < 1,

is called contraction.

Theorem 6.3.(Banach’s Contraction Principle): Let T be a mapping from a complete metric

space (X, d) into itself satisfying d(T x, T y) ≤ c d(x, y), x, y X, where c (0, 1) is a

constant. Then T has a unique fixed point x0 X such that = x0 for each x X.

Theorem 6.4.(Kannan’s fixed point theorem): Let T : X → X where (X, ρ) is a complete

metric space and T satisfied the condition ρ(T x, T y) ≤ β[ρ(x, T x) + ρ(y, T y)], where 0 < β <

1/2 and x, y X. Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Definition 6.5. [29]: Let X be a set and d : M × M → R + a mapping such that for all x, y X

and for all distinct points z, w X each of them different from x and y one has

(i) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y,

(ii) d(x, y) = d(y, x),

(iii) d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, w) + d(w, y), for all x, y M and for all distinct points w, z

M − {x, y} [Rectangular property].

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then (M, d) is a generalized metric space ( or shortly g.m.s.). It is note that every metric space is

a generalized metric space. But converseis not true. It is also illustrated with an example by A.

Azam and M. Arshad with an example in [13].

Definition 6.6: Let (M,d) be a generalized metric space. Let {xn} be a sequence in M and x M.

If for there is an N0 N such that d(xn, x) < for all n > n0 , then {xn} is said to be

convergent, {xn} converges to x and x is the limit of {xn} . We denote this by

also illustrated with an example by A. Azam and M. Arshad with an example in [2].

Definition 6.7: A sequence {xn} is said to be Cauchy sequence if for every there is an n0

N such that d(xn, xn+m ) < for all n > n0 for all , then {xn} is called a Cauchy sequence in M.

Definition 6.8: Let (M,d) be a generalized metric space. If every Cauchy sequence in M is

convergent in M, then M is called a complete generalized metric space.

Remark that d(an,y ) d(a,y) and d(x, an) d( x,a) whenever {an} is asequence in M with

{an} .

Theorem 6.1[ kannan ]: Let (M, d) be a complete generalized metric space and the mapping

T: M → M satisfies the following inequality

d(Tx,Ty) [ d(x,Tx) + d(y,Ty) ]

for all x, y M and [0, 1), then T has a unique fixed point.

Theorem 6.2[Chatterjea ]: In 1972 , Chatterjea[25] obtained a similar result by considering a

constant [0, ) and a mapping T: M → M such that

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d(Tx,Ty) [d(x,Ty) + d(y,Tx)], for all x, , y M

Then T has a unique fixed point.

we construct (X, ) as a generalized metric space and as P: X X and P also satisfy

the condition

(Pu,Pv)≤ max{ (u,v), (u,Pu), (v,Pv)}, where [0,1) and for all u,v X

.… … … ...(Q)

Theorem 1: Let, P be a self-map of a generalized matric space (X,d). P satisfy the

condition (Q). Then P has a unique fixed point in X.

Proof: Let x0 be any point in X, and P: X→X, so there exists a point x1 in X such that x1= Px0

and similarly if we proceed then we will get, xn+1=Pxn … … …(6.1)

Now, (xn,xn+1) = (Pxn-1,Pxn) ≤ k max { (xn-1,xn), (xn-1,Pxn-1), (xn,Pxn)}; (by(Q))

= k max { (xn-1,xn), (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)};

=k max { (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)}; … …(6.2)

If possible let, max{ (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)}= (xn,xn+1)

Then from (6.2) we get, (xn,xn+1) ≤k (xn,xn+1), (where 0≤ k <1) < (xn,xn+1)

Which is a contradiction.

So, max{ (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)}= (xn-1,xn)

Then from (6.2) we get, (xn,xn+1) ≤k (xn-1,xn)

So, (xn,xn+1)≤ k (xn-1,xn)≤ k2 (xn-2,xn-1)≤…≤kn (x0,x1);…………(6.3)

Now, taking on both sides of the above inequality we get,

(xn,xn+1) =0 as 0≤ k <1.……………….(6.4)

It can be easily shown that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in generalized metric space (X, ).

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i.e., there exists a point z in X such that xn=z. ………..(6.5)

Now, (z, Pz) ≤ (z,Pxn) + (Pxn, Pxn+1)+ (Pxn+1, Pz);

≤ (z,xn+1) + k max{ (xn, xn+1), (xn,Pxn), (xn+1, xn+1)} + k max { (xn+1,z), (xn+1,Pxn+1),

(z,Pz)}; ( by (Q)) where 0≤ k <1

Taking on both sides of the above inequality we get,

(z,Pz) ≤ (z,z) + k max{ (z,z), (z,z), (z,z)} + k max{ (z,z), (z,z), (z,Tz)}; ( by(6.5))

= 0+ k max{0,0,0} +k max {0,0,d(z,Pz)};

Or, (1-k) (z,Pz) ≤ 0

i.e., (z,Pz) ≤ 0 as 0≤ k <1

So, Pz=z i.e., z is a fixed point of P. … … (6.6)

Now, we have to prove z is unique.

If possible let, w(≠z) is also a fixed point of P, i.e., Pw=w.………..(6.7)

Now, (z,w)= (Pz,Pw) ≤k max { (z,w), (z,Pz), d(w,Pw)}; (by(Q))

= k max{ (z,w), (z,z), (w,w)}; (by(6.6) and (6.7))

= k max{ (z,w), 0,0} = k (z,w)

Or, (1-k) (z,w) ≤ 0

i.e., (z,w) ≤ 0 as 0≤ k <1

So, (z,w)=0 i.e., z=w.

So, the fixed point z of P is unique.

We say that the two mappings P and Q satisfy the condition (R) whan P,Q : X X

be such that (Pu,Qv)≤ max{ (u,v), d(u,Pu), d(v,Qv), d(v,Pu)}, where [0,1) and

for all u,v X. … …. … …(R)

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Theorem 2. If P and Q are satisfy the condition (R), then P and Q have only one

fixed point in X.

Proof: Let, x0 be any arbitrary point in X.

We construct sequence {xn} as xn=Pxn-1, xn+1=Qxn.

If xn=xn+1, then xn is a common fixed point of P and Q.

So, let xn≠xn+1, for all n.

Now, from the condition (R) we get,

(xn,xn+1)= (Pxn-1, Qxn) ≤ k max { (xn-1, xn) , (xn-1,Pxn-1), (xn,Qxn) , (xn,Pxn-1)}

≤ k max { (xn-1,xn) , (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1) , (xn,xn)}

≤ k max { (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1),0} ………(6.8)

If possible let, max{ (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)}= (xn,xn+1)

Then from (6.8) we get, (xn,xn+1) ≤k (xn,xn+1), (where 0≤ k <1) < (xn,xn+1)

Which is a contradiction.

So, max{ (xn-1,xn), (xn,xn+1)}= (xn-1,xn)

Then from (10) we get, (xn,xn+1) ≤k (xn-1,xn)

So, (xn,xn+1)≤ k (xn-1,xn)≤ k2 (xn-2,xn-1)≤…≤kn (x0,x1);…………(6.9)

Now, taking on both sides of the above inequality we get,

(xn,xn+1) =0 as 0≤ k <1.……………….(6.10)

It can be easily shown that { xn} is a Cauchy sequence in generalized metric space (X, ).

i.e., there exists a point z in X such that

xn=z. i.e, Pxn-1= Qxn=z. ………….(6.11)

Now, (z,Pz) ≤ (z,xn+2)+ (xn+2,xn+1)+ (xn+1,Pz)

= (z,z)+ (z,z)+ (Pz, Qxn)

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≤ k max { (z,xn), (z,Pz), (xn,xn+1), d(xn,Pz)}

=k max { 0, (z,Pz), 0, (z,Pz)}

Or, (1-k) (z,Pz)≤ 0

i.e., d(z,Pz)≤ 0 as 0≤ k <1

So, Pz=z i.e., z is a fixed point of P … … (6.12)

Now, from the condition (R) we get,

(z,Qz)= (Pz, Qz) ≤ k max { (z,z) , (z,Pz), d(z,Qz) , d(z,Pz)}

=k max { 0 , 0, (z,Qz) , 0}=k (z,Qz)

Or, (1-k) (z,Qz)≤ 0

i.e., (z,Qz)≤ 0 as 0≤ k <1

So, Qz=z i.e., z is a fixed point of Q … (6.13)

From (6.12) and (6.13) we get, Pz=Qz=z …..(6.14)

i.e., z is a common fixed point of P and Q.

Now, we have to prove that z is a unique common fixed point.

If possible let, there is another common fixed point, say u(≠z).

i.e., Pu=Qu=u. …..(6.15)

Now, from the condition (R) we get, (z,u)= d(Pz, Qu)

≤ k max { (z,u), (z,Pz), (u,Qu) , (u,Pz)}

= k max { (z,u), 0,0, (u,z)}

=k (u,z)

i.e., (1-k) (z,u) ≤ 0

i.e., (z,u)=0 as 0≤ k <1

So, z=u. Therefore, the common fixed point z is unique in (X, ).

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We say that f satisfies the condition (T) when

d(fx,fy) p min { d(x,y), d(x,fx), d(y,fy), d(y,fx) } + q min { d(x,y), d(x,fx), d(y,fy) } for all

x, y S and p, q [0, 1), … … …(T)

Theorem 3 : Let (S, d) be a complete generalized metric space and the mapping f: S S

satisfy the condition (T) , then f has a unique fixed point in S.

Proof: Let x0 be an arbitrary point in S. Let x1 = f(x0).

If x1 = x0 then f(x0) = x0 implies x0 is a fixed point of, which shows we have nothing to prove.

We now assume that x1 x0. Let x2 = f(x1). Define {xn} of points in S as follows;

Xn+1 = f(xn) = fn+1(x0) n = 1, 2, 3, ……..

Using the the condition (T) we have

d(xn,xn+1) = d(fxn-1,fxn)

p min { d(xn-1,xn), d(xn-1,fxn-1), d(xn,fxn), d(xn,fxn-1) }

+ q min { d(xn-1,xn), d(xn-1,fxn-1), d(xn,fxn)}

p min { d(xn-1,xn), d(xn-1,xn), d(xn,xn+1), d(xn,xn) }

+ q min { d(xn-1,xn), d(xn-1,xn), d(xn,xn+1)}

q min { d(xn-1,xn), d(xn-1,xn), d(xn,xn+1)} … … … (6.16)

Case1: If d(xn-1,xn) d(xn,xn+1) then from (6.16) we get

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d(xn,xn+1) q d(xn,xn+1)

i.e., (1-q) d(xn,xn+1) 0 , since q 1, so that d(xn,xn+1) =0

which is a contradiction.

Case2: whend(xn-1,xn) d(xn,xn+1) then from we have

d(xn,xn+1) q d(xn-1,xn), where q [0,1)

Now we suppose that x0 is not a periodic point. Infact if xn = x0 then

d(x0,fx0) = d(xn,fxn) = d(fnx0,fn+1x0) q d(fn-1x0,fnx0)

q2 d(fn-2x0,fn-1x0) …………….

qn d(x0,fx0)

i.e., (1-qn) d(x0,fx0) 0.

Which shows that x0 is a fixed point of f.

In this way, we can assume that xn x0. i.e., fnx0 x0 n = 1, 2, 3, ….

Now from the inequality we have

d(xn,xn+m) = d(fnx0,fn+mx0)

p min { d(fn-1x0,fn+m-1x0), d(fn-1xn-1,fnx0), d(fn+m-1x0,fn+mx0), d(fn+mx0,fnx0 ) }

+ q min { d(fn-1x0,fn+m-1x0), d(fn-1xn-1,fnx0), d(fn+m-1x0,fn+mx0)}

p min { qn-1 d(x0,fmx0), qn-1 d(x0,fx0), qn+m-1 d(x0,fx0), qn d(fmx0,x0 ) }

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+ q min { qn-1 d(x0,fmx0), qn-1 d(x0,fx0), qn+m-1 d(x0,fx0) }

Now if we take n then we get d(xn,xn+m) i.e., {xn} is a Cauchy sequence.

Again since S is a Complete generalized metric space, then there exists a z S such

that xn z. Now by rectangular property we have

d( fz,z) d(fz,fnx0) + d(fnx0,fn+1x0) + d(fn+1x0,z)

p min { d(z,fn-1x0), d(z,fz), d(fn-1x0,fnx0), d(fn-1x0,fz ) }

+ q min { d(z,fn-1x0), d(z,fz), d(fn-1x0,fnx0)} + qn d(x0,fx0) + d(fn+1x0,z)

Also if we take n then d(fz,z) i.e., z = fz.

For the uniqueness , we assume that there exists another fixed point w in S such

tha w = fw.

Now, d(z,w) = d(fz,fw)

p min { d(z,w), d(z,fz), d(w,fw), d(w,fz) } + q min { d(z,w), d(z,fz), d(w,fw)}

p min { d(z,w), d(z,z), d(w,w), d(w,z) } + q min { d(z,w), d(z,z), d(w,w)}

i.e., d(z,w) = 0.

Hence z = w. Therefore f has a unique fixed point in S.

The discussion about the other theorems is given in the main part of chapters. The research

scholar is thankful to the authors of various books and journals which were consulted during the

preparation of the thesis.

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