The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia Ministry Of Communications Highway Design Manual Volume 2 Book 1 of 2 Design of Roadways This is the second of four volumes comprising the Highway Design Manual This manual is one of a series of manuals covering high- way design and construction, construction materials, highway and bridge maintenance, surveying and map- ping, and uniform traffic control devices, prepared in cooperative effort by the Ministry of Communications of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Federal Highway Administration of the United States of America.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Communications Highway Design Manual Volume 2, Book 1 Design of Roadways Table of Contents Part 1—Design of Roadways Glossary Section 1.01 General Section 1.02 Design Speed A. B, Selection 1. Speed 2. Running Speed 3. Design Speed Design Speed Standards Section 1.03 Highway Capacity and Level of Service moo A. Design Elements Multilane Rural Highways ‘Two-Lane Highways Expressways Expressway Ramps and Weaving Sections Streets and Intersections Section 1,04 Access Control A General 1, Full Control of Access 2. Partial Control of Access 3. Approach Road and Driveway Controls B. Warrants for Access Control oo E Delineation on the Plans Design Criteria 1. Expressways 2. Multilane Arterials, Multilane Collectors, and Two-Lane Two-Way Collectors and Arterials with Design Year ADT Greater than 2,500 a. Access Opening b. Design Criteria to be Observed ©. Access Opening Width 3. Two-Lane, Two-Way Collector Highways with Design Year ADT Less than 2,500 and Local Highways 4. Frontage Roads Protection of Access Rights Section 1.05 Geometric and Structure Standards A B, Sight Distance General Stopping Sight Distance Passing Sight Distance Sight Distance Standards Measurement of Sight Distance Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curves Stopping Sight Distance for Sag Vertical Curves Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves Sight Distance Through Underpasses Superelevation 1. Basic Criteria 2. Superelevation Rates 3. Axis of Rotation Sea aweepe 120 121 122 133, 133 133 133 133 133 134 134 134 135, 135, 138 138 138, B9Superelevation Development Superelevation of Broken Back Curves ‘Superelevation of Reverse Curves Superelevation Charts Superelevation of Shoulders lorizontal Alignment General Controis Standards for Curvature Alignment Consistency Alignment at Bridges Alignment at Intersections and Interchanges Passing Transition Curves Horizontal Curve Elements PI DVEYNE REI AE . Curve Widening 1. General 2. Application Vertical Alignment 1. General Controls 2. Grade Standards 3. Position with Respect to Cross Section 4. Vertical Curves 5. Heavy Grades 6. Critical Length of Grade and Climbing Lanes 7. Separate Grade Lines 8. Grade Line at Structures Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignments 1. General 2. Design Controls Frontage Roads 1. Funetion a. Control of Access b. Segregation of Traffic ©. Service to Local Traffic d. Highway Maintenance and Operations Location Outer Separation Terminals Fraveled Way Transitions General ‘Two-Lane to Four-Lane Transition Median Width Transitions Auxiliary Lane Transitions Temporary Connections Airway-Highway Clearances 1. General 2. Clearances a. Civil Airports b. Heliports ©. Military Airports Bridges and Grade Separation Structures 1. Width 2. Cross Slope - RYN EROS . Pedestrian Facilities 1. Sidewalks 2. Sidewalk Widths 3. Pedestrian Grade Separations 4. Pedestrian Overpasses 5. Pedestrian Underpasses Curbs and Gutters 1. General 152 152 153 153 153 153 153 153, 153, 153 153, 154 154 154 154 154 154 157 137 157 137 157 157 161 161 161 161 161 161 162 162 162 162 162‘Types and Uses Position of Curbs Curb Transitions Gutter Cross Slopes vren Section 1.06 Geometric Cross Section A. Travel Lane Standards 1. Widths 2. Cross Slope B. Auxiliary Lane Standards 1. Parking Lanes 2. Climbing Lanes 3. Turning Lanes 4. Frontage Roads C. Shoulder Standards 1. General 2. Widths 3. Cross Slopes Side Ditches Sideslopes ‘Median Standards 1. General 2. Median Widths Cross Sections Structure Clearances mmo ZO Section 1.07 Grade Intersections General Intersection Types Establishing Intersection Traffic Control Data for Intersection Design Intersection Maneuvers and Conflicts Design Vehicles Intersection Design Elements Crossing Sight Distance Stopping Sight Distance Vertical Alignment Intersection Angles Intersection Radii Separate Right- and Left-Turning Lanes Channelization Superelevation Bus Bays 10. Spacing of Intersections H. Intersection Connections to Roadside Development I. Railroad Grade Crossings ammoasp Section 1.08 Interchanges A. Concepts and Warrants 1. Introduction 2. Warrants B. Basic Design Features 1. General 2. Spacing 3. Design Principles C. Interchange Types 1. General 2. Patterns or Types D. Design Procedures 1. Basic Data for Design 2. Preliminary Design 3. Determination of Preferred Plan 162 163, 163 163 165 165 165, 165 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 167 168 168 168 169 169 170 170 1B 175 175 175 176 77 177 179 182 182 183 183 185 186 188, 191 193 193 193, 202 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 212 213 213 213E. Design Standards General Design Speed (Ramps) Sight Distance Ramp Grades and Profile Ramp Terminals Superelevation and Cross Slope Ramp Width (Pavement, Shoulder, Lateral Clearance) Section 1.09 Structural Design of Flexible Pavements A. General 1. Policy and Scope 2. Minimum Structural Thickness 3. Design Responsibility Pavement Thickness Determination Traffic Analysis, Soil Considerations Base Course Thickness Requirements Use of Alternative Materials Cost Comparison of Acceptable Alternatives Pavement Structure Selection Section 1.10 Hydraulic Design ‘A. General B. E. Culvert Design 1, Introduction 2. Design Considerations a. Design Discharge b. Headwater c. Tailwater d. Outlet Velocity 3. Culvert Flow a. Inlet Control b. Outlet Contro! 4, Performance Curves 5. Procedure for Selection of Culvert Size 6. Protection a, Debris Control b. Buoyancy 7. Sedimentation Open Channels 1. Introduction 2. Criteria a. Roadside and Median Ditches b. Drainage Channels c. Wadi Modification Hydraulics of Open Channels Types of Flow Open Channel Equations Analysis of Open Channel Flow Channel Stabilization ridge Waterways General Design Criteria Hydrologic Analysis Bridge Versus Culvert Hydraulic Analysis, Design Documentation Low Water Crossings 1. General 2. Design Criteria 3. Irish Crossings Ovee rr pae gE Page 213 213 213 213 214 216 220 220 223 223 223 223 223 223 223 227 228 232 234 234 237 237 237 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 238 239 239 242 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 254 255 257 257 257 237 258 258 258 270 270 270 21 anPage 4. Vented Irish Crossings 21 F. Stable Channel Design 271 1. Introduction 271 2. Design Considerations m 3. Flexible Lining Design 274 4. Rock Riprap 278 5. Conerete-Lined Channels 28 6. Energy Dissipation 279 a. Natural Scour Hole 280 b. Rigid Boundary Basin 282 ¢. St. Anthony Falls Basin 290 d. Impact Basin 293 e. Riprap Basin 300 G. Storm Sewer Design 303 1. General 303 2. Design Criteria 303 a, Rainfall Frequency and Time of Concentration 303 b. Runoff Curves 303 c. Runoff 303 d, Drainage Area Limitation 303 e. Pipe Roughness Coefficients 303 f Maximum and Minimum Grades for Pipes 303 g. Minimum Pipe Sizes 303 fh. Maximum Length of Pipe 303 i, Minimum Clearance 303 j- Location of Manholes 303 k. Location of Trunk Sewers 303 1 Inlet Types 303 m. Location of Inlets 303 1n. Efficiency of Inlets 303 ©. Width of Flow 303 3. Design Procedure 303 a. Inlet Type Design 303 b. Storm Sewer Di 304 Book 2 Section 1.11 Highway Lighting 307 ‘A. General 307 B. Warrants 307 1. Lighting 307 2. Applications 307 ©: Design Vales 307 Highways 307 2 Other Facilities 307 a. Urban Intersections 307 b. Rural Intersections 307 c. Overhead Signs 307 d. Rest Areas 309 e. Tunnels 309 £ Underpasses 310 g. Bridges 310 D. Lamps and Luminaires 310 1. Lamps 310 2. Luminaires 311 E. Location of Light Poles 311 1. Reduced Number of Poles 311 2. Increased Pole Offset 311 3. Location Relative to Clear Zone and Alignment 3iL 4. Frangible and Slip Bases 3 5. Conflicts with Traffic Control 312Section 1.12 Traffic Control Plans A B. i General Development of TCP Contents of the TCP 1. Layout Plan Sheets 2. Traffic Control Signals 3. Railroad Crossing Signals Section 1.13 Control of Traffic Through Construction A. B. General Applications of Plans (CTCP’s) 1. Projects Closed to Traffic 2. Projects where Traffic is to be Maintained Preparation of Plans 1. General 2. Development 3. Content Special Drawings Detours Sequence of Construction Standard Drawings Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices General and Special Specifications 4. Contract Payment Section 1.14 Roadside Development A. y oa Roadside Enhancement General 1 2. Route Selection 3. Roadway and Slope Design 4. Interchanges 5. Rest Areas, Overlooks, and Parking Areas a. General b. Spacing of Rest Areas ¢. Lands Required for Rest Areas and Parking ._ Design Criteria for Rest Areas and Parking Areas 6. Soil Stabilization a. General b. Alternate Soil Stabilization Measures 7. Landscaping a. General b. Plant Selection . Landscape Plans and Working Drawings loise Control General Definitions Basic Noise Considerations Design Noise Levels Analysis of Traffic Noise Impacts and Abatement Measures Traffic Volumes and Speeds for Predicting Noise Levels, Mathematical Calculation of Leg!” Addition of Decibels Adjustment Inspection and Weight Stations smergency Escape Ramps for Runaway Trucks General ‘Types of Ramps a. Gravity Ramp b. Arrestor Bed ¢. Combination Arrestor Bed and Gravity Ramp . Ramp Type Selection Criteria 3. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in Motion peer aubENe ge veg Page 313 313 313 313 313 314 314 315 315 315 315 315 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 319 319 319 319) 319) 319 320 320 320 320 324 324 324 325 325 325 325 326 326 326 326 327 328 329 329 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 332 332 332 332Inertial Resistance Rolling Resistance Gradient Resistance Air Resistance 4, Computation of Ramp Length Site Selection 6. Design Criteria Design Speed Alignment Width Gradient Entrance Geometries Arrestor Bed Service Road and Hold-Down Anchors Safety Devices Arrestor Bed Materials Signing Delineation Lighting zemp ee ge aoge Section 1.15 Traffic Barriers A. B. ic! E. General Clear Roadside Zone Hazards 1. Embankments 2. Ditches 3. Roadside Obstacles 4. Median Hazard Evaluating a Need for Traffic Barriers 1, Eliminate Hazard 2. Needs for Traffic Barriers a. Roadside b. Median’ c. Gore Areas ‘Types and Design of Barriers Roadside Barriers a. Types b. Length Determination c. Transition Section d. Barrier Terminals e. Placement 2. Median Barrier a. Median Barrier Types b. Median Barrier Length cc. Median Barriers Terminals 3. Crash Cushions Section 1.16 Sand Dune Control A B. General Sand Movement and Deposition 1. Suspension 2. Saltation 3. Creep 4. Gravitational Sliding Location 1. Roadway Location 2. Interchanges and Intersections Design Elements 1. Cross Section 2. Roadside Appurtences 3. Other Design Considerations Dune Stabilization Page 332, 333 333 333 333 333 334 334 334 334, 334 335 335 335 335 335 336 336 336 337 337 337 338 338 339) 339 339 342 342 342 342 343 345 345Page F, Dune Destruction 367 Section 1.17 Tunnel Design 369 A. Introduction 369 B. Preliminary Design 369 1. General Information 369 a, Land Survey 369 b. Geology 370 cc. Tunnels Already in the Area 370 4d. Climate 370 e. Land Use 370 2. Route Study 370 a. Horizontal Alignment 370 b. Vertical Alignment 370 3. Tunnel Usage 372 a. Highway Type 372 b. Traffic Type 372 4. Portals 372 a. Size 372 b. Approaches 372 c. Drainage/Support 372 5. Environmental 372 a. Utilities 372 b. Effect on Properties 372 6. Objectives 372 C. Geotechnical Investigation 372 1. Investigation 373 2. Stability 374 3. Ground Treatment (Grouting) 374 4. Objectives 374 D. Final Tunnel Design 376 1. Alignments and Grades 376 a. Location 376 b. Geometry 376 c. Engineering 377 2. Factors Affecting Design of Tunnel Cross Section, 378 a. Geometry 378 b. Engineering 378 3. Portals 378 a. Portal Structures 378 b. Ventilation/Lighting 379 4, Tunnel Support Factors and Design 381 a. Geotechnical Considerations 381 b. Support 381 ©. Loads 381 4. Reappraisal of Design During Construction 382 5. Drainage 382 6. Finishes 382 7. Safety Measures 383 a. Emergency Access Tunnels and Cross Passages 383 b. Warning Systems 383 ¢. Smoke Extraction’ 383 d. Fire Fighting Equipment 383 €. Accident Breakdown Services 383 8. Ventilation 383 a. Types of Ventilation 383 b. Design Parameters 383 c. Environmental 383 9. Lighting 384Page Part 2—Right-Of-Way and Utilities 385 Section 2.01 Right-of-Way Policy and Plans 385 A. General 385 B. Policy 385 C. Surveys 385 D. Plans 385 1. Right-of-Way Plans 385 2. Individual Parcel Plan 386 E. Descriptions 386 F. Monumentation 386 Section 2.02 Utility Adjustments 387 ‘A. General 387 B. Utility Data and Plans 387 1. Pipe Lines 387 2. Sewer Lines 387 3. Communications Lines 387 4. Power Lines 387 C. Estimate of Cost 387 Part 3—Plans, Specifications, and Estimates 389 Section 3.01 General 389 ‘A. Purpose 389 B. Definitions 389 1. Plans 389 2. Standard Drawings 389 3. Specifications 389 4. General Specifications 389 5. Supplemental Specifications 389 6. Special Specifications 389 7. Estimate 389 8. Design Report 389 9. Form of Tender 389 10. Contract Time 389 11. Equipment List 389 12. Bill of Quantities 389 ©. Background 389 Seetion 3.02 Plans 391 A. General 391 B. Standard Drawings 391 C. Project Plans 392 1. Title Sheet 392 2. List of Drawings 392 3. Location Maps and Design Data 392 4. Summary Sheets 392 5. Typical Cross Section 393 6. Plan and Profile 393 7. Special Drawings 394 8. Structure Drawings 394 Section 3.03 Specifications 395 ‘A. General 395 B. General Specifications 395 C. Supplemental Specifications 395 D. Special Specifications 395 1. Description 395 2. Materials 395 3. Construction Requirements 395 4. Method of Measurement 395 5. Basis of Payment 395Section 3.04 Estimates Section 3.05 Design Report Section 3.06 Contract Equipment and Contract Time (Contract Period) A. Introduction B. Method 1. Earthwork 2. Subbase, Aggregate Base, and Aggregate Shoulders 3. Bituminous Pavement 4. Concrete and Concrete Structures 5. Crushing and Screening 6. Graphic Schedule of Contract Time 7. Example of Contract Time Calculations for a Specific Project C. Laboratory Equipment D. Resident Engincer’s Office and Accommodation Section 3.07 Final Printing A. Introduction B. Contract Book C. Project Plans D_ Design Report Section 3,08 Instructions for Supplying Documents in Microfiche Form ‘A. Introduction B. Format C. Quality D. Quality Assurance E. Packaging Appendix 3.02-1 Appendix 3.02-2 Appendix 3.06-1 Appendix 3.07-1 Page 397 401 403 403 403 403 405 406 406 407 408 410 410 41 41 411 4i1 411 415 415 415 415 415 416 417 418 425 430List of Figures 1.03.1 1.03.2 1.03.3 1.03.4 1.03.5 1.03.6 1.03.7 1.03.8 1.03.9 1.03.10 1.03.11 1.03.12 1.03.13 1.03.14 1.03.15 1.03.16 1.04.1 1.04.2 1.04.3 1.04.4 1,04,5 1.04.6 1.04.7 1.04.8 1.04.9 1.04.10 1.04.11 1.05.1 1.05.2 1.05.3 1.05.4 1.05.5 1.05.6 1.08.7 1.05.8 1.05.9 1.05.10 1.05.11 1.05.12 1.05.13 1.05.14 1.05.15 1.05.16 Measurement of Available Passing Opportunity Nomograph for Expressway Levels of Service, Service Volumes, and Capacity ‘Average Highway Speed—120 km/h Nomograph for Expressway Levels of Service, Service Volumes and Capacity ‘Average Highway Speed—110 km/h Nomograph for Expressway Levels of Service. Average Highway Speed—100 km/h ‘Nomograph for Expressway Levels of Service, Service Volumes, and Capacity ‘Average Highway Speed—90 km/h Nomograph for Expressway Levels of Service, Service Volumes, and Capacity Average Highway Speed—80 km/h Examples of Typical Weaving Sections Design Chart for Weaving Sections Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections Two-Way Facilities—Average Conditions Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections of One-Way Street—Average Conditions Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections Rural Two-Way Highway— No Parking Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections—Local Bus Factor for Use in Conjunction with Figures 103.9 and 103.10 Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections—Separate Right- and Left-Turn Lanes—No Separate Signal Indication for Turning Movement Design Capacity of Signalized Intersections Separate Right- and Left-Turn Lanes—With Separate Signal Indication for Turning Movements Typical Intersection Capacity Form Intersection with Widened Approaches—Length Requirements Standard Symbols Typical Examples of Access Openings Access Control of Expressway on Location of Existing Road (Existing Highway Converted to a One-Way Frontage Road and New Frontage Road Added) Access Control of Expressway on Location of Existing Road (Existing Parallel Highway Converted to a Two-Way Frontage Road) Access Control of Expressway on New Location (Frontage Road Connection to Land Remainder) Access Control of Expressway on New Location (Frontage Road Connection to Local Road) Access Control of Expressway on New Location (Intermittent Frontage Roads to Connect Intercepted Cross Streets) Access of Control Expressway Passes (Expressway Severs Property Resulting in Land Remainders on Each Side of Highway) Typical Example of a Locked Gate in a Remote Area Typical Examples of Access Control at Interchanges Typical Examples of Access Control at Intersections Horizontal Clearance for Stopping Sight Distance Horizontal Clearance for Passing Sight Distance Development of Superelevation Design Superelevation Rates (€sex. Design Superelevation Rates (esa. Design Superelevation Rates (€vex Design Superelevation Rates (eax Superelevation of Paved Shoulders Circular Curve Elements Transition and Circular Curve Elements Symmetrical Vertical Curves Truck Operation on Ascending and Descending Grades Design of Climbing Lanes Typical Two- to Four-Lane Transition Typical Auxiliary Lane Transitions Airway-Highway Clearance Requirements, Civil Airports vice Volumes, and Capacity 0.06) 0.08) 0.10) 0.12) 88 90 92 94. 96 98 101 102 10 M1 12 3 4 us 116 117 122 123, 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 136 137 141 142 143, 144 145 146 147 147 151 151 152 155 156 1581.05.17 1.05.18 1.06.1 1.06.2 1.06.3, 1.06.4 1.06.5 1.07.1 1.07.2 1.07.3 1.07.4 1.07.5 1.07.6 1.07.7 1.07.8 1.07.8B 1.07.9 107.10 1.07.11 1.07.12 1.07.13, 1.07.14 1.07.15 1.07.16 1.07.17 1,07.18 1.07.19 1.07.20 1.07.21 1.07.22 1.07.23 1.07.24 1.07.28 1,07.26 1.08.43 1.08.4C 1.08.4 1.08.45, 1.08.5 1.08.6 1.08.7 1.08.8 1.08.9 1.08.10 1.08.11 1.08.12 1.08.13 1.08.14 Airway-Highway Clearance Requirements, Heliports Airway-Highway Clearance Requirements, Military Airports Rural Two-Lane Cross Section; Urban Two-Lane, Noncurbed Cross Section Urban Two-Lane Curbed Cross Section Rural Multilane Cross Section; Urban Multilane Noncurbed Cross Section (Half Section) Urban Multilane Curbed Cross Section; Urban Arterial and Collector (Half Section) Special Treatments Basic Intersection Types Types of Maneuvers Types of Conflicts Intersection Conflicts, Design Vehicles, Minimum Vehicle Turning Radius and Turning Path Minimum Vehicle Turning Radius and Turning Path Sight Distance Triangle ‘Acceleration Time (Level Conditions) Cross Street Grade Adjustment Combined Vertical and Horizontal Alignments at Intersections Realignment of Intersections Median Opening Length for Left Turns Minimum Right-Turn Radii at Edge of Traveled Way ‘Turning Lanes on Multilane Divided Highway Introduced Median and Turning Lanes on Multilane Undivided Highway Introduced Median and Left-Turn Lane on Multilane Undivided Highway Left-Turn Lane and Turning Lane on Two-Lane Highway Left-Turn Lane and Turn Lane at Two-Lane “T” Intersection Channelization to Improve Intersection Operations Types of Island Channelization Curbed Directional Islands with No Shoulder Curbed Directional Islands with Outside Shoulder Channelization to Improve Left-Turn Sight Distance Superelevation for Channelized Right-Turn Roadways Development of Superelevation Bus Bays Intersection Channelization at Interchanges and Spacing of Frontage Roads from Interchange Spacing of Frontage Road Terminus from Intersections Public and Commercial Connections Private Connections Simple Diamond Cloverleaf Cloverleaf with Collector Distributor Road Parclo Parclo Parclo Parclo Parclo Trumpet Directional Interchange with Right Hand Exits and Entrances Directional Interchange with Right Hand Exits and Entrances Rotary Sight Distance at Ramp Terminals Expressway Entrance Terminal—Taper Type Expressway Entrance Terminal—Parallel Type Expressway Exit Terminal—Taper Type Expressway Exit Terminal—Parallel Type Distance Between Successive One-Way Ramp Terminals Typical Pavement Section and Pavement Terminology Eight-Ton, Single-Axle Load Equivalency (EAL) Factors 160 161 71 im 172 172 173, 176 17 178 178, 179 180 181 182 183, 183 185, 186 187 189 189 190 190 191 194 195 196 197 198 198 199 201 202 203 204 208 208 209 209 210 210 210 2u1 2u1 212 212 212 214 217 218 218 219 219 223 2251.10.49 1.10.50 Eight-Ton, Single-Axle Load Equivalency (EAL) Factors Asphalt Concrete Base Course Thickness Requirements for Expressways ‘Asphalt Concrete Base Course Thickness Requirements for Roads Other Than Expressways Crushed Aggregate Base Requirements for Expressways Crushed Aggregate Base Requirements for Roads Other Than Expressways Cover Requirements Design and Pavement Structure Selection Inlet Control Outlet Control Hydraulic Performance Curves (10 m 1.0 m Box Culvert with 35¢ Wingwalls) Headwater Computation Form Headwater Computation Form—Example Headwater Depth for Box Culverts with Inlet Control Headwater Depth for Inlet Control (Rectangular Box Culverts 100° Headwall) Headwater Depth for Concrete Pipe Culverts with Inlet Control Headwater Depth for Circular Pipe Culverts with Beveled Ring Inlet Control Head for Conerete Box Culverts Flowing Full, “n" = 0.012 Head for Concrete Pipe Culverts Flowing Full, “n” = 0.012 Critical Depth Rectangular Section Critical Depth Circular Pipe Specific Energy Diagram Hydraulic Subdivision of Flood Plain Stage-Discharge Curve Flow Distribution Diagram Normal Crossings: Spill-Through Abutments Backwater Coefficient Base Curves (Subcritical Flow) Incremental Backwater Coefficient for Piers Incremental Backwater Coefficient for Eccentricity Incremental Backwater Coefficient for Skew Aid for Estimating <, Distance to Maximum Backwater ‘Common Pier Shapes Spur Dike Length Plan and Cross Section of Spur Dike Irish Crossing Vented Irish Crossing Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow (4 max) for Unlined Channels Flow Velocity for Unlined Channels Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow for Channels Lined with Rock Riprap Flow Velocity for Channels Lined with Rock Riprap Drainage Channel Lining Design Form Capacity of Trapezoidal Channel Dimensionless Scour Hole Geometry for Minimum Tailwater Dimensionless Scour Hole Geometry for Maximum Tailwater Design Values for Roughness Element Dissipators Average Velocity for Abrupt Expansion Below Rectangular Outlet Average Velocity for Abrupt Expansion Below Circular Outlet Average Depth for Abrupt Expansion Below Rectangular Culvert Outlet Average Depth for Abrupt Expansion Below Circular Culvert Outlet Energy and Momentum Coefficients Rigid Boundary Basin SAF Stilling Basin Definition Sketch Basin Transition F; vs. Yo/r for Transition Example Problem Sketch Baffle Wall Energy Dissipator Design Curve—Baffle Wall Dissipator Energy Loss, Impact Basin, Hydraulic Jump 226 29 230 231 231 232 235 238 239 239 241 243 245 246 247 248, 249 250 254 255 256 257 261 262 263 264 265 266 266 267 268 269 2 211 273 214 215 276 27 219 280 281 285 286 287 288 289 290 293 294 294 295 297 298 2991.10.81 1.10.52 1.10.53 1.10.54 114.1 1.14.2 1.14.3 1144 1.14.3 114.6 1.14.7 1.14.8 114.9 1:14.10 144.11 1:14.12 1.15.1 1.15.2 1153 1.15.4 1.15.5 1.15.6 1.15.7 1.15.8 1.15.9 Relative Depth of Scour Hole Versus Froude Number at Brink of Culvert with Relative Size of Riprap as a Third Variable Details of Riprapped Culvert Energy Basin Plan Layout of Storm Sewer Network Showing Branch Numbers Storm Sewer Design Computations Form Typical Rest Area Design Typical Major Rest Area Design Typical Rest Area Design at Remote Rural Interchange Rest Area in Wide Median Typical Scenic Overlook Design Parking Area (Divided Highway) Emergency Parking Area (Two-Way Road) Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Nomograph Basic Types of Emergency Escape Ramps Forces Acting on Vehicle in Motion ‘Typical Emergency Escape Ramp Wrecker Hold-Down Anchor Clear Zone Embankment Hazard Guide Safe Ditch Cross Section Safe Ditch Cross Section Safe Ditch Cross Section Safe Median Width Bridge Approach Barrier Warrants Location of Barriers in Median Approach Barrier Layout Variables 1.15.10A Barrier Lengths L, = 2.5m 1,15.10B Barrier Lengths 1.15.10C Barrier Lengths L, 113.11 1.15.12 1.15.13 1.15.14 1.15.15 1.15.16 1.15.17 1.15.18 1.15.19 1.15.20 1.15.21 1.15.22 1.15.23 1.15.24 1.15.25 1.15.26 1.15.27 1.16.1 1.16.2 1.163 1.164 1.165 1.16.6 1.167 LITA 1.17.2 1.173 Li74 LATS 1.17.6 1177 3.0m 3.5m Additional Barrier for Opposing Traffic Barrier Transition Transition Section Metal Beam Guardrail at Fixed Objects Metal-Beam Guardrail Terminals Terminal Shoe Connections at Bridge Parapets Bridge Parapet Flares Terminating Barrier Into Cut Slope Crashworthy Metal-Beam Guardrail Terminal Embankment Widening for Guardrail Flare or Terminal Flare Guardrail End Treatments at Side Road Connections Lateral Barrier Placement Placement of Barriers on Side Slopes as an Alternative to Placement Along Shoulders Barriers for Median Fixed Object Hazards Shielding Fixed Objects in Median Median Barrier Terminals Changing from Roadside to Median Barriers Crash Cushions Sand Terrains in Arabian Peninsula Path of Sand Grain in Saltation Sand in Saltation Sand Movement is a Function of Partical Size Effect of Wind Speed on Sand Movement Plating Embankments Constructed with Dune Sand Stabilized Dune Acts as a Sand Trap Geotechnical Investigation of Highways Tunnel ‘Typical Tunnel Cross Section Sag Curve Profile Alternative Portal Schemes Principles of Ventilation Systems Typical Structures Required for Semi-Transverse of Fully Transverse Ventilation 301 302 305 306 321 321 322 323 323 324, 324 330 332 332 334 335 338 340 341 341 342 342 343 344 346 348 348, 349 349 350 350 351 351 351 352 352 352 353 353 354 356 357 358, 359 360 361 362 362 362 363 365 366 375 376 377 378 379 380 3813.06.1 3.04.2 3.06.1 3.06.2 3.07.1 3.07.2 3.08.1 3.08.2 3.08.3 3.08.4 Engineer's Estimate for Proposed Construction Engineer's Estimate—Continuation Sheet Graphic Schedule of Contract Time Graphic Schedule of Contract Time Form of Tender Special Specifications and Bill of Qualities, Design Report Microfiche Details of Titling Microjacket ‘Typical Test Chart List of Tables 1.02.1 1.02.2 1.02.3, 1.03.1 1.03.2 1.03.3 1.03.4 1.03.8 1.03.6 1.03.7 1.038 1.03,9 1.03.10 1.03.11 1.03.12 1.03.13 1.03.14 1.03.15 1.03.16 1.03.17 1.03.18 1.03.19 1.05.1 1.05.2 1.05.3 1.05.4 1.05.5 1.05.6 1.05.7 1.05.8 1.05.9 Relation Between Design Speed and Average Running Speed Design Speed for Rural Highways (km/hr) Design Speed for Urban Highways (km/hr) Level of Service Characteristics by Highway Type Guide for Selection of Design Levels of Service Passenger Car Equivalents of Trucks and/or Buses on Multilane Highways, on Specific Individual Subsections or Grades Levels of Service and Maximum Service Volumes for Multilane Highways, Undivided and/or Without Access Control, Under Uninterrupted Flow Conditions (Normally Representative of Rural Operation) Adjustment Factors for Trucks and Buses on Individual Roadway Subsections or Grades on Multilane Highways Combined Effect of Lane Width and Restricted Lateral Clearance on Capacity and Service Volumes of Undivided’ Multilane Highways with Uninterrupted Flow Combined Effect of Lane Width and Restricted Lateral Clearance on Capacity and Service Volumes of Divided Multilane Highways with Uninterrupted Flow Levels of Service and Maximum Service Volumes for Two-Lane Highways, Under Uninterrupted Flow Conditions (Normally Representative of Rural Operation) Average Generalized Adjustment Factors for Trucks! on Two-Lane Highways, Over Extended Section Lengths Passenger Car Equivalents of Trucks on Two-Lane Highways, on Specific Individual Subsections or Grades Adjustment Factors’, " for Trucks on Individual Roadway Subse or Grades on Two-Lane Highways Incorporating Passenger Car Equivalent and Percentage of Trucks Combined Effect of Lane Width and Restricted Lateral Clearance on Capacity and Service Volumes of Two-Lane Highways with Uninterrupted Flow Effective Passing Opportunity Lane Service Volumes for Weaving Sections Design Capacity of Single Lane Ramp Adjustment Factors for Right Turns on Two-Way Streets!, Right Turns on One-Way Streets’, and Left Turns on One-Way Streets! Adjustment Factors for Left Turns on Two-Way Streets! Truck and Through Bus Adjustment Factors Adjustment Factor (f) for Level of Service Sight Distance Standards Effect of Grade on Stopping Sight Distance Crest Vertical Curve “K” Values Sag Vertical Curve “K” Values for Stopping Sight Distance ‘Maximum Safe Side Friction Factors Minimum Radii for Superelevated Curves Maximum Superelevation Rates Superelevation Runoff Slopes Transition Curve Requirements Page 398 399 408 410 412 413 416 416 416 416 75 1 9 80 81 82 82 83 85 86 86 871.05.10 1.05.11 1.05.12 1.06.1 1.06.2 107.1 1.07.2 1.07.3 1.07.4 1075 1.07.6 1.08.1 1.08.2 1.08.3 1.08.4 1.08.5 1.08.6 1.08.7 1.088 1.09.1 1.09.2 1.09.3, 1.09.4 110.1 1.10.2 1.10.3 110.4 1.10.5 1.10.6 1.10.7 Lind 114. 1.14.2 1.14.3 114.4 1.145 1.14.6 1.15.1 1.15.2 1.15.3, 115.4 1.15.5 LATA 1172 1,173 201.1 Traveled Way Widening for Horizontal Curves Maximum Percent of Gradients Minimum Percent of Gradients for All Design Classes Shoulder Widths (m) Desirable and Maximum Slopes Minimum Stopping Sight Distance for Channelized Right-Turn Roadway Minimum Taper Length Widths of Channelized Right-Turn Roadways Design Values for Rate of Change of Cross Slope for Turning Roadways Maximum Algebraic Difference in Pavement Cross Slope at Turning Roadway Terminals Required Sight Distance for Rural Unsignalized Railway Crossings Values for Ramp Design Speed as Related to Highway Design Speed Stopping Sight Distance for Turning Roadways Minimum Acceleration Lengths for Entrance Terminals with Flat Grades of 2 Percent or Less Ratio of Length of Speed-Change Lanes on Grade to Length on Flat Acceleration or Deceleration Lanes Minimum Deceleration Lengths for Exit Terminals with Flat Grades of 2 Percent or Less Design Rate of Change in Pavement-Edge Elevation for Curves at Intersections Maximum Algebraic Difference in Pavement Cross Slope Design Widths for Ramp Pavements ADT (20) Growth Factors Percentage of Total Truck Traffic in Design Lane Typical* Truck Class and Weight Distributions Pavement Material Equivalencies Entrance Loss Coefficients, Outlet Control, Full or Partly Full Reduction in Scour Depths for Equal Projected Widths of Pier Multiplying Factors for Scour Depths with Skewed Flow Direction Minimum D., for Rock Riprap Slope Protection (Side Slope 2:1) in Meters Minimum Da. for Rock Riprap Slope Protection (Side Slope 3:1) in Meters, Natural Channel Scour Estimate Baffle Wall Dissipator Recommendations for Average Maintained Horizontal Illuminance and Uniformities of Illuminance Design Noise Level/ Activity Relationships Noise Reduction Factors Decibel Addition Table ‘Adjustment for Increased Noise Level of Heavy Trucks Rolling Resistance of Roadway Surfacing Materials Gradations Nontraversible Hazards Fixed Object Hazards Roadside Barriers Design Parameters for Roadside Barrier Layout Types of Median Barriers for Median Widths Between 5m and 9m Geotechnical Geometry Ventilation Right-of-Way Widths (Meters) List of Exhibits 1124 1.12.2 1.12.3 Typical Plan of Traffic Control Devices for Collector and Local Roads Typical Plan for Traffic Control Devices at an Intersection Sheet 1/3:Typical Plan of Traffic Control Devices for Expressways and Arterials 148, 149 149 167 183, 188 192 193 193, 205 213 214 215 216 217 220 220 221 224 224 227 233 251 267 267 270 210 282 300 308 328 328 331 331 333 336 339 339 346 354 371 372 384 385 437 438 4391124 1.12.5 1.12.6 1.12.7 1.12.8 1129 11481 1.14.2 1.143 1144 1.14.5 1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 2.01.1 2.01.2 2.013 3.02.1 3.02.2 3.02.3 3.02.4 3.02.5 3.02.6 3.02.7 3.028 3.02.9 Sheet 2/3: Summary of Quantities Sheet 3/3: Typical Layout of Special Signs Sheet 1/2: Traffic Signal Plan and Sequence of Operation Sheet 2/2: Detail Summary Sheet of Miscellaneous Quantities Traffic Signal Operation (3 sheets) Signalized Intersection (2 sheets) Typical Traffic Signal Supports and Signal Head Attachments Typical Traffic Signal Foundations and Mountings Typical Signal Detector Loops Roadside Development—Rural Environment Highway at Grade Roadside Development—Planting Guide Roadside Development—Soil Stabilization, Erosion Control Saudi Arabian Plant Life (6 Sheets) Roadside Development—Parking Space Design General Sand Fence Layout Sand Fence Details ‘Tamerisk Tree Plantings Typical Fill Section in Sand Dune Areas Typical Cut Sections in Sand Dune Areas Surface Stabilization of Sand Dunes Title Sheet Summary of Ownership Right-of-Way Plan Title Sheet List of Drawings Location Maps and Design Data Summary of Quantities General Summary Culvert Summary Typical Cross Section Pian & Profile Plan & Profile 3.02.10 Photo Mosaic 3.02.11 Landscape Planting Plan 441 442 443 447 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 43 474 415 476 4aq7 478 479 480 481GLOSSARY et tbe Ge AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) = The total yearly traffic volume divided by the number of days in the year. AASHTO - Abbreviation for American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials. Abney Level - A hand-held surveying instrument or clinometer, having an adjustable inclined line of sight. Abney Level Line or Flag Line - An inclined line run in the field with an Abney Level to explore the pos- sible grades available for a high way location, Usually, the line is marked temporarily by tying plas— tic ribbons to stakes, trees, and bushes, hence, the term “flag line.” Abscissa - The distance measure in the "x" or horizontal direction on a graph. Acceleration Lane - A speed change lane to enable a vehicle entering a roadway to increase its speed to merge with through traffic. Access Control - The regulated Lim~ itation of access that is achieved through the regulation of public access rights to and from proper- ties abutting the highway facili- ties. Access Openings - Openings in the right-of-way line that serve abut— ting land ownerships whose re~ maining access rights have been acquired by the MOC, Accuracy - The degree of agreement between a measured value and a true value. Active Pressure on Walls - The horizontal pressure exerted on the back of a retaining wall by earth loads and water, if present. oes WSF gyal beycalt) ADT Taped iS pe Gilet — (Sepet! Tae gtd Sue Ge Lage Kegel thts) ge laskt = AASRTO gt By GA lab Sal wou! eM gh dans gee Hal = peed Hise Je Day a Gl veal) ets yas AN bs gh cleat Hh gee toed ty a Gaye gb de bs Guo Capa! Lats Jatnell taastt ee steees ee erie ae S58) Ce Le ge Bet gt bee Feb gay Shetty lady tS) BS" (loa! gh Rika eke geet giant ees eateesi| st stay vl Be peed Le — aloe Be oe Suse ol ABIAN Sp Sa are Se gd clea lyse tales seb ole UysoL phat! al = Jyhall deae Mischa cee toc es ee eal Tesla ctSiaeal pla galls Ppt Sahat Sa pad por Be gle class — Uysal class GAN SLSLe pty GA Geb! Nel gad hogy Stes Qa WSL steel Jad) pds tae ole ed ger GQ ys BU vaieie Bed Le daiS) = goad) gle glabl baat thal Se Ghar yw gle gull fetG at mere Mr Ors (EO POT)Admixture (Additive) - A substance added to a mixture to impart a spe~ cific characteristic, such as poz~ zolith in concrete, antistripping agents in bituminous mixes, calcium chloride or sodium chloride to clay, ete. ADT (XX) (Average Daily Traffic) - The current or projected average two-way daily traffic for the year 14XX used to define the traffic for that year in the Hegira Calendar. Adverse Grade - On a long, descend ing grade, a short section of as~ cending road and vice versa. Advertisement - The public an- nouncement, inviting Tenders for the Work. Aeolian Deposits - Wind deposited material such as dune sands and loess deposits. Aerial Photography - The pho- tographing of the earth's surface from the air, usually, with special cameras. Aesthetics - A branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and the beauti~ ful and judgments of taste con- cerning them. In highway engi- neering, aesthetic judgments have to do primarily with the highway as a whole and the roadsides, includ~ ing screening out unpleasant views. Aggregates - An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, or other material of mineral compo- sition, used either alone or in combination with a binding medium to form bituminous and portland cement concrete, mortar, plaster, etc. Aggregrates (Coarse) - Aggregates predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve. Aggregrates (Fine) - Aggregates passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm. (No. 4) sieve, and predom inantly retained on the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve. Bek GI Glas dole = (ULI) bu SN Styl ee Rapes Beeld Geen! Lal getty chet Goat tt Gla, BG pat gb BU GLa! Soest as ULL, LE GM ppeagalt Gype)) ASye kage = (XX) ADT BE te ett BS GF Reel Sopa Sod yaa! Spe apse (VEX) Guelctt rape pephtly glad! 13d ygpett Beles aed tye = yall Ghat so Sy bole deb Rob te ets gray ple hel = yet rose Lee ge o1fUke Gaia pls Clee — cla Claeys Rett cts a Ct TR) A ILIb SN Lie oy ot il ree = Sort pagent Deer eT ple, WE AL gt Bote BE es oe God = JL ple pSls dee we LS Jt! gi ee ta Te, aa gue WS ot EL Gk Geb JS ket tye bee PUA LB gd Le ely SS pu iceuee eserarc eve JL oe clams = lista Boe gl Gl Rk Ly Geodly eel key pak gia Guys GID Skyy cle ee SS ae sees bey Lbs Tyger gases elas — (tuk) OLSIL= ps) ele tovo JL Ge tet, “ pe gee Shams — (Reels) elast ys ee (Mere T/A) paeetle too Stee eel five Jet of Lei Ls wo Sts ub jetety (f py) (Tee da) pedeAir-Dry Material - Materials dried by a natural method such as expo- sure under ambient atmospheric con- ditions or by an artificial method that simulates exposure to the at~ mosphere. Air Entraining Agent - An admixture used in portland cement concrete to entrain air in the mixture. Air-Voids - The space in a com- pacted mixture not filled with sol- ids or liquids, Alkalinity - The degree of strength of an alkali. A liquid is said to be alkaline if it has a pH factor greater than seven. All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) - A vehicle with flotation tires, four- wheel drive, and sometimes artic~ ulated. Alluvium - Soil, the constituents of which have been transported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently deposited by sedimen~ tation. Angle of Internal Friction - The angle whose tangent is the ratio between the resistance offered to sliding along any plane in the soil and the component of the applied force acting normal to that plane. Values are given in degrees. Angle of Repose - The angle between the horizontal and the maximum slope that a soil assumes through natural processes. For dry granu- lar soils the effect of the height of slope is negligible; for cohe- sive soils, the effect of height of slope is so great that the angle of repose is meaningless. Anhydrous - Free from water. Approach - All lanes by which ve~ hicles may lawfully proceed toward an intersection. Approach Delay - That delay exper- fenced on the approach to an inter- section. Approach Lights - Low beaa head- lights. Nee ged Rt gat pt Joe eb hy ine Bk tL thet Qt Gk roe aed Slee elie! te py RL gel Cae jee Age Chat chat Bay eka retrere et ett Ge Dyes gl Gaeta tp Gey itt wbpiie by Sol Jple ty oe Uy LU ans ab ot FST Lal EL tthe oF Gaede! GT pie gall Spal) Stas! <= ADV fs Ta et Se ew ke as yke oT ta te eI SubT cro. wo Lely agiky Gil wie eto shales sdk ks Alluvium gabt Sey SL gh GIL Ll Se wee LS ls — gilall aise iyt5 ee ge le g@fogk By, the waa Sobel BSE GpSay IL eye Yaa le tale yee ee Gall weld JS! gb ped Gh vggeea! ee ee eee est eo) a jay Qiu Gaul elt ge a Lats Bee hg ke mh set ply Ta, Wel Re te eS pee glt st aS Sw Rett cose Yo ede LUA sonae gt sP ge JUS = gta oe GE ety ae = ast Tyger teed pe gh | LSU PRU Able ps es css go stan - Cis ists GAN BLE oe e139 AHL Ayal = Cijsai sat vgs lat 3Approach Nose - An end of an is~ land, or neutral area between road~ ways, which faces approaching traf- fic that passes either on one or both sides. Arbitrary Ooordinates - A system of coordinates based upon an arbi- trarily chosen origin and not based upon a cartographic projection. (See Plane Coordinate System.) Architectural Features - As used in roadside enhancement, these may include stepped retaining walls to minimize the visual impact of mas~ sive walls, rock sculpturing to blend disturbed areas into the nat~ ural terrain, and special treatment of bridge abutments and culvert headwalls to blend them into the landscape. Arrestor Bed Escape Ramp - A road that runs either uphill or downhill from the main traveled way and Whose surface is a deep bed of loose sand or gravel, in which the vehicle becomes mired and slowed to a stop. (See also Gravity Escape Ramp). Arterial Highway or Street - A highway primarily for the movement of through traffic. It may have either grade intersections with other highways or grade separated intersections. A design classifi- cation used to define these types of roads. ArScale Sound Level - Sound weight- ed according to the American Na~ tional Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard $1.4-1971, and designated A-scale. Arscale sound levels en phasize the high frequencey sound by eliminating some of the low fre~ quency sound. Asphalt - A dark brown to black cementitious material; solid, semi- solid, or liquid in consistency; in which the predominating constitu- ents are bitumens that occur in nature as such or which are ob tained as residue in refining pe~ troleum. dee gh ee Le = CIS pak PUN al et ab be te Ge Mary Ge Se Se gut voretedl pus = etl gta ctetandt Sik. jae Cle Gs ets fe ot Soe Vg LH see coy Se egg ca pee gh gets ge LS = Alaa CLI SUS Wiss ats Gh dee eS Role bis Gk Kyla eat! 2M eat Sh UES shed Sey FS bt we ae Lage ee LY Slates tot Ebay teach Spee oh ae steht baat fee Goh = ele Lead 3 sd oe oe ee dal Qt tet Sr Cr Bee oe le whey Get Gk! Se ee Gell gh JL! ge Mine ee bet Ube cI V(Ae Stet gots pee Gt aely) Ge the Seok = tat gol BT ple ges GaSe OS aglighlT Ge LOT Qe we Rye CULE Gl Gehl Tad Teptee elabis gt gst Ge ab ele oe genes Ges gay Sd Taub! oe pe) old = eget aye (UT) te I STITT sy ee Uy ete gagS ST Set lees seamed (1) ties ( ANST) BG Syell kde Spell apie) (1) Spel oe te UZ At La Geka LA gd eee eee esate a gh Ge pl gh C19 Hay gl Gusts oe ET tse aS I I te Neen etoile feet see wets Ue yet pe gt I edo gerSe tebe Ge StAsphalt Cement - A fluxed or un- fluxed asphalt especially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in bituminous pavements, and having a penetration at 25° C of between 5 and 300 under a load of 100 g applied for 5 s~ Asphalt Concrete Conerete. See Bituminous Asphalt Emulsion - See Hmulsified Asphalt. Asphalt Overlay - A bituminous paving course placed over an ex- isting surface to provide smooth~ ness and increase strength. Asphalt Material - See Bituminous Material. ASTM - Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials. ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) - A ve~ hicle with flotation tires, four- wheel drive, and sometimes articu~ lated. Auxiliary Lane - The portion of the roadway adjoining the traveled way for weaving, truck climbing, speed change, or for other purposes sup plementary to through traffic move~ ments Available Head - The highest head- water caused by a channel constric~ tion that can be tolerated without damage to roadway structure or adjacent property. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) - The total yearly traffic volume divided by the number of days in the year. Average Daily Traffic (xx) (ADT) - The current’ or projected average two-way daily traffic for the year l4xx used to define the traffic for that year in the Hegira calendar. Average Highway Speed - The weight~ ed average of the design speeds within a highway section when each subsection within the section is considered to have an individual design speed. oe Wl soeee Ste! = att coat pets Guott giz Lened “das reer bes se ad Ger te age igyd To aie ayes tayo Se a pe tee dE ee Tee pe sole + onan! Qely — Webied has MV gly = eee tT wd Gee GLI, dey — Red Gb Pigs ety LOLI Ged pt he peeve eet ipsa! "pe ylesst — ASTM pact ately SUS WS sae cles Gl Spal!) — ATV ors ashe = (a ett Gee 1d Lalas thydee ceed Maye SI SUbI Perales ere Wigan ews ern weloke pede Gh Glas te Weta Ue Sle tee bolas ols lye et A ot el pees JEN Doe St ke sgl ght ste ee eee tam eee cg) tlie Say Comet Goad oF pele Sts tk Ura ad axel BS) gptell heey (AADT) Gott gia) gaat teagel aie aaa ial ene mee wot = kegel Gaye AS pe hegee (ADT) BSyat gbycelt gh GH beyoatl oe RS gaatest gs gyal yy Se pee a pats Tse) kealt eLe = ph Gb Gb ee bye eerie ect gen fereree i eres] dang Mle gh pall Guhl on toe Van ge od “oe J otal!Average Initial Horizontal Tllun— inance - The average level of hori- zontal illuminance on the pavement area of a traveled way at the time the lighting system is installed, when lamps are new and luminaires are clean; expressed in lux (Lumens per square meter or horizontal surface). Average Overall Travel Speed - The summation of distances traveled by all vehicles, or a specified class of vehicles, over a given section of highway during a specified period of time, divided by the sun- mation of overall travel times. Average Spot Speed - The arithmetic mean of the speeds of all traffic, or a component thereof, at a spec~ ified point. Axle Load - The total load trans- mitted by all wheels on a single axle extending across the full width of the vehicle. Tandem axles 1m or less apart shall be consid ered as a single axle, Azimuth - The angle clockwise in grads from true North to a given survey line. Backfill - Material used to re- place, or the act of replacing, material removed during construc~ tion; also denotes material placed, or the act of placing, material adjacent to structures. Backslope - In cuts, the slope from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the cut. Backwater - Temporary ponding or storage of flood flow upstream from a drainage structure. Balance - (1) An instrument used for weighing. (2) To design a sec- tion of highway such that the vol- ume of earth necessary for embank- ment equals the volume of excava~ ton. = a FL ge We katt ppt Se Gohl oe Use Gb, ogo aay HT pl Ss Che TE plans Baa CLL! clay sar Jota LT 3a) SUL oh got ee a BS (eas Chast go Se Selec Qa Zr er ot ore oe ol Le kee gl gil cecemaeese cece eer inch GT aes SG pee Oe tot ole ee degaatt potty Ul hey Rigiere ip csi gicke era Sear ALAS Wyott gilel = sgt Up Dyke ype gle a IS yt cated ety SI Ge oy Slade Gee ge ane Gill Gast jel so yk gees BT Nae ole Lt Gi gly - ea yt Ol hpi! JLT Ge yan, LU soene coe BS Nad Washoe aL pat Galt Siocel tee ole Guy GUT pat gl us Pe ot af at tate al a Bola ta ase TC Wal LI go, Ge teh gh - ak stan oat ot hen Gy. Fa saball eee gS = dpa hb gaye Me yo os nigel Putra cesta (Terese ol eae ple Geb oe oe pene (1) ole Gob ae LG SU TT pe coded peBallast - (1) Gravel, broken stone, granular materials, etc., used to provide added stability. (2) A device used with an electric dis~ charge lamp to obtain the neces sary circuit conditions (voltage, current, and waveform) for starting and operating the lamp. Balled - Plant transplanted with roots in a ball of earth. Bareroot - Plant transplanted with no soil on the roots. Barrier Curb - A curb that is de~ signed with a near vertical face to prevent or discourage vehicles from leaving the traveled way. Base Course - The layer, or layers, of specified or selected material of designed thickness placed on a subbase or a subgrade to support a surface course. Basic Capacity - The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during 1 hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic condi- tione that can be attained. Beacon - A type of traffic control signal, generally used with an ap- propriate sign, in which the red or yellow lens or lenses are alter- nately illuminated and darkened at a rate of about once per second. Bedrock - Rock of relatively great thickness and extent in its native location. Bench Mark - A permanent or semi- permanent marker of known elevation above the datum plane. Berm - (1) A raised and elongated area of earth intended to direct the flow of water, screen headlight glare, or redirect out-of-control vehicles. (2) Embankment widening to provide lateral support for the roadway. Bicycle - Any vehicle that has two wheels and is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the per- son(s) on that vehicle by means of pedals or hand cranks. tyes ce (1) = dub Ged oe Tus) fakes Ren ah gay tse Mal (f) Geb) Ge ota GS bk ple ge gah eset he Ct (Lay etyhly SGN) Plead okey hot suely wygdee Uptee CL = hes aie cipsen lors eat) ote gue CL = Lag SA gant rope! ob Ly t eb peas ives — Sebel deep! Se Se cl eel pa ol + peal Gehl dole ge Sta gt ab — GL ak doses LES SNS alae Pe Baby Re GM sb Ge gee vcholl Wig peal tart Step) yes) saad) = eM UT WSS ye pet gl oSee gall aS! wee eh oh le te Lapetss Se ab dal JB Gs tats sogoed! Sy oh chat os gee — tebe yes Dale, ToL pasa yaad kes GP fj Cleon Cped Mas Sate Jase eee yer Liha “1 ptall Pee Js Cae BLE GID tyke = Reneehll Sel Page) UGctSe Gb Geet Staal s tees we tos te Ce le che Ght Gaye clit eI eto sg) wom eM ge Slee (1) — WU! Gade ken gd Laat, Uda oud Tate 18! cay oy Gls ge cas a CLS I Gee Sesh ee eee (TY) oh Gosh keel LES pede Fyoty getline C13 Spe gl — telat (3180) 2a A SL ba wiegde tanet of Shay plastyBid - See Tender. Bidder (Tenderer) - An individual, firm, or corporation submitting a Tender for the Work. Bill of Quantities - A list showing Work quantities and specifying unit prices and/or lump sums for specif- ic items of the Work. Binder ~ Material used to stabilize or bind together loose soil or aggregates. Binder Course - A plant mix of graded aggregate and bituminous material placed between the base course and a bituminous surface course. Bituminous Concrete - A combination of mineral aggregates and asphalt cement mixed in a central plant. Bituminous concrete is usually mixed, laid, and compacted while hot. Bituminous Material - (1) Material containing bitumen. (2) A general term encompassing asphalt cements, cutbacks, and emulsified asphalts. Bituminous Pavement - A pavement composed of crushed rock or other aggregate cemented together with bitumen. Bituminous Surface Treatment - The application of liquified bituminous material and aggregate to an ex- isting road surface. Bond (Tack Goat) - The application of a liquid bitumen to cause a new surface to adhere to an existing hard surface. Borrow - The material necessary to construct the embankment that is not available from the design exca~ vation. Boulder - A rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with an average diameter of 75 mm or more. stlbs gol, — Bid ded oh aS gt os — rut poe Veal tlhe pads Cle Gee MU eles Luts aja Staegl Ghat soaey “doa Vel ge Rapa pd Rested Sle ol ca pada Bl IL BOL Stet ta Re + heats pti oe ele bab = IL WL ge Ub Ger C832 SUI Boley He yace Last = oe gpael chat! Miby Bae Lb +t SUSI os be — ALU GL gh BBS yall alts tae oe Be RU BLS gS Cae TREK gay Uasy Gory BBE ok Epes dole (W)— LL solr Sal pe phe pent (T) gk webeedD Cie y yalicd! wote on cbSty ey = UI, dat Sl Lose aestys Spy Gee Que Boe gy ce ob id, wey hake. Ryu erercaeess oUF ple — (dey kT) bt Tel tae Ck Gel LL sSynpedl hat ht eT tat Sele Le i Renal soi Fale Shoo Ase ge UE — yet Rott delgdt dak tyysaee USE woes gl VyapLle Yo Uhyos dnngeBrake Reaction Distance - The dis- tance traversed by the vehicle from the instant the driver sights an object necessitating a stop to the instant the brakes are applied. Braking Distance - The distance re~ quired to stop the vehicle from the instant brake application begins. Branch Connection - A aultilane connection between two expressways (notorways)+ Breakaway (Yielding) Supports - A support for a roadside device that yields or collapses readily when struck by a vehicle. Bridge - A structure exceeding 6 m clear span measured along the cen— terline of the roadway, which car- ries traffic over a watercourse or opening. Broken Back Curve - An arrangement of curves in which a short tangent separates two curves in the same direction. Buffer Zone (Buffer Strip) - Lands adjacent to a highway acquired by the highway authority for the pur- pose of preventing development that would be adversely affected by traffic noise, or for erecting noise barriers. Bullet-Nosed Median - On a divided highway intersection at a grade, a long-radius configuration of the median end to permit flatter turns from the crossroad. Bus - A self-propelled vehicle used for the transportation of passen— gers with a wheel base of 8 m or more including articulated vehi~ cles. Bus Bay - An auxiliary lane at intersections or midblock with ta~ pered entrance and exit for un- loading and loading passengers. Bus Lane ~ A traffic lane reserved for buses. Bypass - A highway that permits traffic to avoid part or all of an urban area, Bite Ge aU dat a) le Santi Wet See DeSyall Cpabas gall tS Ge Gaya ease Fed gett Tdal pit gle baat) ae ita ge = Le ie bias Fa, thd See Spelt GE! veel i le elles! bose. ley — tess iley soe Geb sb owe dyqeS Wales — JLab WLU5 clates Pot Geb le ole tagapel Spe gl bey pabed Lesce deat gf sted ole doe ML = gest Tey Gob Gere Cea waa gh le Gee Gee Gy piles chee pbs — bbe gine el Ge Gb gee dal = (dota bt) Wyle what eT Gh est at 8 fe eke AN Uytod as ylacy GY sgped! Rede tl 5 ga angel vega! aad jal ge ALY QbUGS Go = ghy Sat Gob 93 Jolt Graal tpiaae gb Maye Gb sales gh Lands Ubene Joli ain, Gobi Ge tbale lol, cla fgbtacad! Beatd BS ye — (ALLN) aeege sl Taelae GUS Jans paces ool we Le SSP gh Gtaat Lagtake Soe aka ots pat) tls Bee AL Le ges ge Sleyell Getke gh gh CLabtauT qn geeey eae SD eta TSN Igy span) gaat Gaye teas BL eee UL ret gases B50 Cane ple Geub — depp shee toe BP RS Mbae yteane