Page 137 rpentry Shop Introduction Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It marketable on Sea Le eee ee eae table form of wood and ends with finished products, It deals with the building work, furniture, cabinet making. Bre es cabinet ma Ac. joinery, ic., preparation of joints is one of the important I Sreraions in all woodworks. I deals with the specific work of carpenter like making different types of joints to form a finished product Structure of Tree Trunk —. Tree Trunk seomeos : | : | t | | Timber Timber is the name given to the wood obtained from well grown trees. The trees are cut, sawn into various sizes to suit building purposes. The word, ‘grain’, as applied to wood, refers to the appearance or pattern of the wood on the cut surfaces. The grain of the wood is a run parallel fibrous structure and to make it strong, the timber must be so cut, that the gi to the length. Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, Ranchi Workshop Lab Manualpage 138 Timber Siz are the common in various sizes and shapes. The followi Timber sold in the market shapes and sizes. free from branches. ily square eross section. ross section, © Log The trunk of the tree which i alk: - The log, sawn to have rou: «Post - A timber piece. round or square in ci from 175 10 300mm. © Plank - A sawn timber piece. \ thickness and 2.5 to 6.5 meters in length. © Board - A sawn timber piece, below 175 mm in widd © Reapers- Sawn timber pieces of assorted and non-standar confirm to the above shapes and sizes. having its diameter or side th more than 275 mm in width, 50 (0 150 mm in hand 30 to 50 mm in thickness. 4 sizes, which do not Classification of Timber Wood suitable for construction and other engineering purposes is called timber. Woods in general are divided into two broad categories: Soft woods and Hard woods Sofi woods are avalned from conifers, kair, deodar, chir, walnut and seémal. Woods obtained from teak, sal. Sak. shisham, beach, ash mango. neem and babul are known as hard wood, but it is highly durable, Another classification of woods is based on the name of the trees like teak. babul, shisham, neem, kair. chir, etc. Seasoning of Wood ‘A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content. If this is not removed, the ti is likely to wrap. shrink, crack or decay. Seasoning is the art of extracting the moisture content under controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, from all the parts of the timber. Only seasoned wood should be used for all carpentry works. Seasoning makes the wood resilient lighter. Further, it ensures that the wood will not distort after it is made into an object. ies of Good Timber The good timber must possess the following characteristics: «It should have minimum moisture content, ie., the timber should be well seasoned. The grains of wood should be straight and long. Ie must retain its straightness after seasoning, It should produce near metallic sound on hammering. It should be free from knots or cracks. It should be of uniform color, throughout the part of the wood. Ik should respond well to the finishing and polishing operations. # During driving the nails and screwy, it should not split easily. Marking and Measuring Tools Accurate marking and measurement are very essential in carpentry work to produce parts to exact size. To transfer dimensions onto the work; the following are the marking and measuring tools that are required in a carpentry shop. . Steel Rule and Steel Tape: Stee! rule is a simple measuring thin metal strip with a marked scale of unit divisions. It is an important tool for linear measurement. Steel tape is used for large measurements, such as marking on boards and checking the overall dimensions of the work. ~ strument consisting of a long, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, Ranchi Workshop Lab Manual ld i 5 LS. SASAS 5 SISA { 4A 9 Ll Figure: Stecl Rule and Stee! Tape Marking Gauge: It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a wooden piece. It consists of a square wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it. On the stem is fitted a marking pin, made of steel. The stock is set at any desired distance from the marking point and fixed in position by a screw. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem, about 3 mm and the end are sharp enough to make a very fine line. A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, it is possible to adjust the distance between the pins. to draw two parallel lines on the stock. oe Figure: Marking Gauge Figure: Mortise Gauge Try- Square: It is used for marking and testing the squareness and straightness of planed surfaces, It consists of a steel blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for checking the planed surfaces for flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm, according to the length of the blade. It is less accurate when compared to the try-square used in the fitting shop. BLADE eS STOCK Figure: Try Square Compass and Divider: Compass and divider are used for marking ares and circles on the planed surfaces of the wood. eo Figure: Compass and Divider Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatislwai, Ranchi Workshop Lab Manualpege|40 marking on timber. It is made of steel having one edge. q 1 or Marking Knife: It is used for Seril ‘and the other end formed into a sharp cutting nd pointed singe veel rmaneng ine Figure: Marking Knife 1 ig used for laying-out and checking angles. The blade of the bevel is ‘a thumb screw. Afier itis set to the desired angle, it square. A good way to set ito the required angle the blade to fit the angle. Bevel Squ: adjustable and may be held in place by can be used in much the same way as a try is to mark the angle on a surface and then adjust t Figure: Bevel Square Holding Tools Carpenter's Vice: It is us fixed to the side of the table while the other is mo The Carpenter's vice jaws are lined with hard wooden’ faces. ed as a work holding device in.a carpenter shop. Its one jaw wvable by means of a screw and a handle. eee Figure: Carpenters Vice Sore ate tetas C - Clamp: It is used for holding small works. ~ Clamp Figure: C Workshop Lab Manual Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, RanchiPage [41 Bar Clamp: It is made em i ip made of steel bar of T-section, with malleable iron fittings and a steel - for holding wide works such as frames or tops. Figure: Bar Clamp Planing Tools: Planing is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on wood. A plane is a hand tool used for this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plane is very similar to a chisel. ‘The blade of a plane is fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at an angle. Figure: Planing Tools Types of Planes Jack Plane: It is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about 35 em long. The cutting iron (blade) should have a cutting edge of slight curvature. It is used for quick removal of material on rough work and is also used in oblique planning. Figure: Jack Plane Smoothing Plane: It is used for finishing work and hence, the blade should have a straight cutting edge. It is about 20 to 25 em long. Being short, it can follow even the slight depressions in the stock, better than the jack plane, tis used afier using the jack plane Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, Ranchi Workshop Lab Manualrage [a ron goon tl wall of note jyures Rebate Mane Figure: Smoothing Mane ss along the edge of a piece of Rebate Plane: [tis used for making a rebate, A rebate wood, which is generally used for positioning glass in fumes and doors. Cutting Tools designed to Saws: A saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There are different types of sw, it different purposes. A sww is specified by the length of its toothed edge. ‘Types of Saw: Rip Saw: It is used fo a steeper angle. ic., about 60° whereas that of eros surface of the stock. The eu wanna ng edge of this saw mal san angle of 45° with the kes ‘Tenon Saw: IL is used for cutting the stock cutting tenons and in fine cabinet work. However, it is used for small and thin euts. The blade of this and so it k back steel strip, Hence, this is sometimes called as Ww. In this, the (eth are shaped like thos saw, cither along oF acros the grains. [tis used for Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatistwal, Ranchi Workshop Lab Manualpane 143 of the stock. The teeth are 0 sot that the savy ker will be wider than the blade thickness. This allows the blade 10 move freely in the cut, without s Compass Saw: It has « narrow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for heavy works . It is mostly used in radius cutting, The blade of fitted v wooden handle. Chisels Chisels are used for cut blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are 12 and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels are made in various also made in different blade lengths. Most | shank which fits inside the handle. of the wood chisels are made into tang type. having a steel ‘These are made of forged steel or tool steel blades. ‘Types of Chisels: Firmer Chisel: The word ‘firmer’ means ‘stronger’ and hence firmer chisel is stronger than other chisels, It is a general-purpose chisel and is used either by hand pressure or by a mallet ‘The blade of a firmer chisel is flat, as shown in figure, Workshop Lab ManualPage [44 Dovetail Chisel: It has a blade with a bevelled back, as shown in Figure, due to which itcan enter sharp comers for nishing, as in dovetail joints Mortise Chisel: It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, etc. The cross-section of the mortise chisel is proportioned to withstand heavy blows during mortising. Further, the cross-section is made stronger near the shank. =~ Figure: Types of Chisels Cambridge Institute of Technology, Tatisilwai, Ranchi Workshop Lab ManualCarpentry Shop Exp. r Aim 1: To make a duster Tools Required: Steel Rule, Pencil, marking gauge, try-square, rip saw, chisel, jack plane, wooden marker vice, Material Required: Wooden piece of suitable dimension. Procedt 1. Measure the wooden piece with the help of measuring tool and mark it at required dimension. Cut out the required material with the help of rip saw as per the dimensions. With the help of Jack plane, we plane the surface of the wooden piece. We then mark the finished surface with the help of try square. BYR Precautions: 1. We should properly place the tool on work bench. 2. We should never stand in front of the blade white on circular saw. 3. We should not use blunt tools.