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Two Variable of Tourism

This document discusses various topics related to tourism, including: 1. The two main variables of tourism - origin and destination. It describes four categories of tourism based on origin-destination relationships: international, internal, domestic, and national tourism. 2. The concept of "irritation index" which measures locals' tolerance for visitors and how tourism growth rates may decline if locals become less hospitable. 3. Key players in the tourism industry including tourists, local populations, tourism businesses, government agencies, NGOs, and the media. 4. Different sectors of the tourism industry such as accommodations, attractions, transportation, and travel organizers. 5. Several theories of tourism development

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Two Variable of Tourism

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elle

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Two variable of tourism

1. ORIGIN

ORIGIN

2. DESTINATION

DESTINATION

According to Prosser (1998) there are two major variables. These are the origin to destination
relationship and the motivation for travel. It is possible to create the following categories using Prosser’s
origin-destination relationship.

1. International tourism- overseas visitors to a destination

2. Internal tourism- region within a country

3. Domestic tourism- nationals of one country visiting that same country

4. National tourism- it considers all forms of tourism within one particular nation or country

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

4 stages of irridex

1. Euphoria

Euphoria

2. Apathy

Apathy

3. Annoyance

Annoyance
4. Antagonism

Antagonism

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry

4. Government agencies

5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media 2nd repeat

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry
4. Government agencies

5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media

NEXT!!!

14 types of tourism

1.rural tourism

Rural tourism

2.eco tourism

Eco tourism

3.adventure tourism

Adventure tourism

4.cultural tourism

Cultural tourism

5.business tourism

Business tourism

6.gastroeconomic tourism

Gastroeconomic tourism

Gastroeconomic tourism
7.coastal tourism

Coastal tourism

8.maritime tourism

Maritime tourism

9.inland water tourism

Inland water tourism

10.urban tourism

Urban tourism

11.health tourism

Health tourism

12.mountain tourism

Mountain tourism

13.educational tourism

Educational tourism

Educational tourism
14.sports tourism

Sports tourism

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. No Planning

No planning

2. Ad-Hoc planning

Ad-hoc planning

Ad-hoc Planning

3. Intergrated tourism planning

Intergrated tourism planning

4. Environmental Approach

Evironmental Approach

The environmental approach examines the adaptation of individual to their surroundings throughout
their lives.

5. Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism can be defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the environment”

6. Social Approach

Social Approach

This is the study of the influences a society can have on an individual’s actions, behaviors, feeling, and
thoughts.
Socio-Cultural Impacts

1. Handicrafts

Handicrafts

2. Language

Language

3. Gastronomy

Gastronomy

4. Arts and music

Arts and music

5. History of the area including visual reminders

History of the are including visual reminders

6. Types of work engaged in by residents

Types of work engaged in by residents

7. Architecture

Architecture

8. Religion

Religion

9. Education system

Education system

10. Dress

Dress

11. Leisure activities

Leisure activities

ACCOMODATION SECTOR
ACCOMODATION SECTOR

These are the hotels/motels and farm house

ATTRACTION SECTOR

These are the theme parks, museums and galleries

TRANSPORT SECTOR

These are the airlines, shipping lines

TRAVEL ORGANIZERS’ SECTOR

These are the tour operators, tour wholesalers/brokers

DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR

These are the national tourists’ offices and local tourist offices.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Laissez-Faire theory is economic theory from refer to a free- market economic system in which
individual and business are free to act with no Government interference. Laissez-Faire theory. Laissez-
Faire theory. Laissez-Faire theory.

Modernization Theory
- is a perspective in development studies that society's progress through stage of development as they
adopt modern technologies, institutions, and cultural values. The transformation of societies into
modern ones. Modernization Theory. Modernization Theory. Modernization Theory.
trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory
States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

cautionary platform could refer to a platform or system that aims to warn or alert users of potential risks
or dangers. This could include safety measures implemented on a website or app to prevent users from
engaging in risky behavior, such as pop-up warnings or restrictions on certain actions. Cautionary
Platform. Cautionary Platform. Cautionary Platform.

Adaptancy Platform

This platform marks the beginning of perceived solution of negative impacts from the cautionary
platform caused by conventional tourism. The platform suggests adaptions or alternative modes of
tourism activities that are positive to host communities, or we can call “alternative tourism”.
ADAPTANCY PLATFORM, ADAPTANCY PLATFORM.

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory
Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform
cautionary platform could refer to a platform or system that aims to warn or alert users of potential risks
or dangers. This could include safety measures implemented on a website or app to prevent users from
engaging in risky behavior, such as pop-up warnings or restrictions on certain actions. Cautionary
Platform. Cautionary Platform. Cautionary Platform.

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform
This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

2nd REPEAT ALL

Two variable of tourism

3. ORIGIN

ORIGIN

4. DESTINATION

DESTINATION

1. International tourism- overseas visitors to a destination

2. Internal tourism- region within a country

3. Domestic tourism- nationals of one country visiting that same country

4. National tourism- it considers all forms of tourism within one particular nation or country

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

4 stages of irridex

5. Euphoria

Euphoria

6. Apathy

Apathy

7. Annoyance

Annoyance

8. Antagonism

Antagonism

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.
PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry

4. Government agencies

5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media 2nd repeat

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry

4. Government agencies

5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media

NEXT!!!

14 types of tourism

1.rural tourism

Rural tourism

Rural tourism
2.eco tourism

Eco tourism

3.adventure tourism

Adventure tourism

4.cultural tourism

Cultural tourism

5.business tourism

Business tourism

6.gastroeconomic tourism

Gastroeconomic tourism

7.coastal tourism

Coastal tourism

8.maritime tourism

Maritime tourism

9.inland water tourism

Inland water tourism

10.urban tourism

Urban tourism

11.health tourism

Health tourism

12.mountain tourism

Mountain tourism

13.educational tourism

Educational tourism

14.sports tourism

Sports tourism

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

7. No Planning

No planning

8. Ad-Hoc planning
Ad-hoc planning

Ad-hoc Planning

9. Intergrated tourism planning

Intergrated tourism planning

10. Environmental Approach

Evironmental Approach

The environmental approach examines the adaptation of individual to their surroundings throughout
their lives.

11. Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism can be defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the environment”

12. Social Approach

Social Approach

This is the study of the influences a society can have on an individual’s actions, behaviors, feeling, and
thoughts.

Socio-Cultural Impacts

12. Handicrafts

Handicrafts

13. Language

Language

14. Gastronomy

Gastronomy

15. Arts and music

Arts and music

16. History of the area including visual reminders

History of the are including visual reminders

17. Types of work engaged in by residents

Types of work engaged in by residents

18. Architecture

Architecture

19. Religion

Religion

20. Education system

Education system

21. Dress

Dress

22. Leisure activities

Leisure activities

ACCOMODATION SECTOR

These are the hotels/motels and farm house

ATTRACTION SECTOR

These are the theme parks, museums and galleries

TRANSPORT SECTOR

These are the airlines, shipping lines

TRAVEL ORGANIZERS’ SECTOR

These are the tour operators, tour wholesalers/brokers

DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR

These are the national tourists’ offices and local tourist offices.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.
TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

3RD REPEAT ALL

Two variable of tourism

5. ORIGIN

ORIGIN

6. DESTINATION

DESTINATION
DESTINATION

1. International tourism- overseas visitors to a destination

2. Internal tourism- region within a country

3. Domestic tourism- nationals of one country visiting that same country

4. National tourism- it considers all forms of tourism within one particular nation or country

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline

Irritation Index

Locals become more hospitable to visitors, then visitors numbers will not continue to grow at the same
rate as previously and may actually decline
4 stages of irridex

9. Euphoria

Euphoria

10. Apathy

Apathy

11. Annoyance

Annoyance

12. Antagonism

Antagonism

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

TOURISM

The tourist one must travel and remain in a place outside of their usual residential environment.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

PLANNING

The most fundamental skills that an organization will need for the future of tourism.

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry

4. Government agencies
5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media 2nd repeat

6 key players

1.Tourist

2.host population

3. Tourism industry

4. Government agencies

5.Ngo’s or non governmental organizations

6. Media

NEXT!!!

14 types of tourism

1.rural tourism

Rural tourism

2.eco tourism

Eco tourism

3.adventure tourism

Adventure tourism

4.cultural tourism

Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism
5.business tourism

Business tourism

6.gastroeconomic tourism

Gastroeconomic tourism

7.coastal tourism

Coastal tourism

8.maritime tourism

Maritime tourism

9.inland water tourism

Inland water tourism

10.urban tourism

Urban tourism

11.health tourism

Health tourism

12.mountain tourism
Mountain tourism

Mountain tourism

13.educational tourism

Educational tourism

14.sports tourism

Sports tourism

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

13. No Planning

No planning

14. Ad-Hoc planning

Ad-hoc planning

Ad-hoc Planning

15. Intergrated tourism planning

Intergrated tourism planning

16. Environmental Approach

Evironmental Approach

The environmental approach examines the adaptation of individual to their surroundings throughout
their lives.

17. Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism Approach

Ecotourism can be defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the environment”

18. Social Approach

Social Approach

This is the study of the influences a society can have on an individual’s actions, behaviors, feeling, and
thoughts.

Socio-Cultural Impacts

23. Handicrafts

Handicrafts

24. Language

Language

25. Gastronomy

Gastronomy

26. Arts and music

Arts and music

27. History of the area including visual reminders

History of the are including visual reminders

28. Types of work engaged in by residents

Types of work engaged in by residents

29. Architecture

Architecture

30. Religion

Religion

31. Education system

Education system
32. Dress

Dress

33. Leisure activities

Leisure activities

ACCOMODATION SECTOR

These are the hotels/motels and farm house

ATTRACTION SECTOR

These are the theme parks, museums and galleries

TRANSPORT SECTOR

These are the airlines, shipping lines

TRAVEL ORGANIZERS’ SECTOR

These are the tour operators, tour wholesalers/brokers

DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR

These are the national tourists’ offices and local tourist offices.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.
TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory

States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORY

trickle-down theory, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down theory. Trickle-down
theory.

Neoliberal theory

This theory of development assumes that the economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory. Neoliberal theory

Dependency Theory
States that tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries because “first world
countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

TOURISM PLATFORMS

Advocacy Platform

It sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, environment,
and society. Advocacy Platform. Advocacy Platform.

Cautionary Platform

Adaptancy Platform

Alternative Platform

This views tourism from a holistic perspective not just from being the impacts and forms, but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

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