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Networking Devices

Networking devices can be categorized based on the layer they operate in. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the physical and data link layers, switches operate at the physical and data link layers, routers operate at the network layer, and gateways can operate at the transport and application layers. Hubs connect ports but do not regenerate signals. Repeaters regenerate signals to extend network distances. Bridges filter traffic to separate collision domains and learn MAC addresses to forward frames. Routers use IP addresses to route packets between networks. Gateways can convert between different network and transport protocols.

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Kothai Priya
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24 views

Networking Devices

Networking devices can be categorized based on the layer they operate in. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the physical and data link layers, switches operate at the physical and data link layers, routers operate at the network layer, and gateways can operate at the transport and application layers. Hubs connect ports but do not regenerate signals. Repeaters regenerate signals to extend network distances. Bridges filter traffic to separate collision domains and learn MAC addresses to forward frames. Routers use IP addresses to route packets between networks. Gateways can convert between different network and transport protocols.

Uploaded by

Kothai Priya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORKING DEVICES

PRESENTED BY
SHILPA KHURANA
A.P CSE DEPT
Introduction
• LANs do not normally operate in isolation but
they are connected to one another or to the
Internet.
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are
needed and various connecting devices are
such as bridge, switch, router, hub, repeater.
CONNECTING DEVICES
• Connecting devices into five different
categories based on the layer in which they
operate in a network.
Hubs
• A hub is used as a central point of connection among
media segments.
• Cables from network devices plug in to the ports
on the hub.
• Types of HUBS :
– A passive hub is just a connector. It connects the
wires coming from different branches.
– The signal pass through a passive hub without regeneration
or amplification.
– Connect several networking cables together
– Active hubs or Multiport repeaters- They regenerate
or amplify the signal before they are retransmitted.
Repeaters
• A repeater is a device that operates only at the
PHYSICAL layer.
• A repeater can be used to increase the length of the network by
eliminating the effect of attenuation on the signal.
• It connects two segments of the same network, overcoming the
distance limitations of the transmission media.
• A repeater forwards every frame; it has no
filtering capability.
• A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.
• Repeaters can connect segments that have the same access method.
(CSMA/CD, Token Passing, Polling, etc.)
Repeater connecting two segments of a LAN

Function of a repeater
Bridges

• Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data link layer.


• As a PHYSICAL layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives.
• As a data link layer device, the bridge can check the PHYSICAL/MAC
addresses (source and destination) contained in the frame.
• A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.
• It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frame
should be forwarded or dropped.
• If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision must specify the port.
• A bridge has a table that maps address to ports.
• Limit or filter traffic keeping local traffic local yet allow
connectivity to other parts (segments).
A bridge connecting two LANs

A bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.


How Bridges Work
• Bridges work at the Media Access Control Sub-layer of
the OSI model.
• Routing table is built to record the segment no. of
address.
• If destination address is in the same segment as the
source address, stop transmit.
• Otherwise, forward to the other segment
Function of Bridge
Characteristics of Bridges
• Routing Tables
– Contains one entry per station of network to which
bridge is connected.
– Is used to determine the network of destination station
of a received packet.
• Filtering
– Is used by bridge to allow only those packets
destined to the remote network.
– Packets are filtered with respect to their destination
and multicast addresses.
• Forwarding
– the process of passing a packet from one
network to another.
• Learning Algorithm
– the process by which the bridge learns how to
reach stations on the internetwork.
Types of Bridges
• Transparent Bridge
– Also called learning bridges
– Build a table of MAC addresses as frames arrive
– Ethernet networks use transparent bridge
– Duties of transparent bridge are : Filtering
frames, forwarding and blocking
• Source Routing Bridge
– Used in Token Ring networks
– Each station should determine the route to the
destination when it wants to send a frame and therefore
include the route information in the header of frame.
– Addresses of these bridges are included in the frame.
– Frame contains not only the source and
destination address but also the bridge addresses.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bridges
• Advantages of using a bridge
– Extend physical network
– Reduce network traffic with minor
segmentation
– Creates separate collision domains
– Reduce collisions
– Connect different architecture
• Disadvantages of using bridges
– Slower that repeaters due to filtering
– Do not filter broadcasts
– More expensive than repeaters
Two and Three layer switches
• Two layer switch operate at PHY and data link layer
• Three layer switch operates at network layer
• Bridge is an example of two-layer switch.
• Bridge with few port can connect a few LANs

• Bridge with many port may be able to allocate a unique


port to each station, with each station on its own
independent entity. This means no competing traffic (no
collision as we saw in Ethernet)
3-layer switches
• E.g. router.
• Routes packets based on their logical addresses
(host-to-host addressing)
• A router normally connects LANs and WANs in the
Internet and has a routing table that is used for
making decision about the route.
• The routing tables are normally dynamic and are
updated using routing protocols.

Routers connecting
independent LANs and
WANs
Advantages and Disadvantages of Routers
• Advantages
– Routers
 provide sophisticated routing, flow control, and traffic
isolation
 are configurable, which allows network manager to
make policy based on routing decisions
 allow active loops so that redundant paths are available
• Disadvantages
– Routers
– are protocol-dependent devices that must understand
the protocol they are forwarding.
– can require a considerable amount of
initial configuration.
– are relatively complex devices, and generally are more
expensive than bridges.
Routers versus Bridges
• Addressing
– Routers are explicitly addressed.
– Bridges are not addressed.
• Availability
– Routers can handle failures in links, stations, and other
routers.
– Bridges use only source and destination MAC address,
which does not guarantee delivery of frames.
 Message Size
» Routers can perform fragmentation on packets and thus handle
different packet sizes.
» Bridges cannot do fragmentation and should not forward
a frame which is too big for the next LAN.
 Forwarding
» Routers forward a message to a specific destination.
» Bridges forward a message to an outgoing network.
 Priority
» Routers can treat packets according to priorities
» Bridges treat all packets equally.
 Error Rate
» Network layers have error-checking
algorithms that examines each received
packet.
» The MAC layer provides a very low undetected bit
error rate.
 Security
» Both bridges and routers provide the ability
to put “security walls” around specific
stations.
» Routers generally provide greater security than
bridges because
– they can be addressed directly and
– they use additional data for implementing
security
Brouters: Bridging Routers

 Combine features of bridges and routers.


 Capable of establishing a bridge between two
networks as well as routing some messages from the
bridge networks to other networks.
 Are sometimes called (Layer 2/3) switches and are a
combination of bridge/router hardware and
software.
Gateway
• Interchangeably used term router and gateway
• Connect two networks above the network layer of OSI
model.
• Are capable of converting data frames and network protocols
into the format needed by another network.
• Provide for translation services between different
computer protocols.
• Transport gateways make a connection between two
networks at the transport layer.
• Application gateways connect two parts of an application in
the application layer, e.g., sending email between two
machines using different mail formats
• Broadband-modem-router is one e.g. of gateway

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