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Qualitative Analysis Notes

This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. For anions, specific acid tests are listed to produce characteristic precipitates or gases for carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, and sulfite. For cations, the effects of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solutions are noted to identify aluminum, ammonium, calcium, chromium(III), copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), and zinc. Common gases are tested by their effects on litmus paper, limewater, or potassium manganate(VII). Finally, flame tests produce distinguishing colors for lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and

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Faiaz Ahmed
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85 views

Qualitative Analysis Notes

This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. For anions, specific acid tests are listed to produce characteristic precipitates or gases for carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, and sulfite. For cations, the effects of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solutions are noted to identify aluminum, ammonium, calcium, chromium(III), copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), and zinc. Common gases are tested by their effects on litmus paper, limewater, or potassium manganate(VII). Finally, flame tests produce distinguishing colors for lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and

Uploaded by

Faiaz Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Tests for anions


anion test test result
2−
carbonate, CO3 add dilute acid then test for carbon dioxide effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
gas
chloride, Cl − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, I− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO42− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate
sulfite, SO32− add a small volume of acidified aqueous the acidified aqueous
potassium manganate(VII) potassium manganate(VII) changes
colour from purple to colourless

Tests for aqueous cations


cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
3+
aluminium, Al  white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming —

calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
3+
chromium(III), Cr green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns
brown near surface on standing brown near surface on standing
iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
2+
zinc, Zn white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solution colourless solution

www.cambridgeinternational.org/olevel
Tests for gases
gas test and test result
ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky
chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless

Flame tests for metal ions


metal ion flame colour
+
lithium, Li red
+
sodium, Na yellow
potassium, K+ lilac
2+
calcium, Ca orange-red
barium, Ba2+ light green
2+
copper(II), Cu blue-green

www.cambridgeinternational.org/olevel

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