Mahfuz

1700097

CE 1100
CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING - I

G. M. HARUN - OR - RASHID
LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RUET, RAJSHAHI-6204
 Drawing

 Describing any object/ information

diagrammatically

 A Graphical representation of an idea, a

concept or an entity which actually or
potentially exists in life.
 Types of Drawings

 Artistic Drawings

 Technical/Engineering Drawings
 Artistic Drawing

 Used to express the feelings, beliefs, philosophies or

abstract ideas of the artist.
 Sometimes difficult to understand what is being
communicated by a work of art.
 Engineering Drawing
 Clearly and concisely communicating all of the information
necessary to transform an idea or a concept to reality.
 Engineering drawing of an object should contain all
information like actual shape, accurate size etc.
 Engineering Drawing

 Universal language for engineers

 Drawing is important for all branches of

engineering.
 An engineering drawing is worth a
thousand words.
 Drawings are the road maps which show

how to build/manufacture structures

and products.
 Engineering Drawing

Manual Drawing CAD

Computer has a major impact for the creation of

technical drawings.
Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time
consuming.
Why we go for manual drawing?
Why we go for manual drawing?

Computer cannot replace the drafting board

and equipment as a learning tool.
Once you have learned the basics of
mathematics, you are allowed the use of
calculator and computer.
If basic fundamentals are clear, better use
can be made by the power of the software.
To be an expert in technical drawing, this first
course on Engineering (manual) Drawing is the
first step.
 Drawing Equipments

 Drawing Board-(36in×24in)
 Drawing Paper-(28in×22in)
 T-square
 45º triangle
 30º-60º triangle
 Bow compass
 Divider
 Pencils (HB and 2H)
 Eraser
 Scotch Tape
Drawing Board
Drawing Paper
 T-square

Head All working edges should be straight

90º

90º
BLADE (TRANSPARENT)
 45º triangle
All working edges
should be smooth
90º

45º 45º
 30º-60º triangle

90º

60º 30º
Bow compass And Divider
 Pencils

RERUIRED PENCILS

HARD MEDIUM SOFT

GRADES OF PENCIL LEAD

 Eraser And Scotch Tape

DUST FREE

TRANSPARENT
 Scales

 METRIC SCALE

 CIVIL ENGINEER SCALE

 ARCHITECT SCALE
 METRIC SCALE

mm
1:1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

No. of Division = 10
Each division = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
 METRIC SCALE

So, how 37 mm or 3.7 cm can be measured?

mm
1:1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
 CIVIL ENGINEER SCALE

10
0 1 2 3 4

No. of Division = 10
Each division = 0.1 in
 CIVIL ENGINEER SCALE

So, how 2.9 in can be measured?

10
0 1 2 3 4
 ARCHITECT SCALE

16
0 1 2

No. of Division = 16
Each division = in
 ARCHITECT SCALE
1 small division = in 2 small division = in

3 small division = in 4 small division = in

5 small division = in 6 small division = in
7 small division = in 8 small division = in

16
0 1 2
 ARCHITECT SCALE
9 small division = in 10 small division = in

11 small division = in 12 small division = in

13 small division = in 14 small division = in
15 small division = in 16 small division = 1 in

16
0 1 2
 ARCHITECT SCALE

So, how 2 in can be measured?

16
0 1 2
 ARCHITECT SCALE

So, how 1 in can be measured?

16
0 1 2
Orientation of Drawing Paper

Must be equal distant

Orientation of Drawing Paper

Must be parallel
Uses of T-Scale

No Gap

Must be parallel
Uses of T-Scale

Must be parallel
Drawing Horizontal Lines
Drawing Vertical Lines
Drawing Inclined Lines

60º
45º
Drawing Inclined Lines

30º 45º

75º
75º
Preparation of Drawing Paper
 Lettering

 Lettering is drawing, not writing.

 An engineering drawing should provide
dimensions and specifications to communicate
how the part is to be made.
 To eliminate errors, these notes must contain
words made of uniform letters that are neat
and easy to read.
 Purpose of Neat Lettering

 Most important reason is to convey

information without misunderstanding

 Increase overall appearance of the

drawing
Use 2H Pencil to draw grid

2”
Vertical Capital Letters and Numerals
 Guidelines

 All letters and numerals should write in a grid of 6

units height.

 The width of letters and numerals

 Letter I, or the numeral 1, has no width
 Letter W is 8 units wide
 TOM Q VAXY are 6 units wide
 All other letters and numerals are 5 units wide
 Spacing of letters should be 2 units
Single Stroke Uppercase Letters
Guidelines for Writing Sentences

 Letters in words are not placed at equal

distances from each other; they are placed so
that the spaces between letters look equal.

 The distance between words, called word

spacing, should be equal.
 G.M. Harun-Or-Rashid
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RUET, RAJSHAHI-6204
 Representationof an entity on an imaginary
projection plane.

 Projection involves 4 components

• Actual Object
• Viewer
• Imaginary Projection Plane
• Imaginary Lines or Projectors
 Projection Plane
A projection plane, also referred to as a
plane of projection or picture plane, is
an imaginary surface that exists between
the viewer and the object.
The projection plane is the surface onto
which a two-dimensional view of a three-
dimensional object is projected and
created.
 Projection Lines
A projection line is an imaginary line that
is used to locate or project the corners,
edges, and features of a three-
dimensional object onto an imaginary two-
dimensional surface.
 Projections

Perspective Parallel

One Point Oblique Axonometric Orthographic

Two Point Isometric 1st Angle

Cavalier

Three Cabinet Dimetric

3rd Angle
Point
Trimetric
 Theobserver is imagined as infinitely distant
from the object and the plane of projection,
the projectors will be parallel.
 Theobserver is relatively close to the object
and form a “cone” of projectors.

A two-dimensional representation of a three-

dimensional object as it appears to the eye or
as it would appear in a photograph.
 More realistic-looking

 Object appear to converge at some distant

point termed as vanishing point.

 Perspectives
most closely duplicate what our
eye or a camera sees.
 The front face of the drawing is parallel to the
picture plane.
 The sides will recede to a single vanishing point
 Bothsides of the object recede at an angle
from the front corner to two vanishing points.

Vanishing Point
VP 1 VP 2
 All sides of a perspective drawing will recede
to three vanishing points.
 Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle

60o
45o
30o

A B Type of Oblique drawing

1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o
Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
Axonometric axis
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c

B
a Axonometric axis
A
2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
D

a Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
 Orthographic Projection is a method of
representing a three dimensional object on
paper using several two dimensional views.

Height

Width Depth
 B

A
First angle
C

D F

Third angle
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.

Edge Edge No edge

Corner ABDULLAH ALNo corner

MASUM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,No corner
DEPT. OF CE,
 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.

Limiting is a line that represents the last visible

element part of the curve surface.

Surface Surface Surface

Limit
ABDULLAH AL MASUM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,Limit
DEPT. OF CE,
 Orthographic Projection

The best way to

understand
orthographic
projection is to
imagine an
object contained
inside a glass
box.
 Orthographic Projection

There is a total of
six glass walls
surrounding the
object. Each wall
represents a
projection plane
onto which a two-
dimensional object
view will be
created.
 Orthographic Projection
Start by focusing
only on the front
2
projection plane.
A person standing in 3

front of the object 1

would see only the
4
five corners
identified in 5

black.
 Orthographic Projection
Projection lines are
used to project each
corner outward until
they reach the
projection plane.
 Orthographic Projection

The visible edges

of the object are
then identified on
the projection
plane by
connecting the
projected corners
with object lines.
 Orthographic Projection

The orthographic
projection
process is then
repeated on the
other projection
planes.
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Top view

Front view Right side view

THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

ABDULLAH AL MASUM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF CE,

Given: object as shown
Find: draw the orthographic views 1”

4”
2”

5” 6”
 1”

4”
2”

5” 6”
6”

2”
1”

4”
2”
5” 2” 6”
 Given: object as shown (ASSIGNMENT)
Find: draw the orthographic views

3’
18”

4’
3’

30” 5’
 G.M. Harun-Or-Rashid
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RUET, RAJSHAHI-6204
 Orthographic
Orthographic Views Views
Orthographic
views show what
an object’s
projection looks
like when seen
from the top,
the front, or the
side
 Orthographic
Orthographic Views Views
Relative locations of the top, bottom, front,
back, right-side, and left-side view
 Orthographic
Orthographic Views Views
• Views needed to fully describe an object
 Top view
 Front view
 Right-side view
 Orthographic
Orthographic Views Views
• Three types of lines used in orthographical views
 Solid lines represent
• Visible edges of the surfaces
• Visible Intersection of two surfaces
 Hidden or dashed lines represent
• Intersection of two surfaces not visible from
the direction you are looking
• Extreme limits of a cylindrical hole inside the
object
 Centerlines represent
• Center of holes/circles
• Center of cylinders
• Line of symmetry
 Orthographic
Orthographic Views Views
Orthographic Views
 Orthographic
Example Views
16.1 – Orthographic Views
Given: object as shown
Find: draw the orthographic views

Top view

Front view Side view

 PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line

ABDULLAH AL MASUM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF CE,

 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L T Correct

No !
 Center lines represent axes of symmetry.
 They are important for interpreting cylindrical
shapes.
 Rule 1:
 Center lines should start and end with long
dashes.
 Rule 2:
 Center lines should intersect circle by crossing
long dashes.
 Rule 3:
 Center lines should extend a short distance
beyond the object or feature.
 Rule 4:
 Center lines may be connected within a single
view to show that two or more features lie in the
same plane.
NO LINE

NO
LINE
NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.

NOTICE!
The center line connects
between features in the
same view.
 Draw3 views of each object showing object,
hidden and center lines if applicable.
 Draw3 views of each object showing object,
hidden and center lines if applicable.
 Draw the
visible
features of
the front
view.

 Draw
projectors off
of the front
view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw
projectors
off of the
front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw the
top view.

 Project
back to the
front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Project
back to the
front view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw the
right side
view.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Project
back if
needed.
Creating an Orthographic Projection
 Draw
centerlines
where
necessary.
Completed Drawing
Drawing an Orthographic Projection

 Draw the
visible
features of the
front view.

 Draw
projectors off
of the front
view.
Drawing an Orthographic Projection
Drawing an Orthographic Projection
Drawing an Orthographic Projection
Drawing an Orthographic Projection
Drawing an Orthographic Projection

6”
1.25’
2.5’

1.5’
6” 6”
6”
1’

6” 2’
2.5’

3’ 6”
2’ 3’
Drawing an Orthographic Projection
 CE 1100
Civil Engineering Drawing-I

G. M. Harun -Or- Rashid

Lecturer
Dept. of CE, RUET
 Dimensioning and Notation
 Dimensioning is the process wherein size
and location data for the subject of a
technical drawing are provided.

 Notation is the process wherein needed

information not covered by dimensions is
placed on a technical drawing.

 Dimension and Notation should be drawn

by 2H pencil.
Why Dimension?
Engineers, designers, and engineering
technologists need to know

Size
and
Location of
all features
 Dimension Completely

Width
 Dimension Completely

Width
Height
 Dimension Completely

Width
Height
Depth
 Dimension Components

 DIMENSION LINES

 EXTENSION LINES

 LEADER LINES

 ARROW HEADS

 DIMENSION TEXTS
 DIMENSION LINES
 A dimension line is a thin, solid line used to
indicate graphically the linear distance being
dimensioned. Dimension lines are normally
broken for placement of the dimension.
Dimension Line
Dimension Lines
Horizontal
Aligned to a slanted
surface

Vertical
 EXTENSION LINES
 An extension line is a thin, solid line that
extends from the object.
Extension Line
 EXTENSION LINES
Leave a visible gap (≈ 1/16”) from a view and start drawing an extension line.

Extend the lines beyond the (last) dimension line 1/8”.

COMMON MISTAKE

Visible gap
 Extension Lines
Continue 1/8” past
the dimension line
Extended from the
view to indicate the
edges referenced
and hold the
dimension line

1/16” gap from the

view so they are not
confused with the
visible lines
 EXTENSION LINES
Do not break the lines as they cross object lines.

COMMON MISTAKE

Continuous

ABDULLAH AL MASUM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF CE, RUET

 LEADER LINES

 A leader line is a thin, solid line that begins

horizontally, breaks at an angle (usually
downward) and terminates in an arrowhead.

Leader Line
 LEADER LINES
 A circle is dimensioned by its diameter
and an arc by its radius using a leader
line.
 ARROWHEADS
•An Arrowhead is the most commonly used
termination symbol for dimension and leader
lines.
•Width should be 1/3 of length.
 Arrowheads
 Arrowheads are drawn between the extension
lines if possible. If space is limited, they may be
drawn on the outside.

11 2

5.5

13.50

2 2.5
 Dimension Text
 The unidirectional method
means all dimensions are
read in the same direction.

 The aligned method means

some read horizontally and
others read vertically.
(Dimension texts are in
same line with dimension
lines)
 Units
1. Metric system :
of measurement
◦ Whole numbers 2 NOT 02 or 2.0
◦ Decimal 0.2 NOT .2 or .20
◦ Large numbers 32545 (no comma or spaces to
separate digits)
◦ General note like: unless otherwise specified
dimensions are in millimeters

2. Decimal-inch system

◦ Whole dimensions: 24.0 NOT 24

◦ Decimal dimensions: 0.4
 Units of measurement
3. Fractional-inch system

1 , 3
Examples 5 etc.
4 8
 Components of Linear dimensions:
Dimension Text Dimension Lines

Arrow Heads

Extension
Lines
Next:
Dimensioning Guidelines (Rules)

 Incorrectdimensions will be
shown in RED
 Correct dimensions will be
shown in GREEN
Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, nor
should the same information be given in two
different ways.

Incorrect
Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, nor
should the same information be given in two
different ways.

Correct
Dimensions should be attached to the view that
best shows the contour (curve, shape) of the
feature to be dimensioned.

Incorrect
Dimensions should be attached to the view that
best shows the contour of the feature to be
dimensioned.

Correct
No unnecessary dimensions should be used

Incorrect
No unnecessary dimensions should be used
Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines and features.

Incorrect
Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines and features.
Don’t dimension over or through an object. (not
inside any view)

Incorrect
Don’t dimension over or through an object. (not
inside any view)
A dimension should be attached to only one
view; for example, extension lines should
not connect two views.

Incorrect
A dimension should be attached to only one
view; for example, extension lines should
not connect two views.
Successive Dimension Lines

1/4” minimum

3/8” minimum
Whenever possible, Avoid crossing extension
lines, but do not break them when they do
cross.

Multiple
extension
line
crossings
may be
confused for
the outside
corner of the
part.
Whenever possible, avoid sending extension
lines through object views.

Incorrect
Whenever possible, avoid sending extension
lines through object views.
Holes should be located and sized in the view
that shows the feature as a circle.

Incorrect
Holes should be located and sized in the view
that shows the feature as a circle.
Do not cross a dimension line with an
extension line, and avoid crossing
dimensions with leader lines.
Do not cross a dimension line with an
extension line, and avoid crossing
dimensions with leader lines.
Leader lines point toward the center of the
feature, and should not occur horizontally
or vertically.
Dimension numbers should be centered
between arrowheads, except when using
stacked dimensions, and then the numbers
should be staggered.

Incorrect
Dimension numbers should be centered
between arrowheads, except when using
stacked dimensions, and then the numbers
should be staggered.
Exercise 01
 List the dimensioning mistakes and then
dimension the object correctly.
What are the 6 dimensioning mistakes?
 1) Spacing

2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

3 & 4) Text

5) No Gap

6) Missing dim. (n of hole)

Correctly Dimensioned
Exercise 02
 List the dimensioning mistakes and then
dimension the object correctly.
What are the 4 dimensioning mistakes?
1) Leader line 3) Text

2) Center line

4) Crossing dim. and ext.

line
Correctly Dimensioned
Exercise 3
 Find the duplicate
dimensions and
cross out the
ones that you
feel should be
omitted.
 Are there any duplicates
Which
in thisone
group?
should
be omitted?
 Are there any duplicates
Which ones
should in this group?
be omitted?
Are there any duplicates
Which one
in this group?
should
be omitted?
Exercise 4
 List the
dimensioning
mistakes and
then dimension
the object
correctly.
What are the 6
dimensioning mistakes?
 1) Between views

3) Don’t dim. Hidden

lines 2) Leaders angle
up

5) Group

4) Dim where feature

shows contour

6) ext. line
through object
Correctly Dimensioned
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RUET

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

G. M. Harun-Or- Rashid
Lecturer
 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
• The object is held with one vertical edge, then
tilted toward the viewer until the other
horizontal edge are at a 30 degree angles.
• All three axes are scaled equally at 120 degrees.
• Since all lines are parallel, isometric drawings
can be created quickly.
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Characteristics of isometric projections

Axes 1, 2 and 3 form The projection is isometric

All lines parallel to axes 120º angles between (equal measures) because
1, 2 and 3 are isometric one another. the height of axis 1, the
lines.
length of axis 2 and the width
of axis 3 are all proportionally
reduced.
120º
2 3

The lines not parallel to The sides of the cube and

axes 1, 2 and 3 are all planes parallel to them
non-isometric lines. are isometric planes.
1

The isometric lines are

angled at 30º.
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Characteristics of isometric projections

Axes 1, 2 and 3 form The projection is isometric

All lines parallel to axes 120º angles between (equal measures) because
1, 2 and 3 are isometric one another. the height of axis 1, the
lines.
length of axis 2 and the width
of axis 3 are all proportionally
reduced.
120º
2 3

The lines not parallel to The sides of the cube and

axes 1, 2 and 3 are all planes parallel to them
non-isometric lines. are isometric planes.
1

The isometric lines are

angled at 30º.
ISOMETRIC AND NON-ISOMETRIC LINES & PLANES

 In an isometric drawing, true

length distances can only be
measured along isometric lines, that
is, lines that run parallel to any of
the isometric axes.

Any line that does not run

parallel to an isometric axis is
called a non-isometric line
 Non-isometric lines include
inclined and oblique lines and can
not be measured directly. Instead
they must be created by locating
two end points.
 DRAWING OF CIRCLE AND ARCS

In isometric drawing, a circle appears as an ellipse.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.

2. Construct an isometric square.

3. Sketch arcs that connect the
tangent points.
Constructing a true
isometric ellipse.
 DRAWING OF CIRCLE AND ARCS

Four-center method is usually used when drawn an

isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.

4. Locate the four centers.

5. Draw the arcs with these centers

and tangent to isometric square.
The comparison between a true ellipse and one constructed by the four-center method.
 DRAWING OF CIRCLE AND ARCS

The fastest and most accurate way to draw an ellipse for an

isometric drawing is to use an ellipse template.
HIDDEN LINES

Hidden lines are not usually

shown in isometric sketches
unless they are needed to
show a feature that would be
unclear.
Usually the orientation for
the isometric drawing should
be chosen so that hidden
lines aren’t needed.
Holes are assumed to go
completely through the
object unless their depth is
indicated with a note or with
hidden lines.
 Sketch from an actual object
1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.

2. Define an isometric axis.

3. Sketching the enclosing box.

4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each
details.
5. Darken all visible lines.
 Sketch from an actual object

STEPS

1. Positioning object.

2. Select isometric axis.

3. Sketch enclosing box.

4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

 Sketch from an actual object
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted

unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Sketch from multiview drawing

1. Interprete the meaning of lines/areas in

multiview drawing.

2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric

axis.
Example 1 : Object has only normal surfaces

Top
Regular H
Top View
Front
Side

W
D
Front View Side View
H

W D
Side
Reverse Front
Bottom View
Bottom
Example 2 : Object has inclined surfaces

D
Nonisometric line

H
y

x
x Front View
W
Example 3 : Object has inclined surfaces

C B A x

x x
B

C A

y
y

C
B A

Nonisometric line
Prepare Templates and Moulds
Constructing a Pentagon

Stonemasonry Department 2013

Constructing a Pentagon
Begin by marking a
circle with the
centre point C.

C
Constructing a Pentagon
Begin by marking a
circle with the
centre point C.
A

Mark the diameter

of the circle to form
line AB

B
Constructing a Pentagon
Begin by marking a
circle with the
centre point C.
A

Mark the diameter

of the circle to form
line AB

D C
Mark a
perpendicular to
line AB to form line
DC using line
bisection

B
Constructing a Pentagon
Begin by marking a
circle with the
centre point C.
A

Mark the diameter

of the circle to form
line AB

D E C
Mark a
perpendicular to
line AB to form line
DC using line
bisection

B Mark a
perpendicular to
line DC to form
point E using line
bisection
Constructing a Pentagon
Construct a circle
with centre point E
with the diameter
A DC

D E C

B
Constructing a Pentagon
Construct a circle
with centre point E
with the diameter
A DC

Extend a line
through points B
F and E to form
points F and G
D E C

B
Constructing a Pentagon
Construct a circle
with centre point E
with the diameter
A DC

Extend a line
through points B
F and E to form
points F and G
D E C
From centre point
B mark an arc with
G radius BG to
intersect the circle
forming points H
H J and J
B
Constructing a Pentagon
Construct a circle
with centre point E
with the diameter
A DC

Extend a line
through points B
K F M
and E to form
points F and G
D E C
From centre point
B mark an arc with
G radius BG to
intersect the circle
forming points H
H J and J
B
From centre point
B mark an arc with
radius BG to
intersect the circle
forming points K
and M
Constructing a Pentagon
Construct a circle
with centre point E
with the diameter
A DC

Extend a line
through points B
K F M
and E to form
points F and G
D E C
From centre point
B mark an arc with
G radius BG to
intersect the circle
forming points H
H J and J
B
From centre point
B mark an arc with
radius BG to
intersect the circle
forming points K
and M
Constructing a Pentagon
Complete the
pentagon by
constructing lines
A HK, KA, AM, MJ
and JH

K F M

D E C

H J

B
Developed by The Stonemasonry Department
City of Glasgow College
2013
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RUET

Full Syllabus Review

G. M. Harun-Or- Rashid
Lecturer
 PLANE GEOMETRY

Drawing a regular Pentagon

DRAWING A REGULAR
HEXAGON
Activity 10
Activity 10
4
Set your
compass at
the required
radius and do
not change it. 5 3

6 2

1
Activity 11
DRAWING A REGULAR OCTAGON
Activity 19
Activity 19
6 5

7 4

8 3

1 2
Activity 20
DRAWING AN ELLIPSE
DRAWING A PARABOLA
DRAWING A HYPERBOLA
INTRODUCTION TO PLAN,
ELEVATION AND SECTION
 Elevations

Elevations are orthographic views of the outside of the building that

enable clients and customers to see what the finished building will
look like.
Elevations show:
•The style of the building
•The external proportions of the building
•The external features of the building; windows styles and wall
finishes.
•The type of roof
•The position of the doors and windows from the ouside.
The scale of an elevation is normally 1:100 or 1:50
THANKS
TO
ALL