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Introduction to Surveying
Surveying Course: Module 1

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------------------- Objectives -------------------

Define surveying

Identify the jobs of a surveyor

Discuss the brief history of surveying

Enumerate the surveying operations/types, their uses and

recent technologies
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--------------------- Outline ---------------------

Geomatics
Surveying
The Surveyor
Brief History of Surveying
Survey Uses, Types, Recent Technologies

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The science concerned with the

measurement, representation, analysis,
management, retrieval and display of
SPATIAL INFORMATION describing both the
Earth's physical features and the built-in
environment

---------------- What is Geomatics? ----------------

Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania 5

Remote Sensing and Global Navigation

Photogrammetry Satellite Systems
Geographic
Geodesy Information Systems

Cartography ------------------- Surveying

Disciplines
of Geomatics
-------------------
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“The art and science of determining angular

and linear measurements to establish the form,
extent, and relative position of points, lines, and
areas on or near the surface of the earth or on
other extraterrestrial bodies through applied
mathematics and the use of specialized
equipment and techniques.”

---------------- What is Surveying? ----------------

Source: J.P. La Putt (1987) 7

--------------- What is a Surveyor? ---------------

A professional person with the academic
qualifications and technical expertise to:

Practice the science of measurement

Assemble and assess geographic-related information

Use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the
efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon.

Instigate the advancement and development of such practices

Source: International Federation of Surveyors 8

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EGYPT (2780 BC): Side of the pyramid align with the true
meridian and with nearly perfect square base;
Harpedonapata: Ancient Egyptian Surveyors

Babylon (4000 BC): Tax maps and land ownership; Clay tablets
contain records of lands (measurements of lands, signature of
the surveyor); Sexagesimal system is in use (DMS)
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Eratosthenes (276 BC-194 BC): FATHER OF GEOGRAPHY

Estimated the circumference of the Earth at around 39,690 km
(with less than 2% error)
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1400 - 1700: Major developments

• telescope design and construction
• measurement of magnetic declination
• measurement of time
• standardization of units of measurement
• determination of longitude
• surveying instruments and reference books
written on surveying methods

Romans (150 BC): School of Surveying was established to teach

town planning, map making and building of roads/aqueducts
“What can be mapped could be ruled”
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CONTINUOUS
DEVELOPMENT

1900: The military requirements of World

Wars I & II provided the motivation for vast
improvements in the design of surveying
equipment and execution of surveying
operations.

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Uses of Surveys
Establishment of boundaries of land

Fixing of national and state boundaries

Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lakes

Precise location of definite reference points throughout the country

Collection of valuable facts concerning the earth’s magnetism at widely

scattered stations throughout the country

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Relevance to Architecture

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Relevance to Architecture
Location of the design features on site with precision and within accurate
boundaries.

Conformity between the structure’s design and the terrain.

Design of buildings with consideration of the existing context of the site.

Important programmatic considerations such as:

building and zoning codes; requirements for easements, right-of-way,
drainage, utilities, access to public transportation; wind and sunlight;
landscape requirements; handicap accessibility; other constraints
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---------- Classifications of Surveying ----------

PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING

the mean surface of the earth takes into account the true
is considered as a plane, or in shape of the earth
which its spheroidal shape is
neglected Source: Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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--------------- Types of Surveys ---------------

CONTROL HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEY SURVEY
C O N S T R U C T IO N
SURVEY
PROPERTY MINE
SURVEY SURVEY

P H O T O G R A M M E T R IC
SURVEY
TOPOGRAPHIC ROUTE
SURVEY SURVEY

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Control Survey

• consists of
establishment of
the horizontal
and vertical
positions of
arbitrary points
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

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Property Survey
• performed to
determine the
length and
direction of lot
lines and to
establish the
position of
these lines on
the ground
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

© Abelon Realty and Surveying Services 21

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Topographic Survey

• made to secure data

from which may be
made a topographic
map indicating the
© SB Dumama Engineering

configuration of the
terrain and the
location of natural
and human-made
objects
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)
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Hydrographic Survey

• refers to surveys of
bodies of water for
the purposes of
navigation, water
supply, or
subaqueous
construction.
Source: J.P. La Put t (1987)

Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-SA

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Mine Survey

• utilizes the principles

for land, geologic and
topographic surveying
to control, locate and
map underground and
surface works related
to mining operations.
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-NC

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Route Survey

• refers to those control,

topographic and construction
surveys necessary for the
location and construction of
lines of transportation or
communication, such as
highways, railroads, canals,
transmission lines and
pipelines. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

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Construction Survey

• performed to lay out,

locate and monitor
public and private
engineering works.
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

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Photogrammetric Survey

• utilizes the principle of

aerial and terrestrial
photogrammetry, in
which measurements
made on photographs
are used to determine
the positions of Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-NC

photographed objects
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)

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Which among these

types of surveys are
the relevant to
Architecture?

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PROPERTY/BOUNDARY CONSTRUCTION/
AS-BUILT

Which among these

types of surveys are
ROUTE/UTILITY
the relevant to TOPOGRAPHIC

Architecture?
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC OTHER (NON-GE):
GEOTECHNICAL
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------------- Recent Technologies -------------

GEOGRAPHIC
TOTAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
STATION
SYSTEMS

Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-ND
SATELLITE SYSTEMS 30

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------------- Recent Technologies -------------

3D DRONE SURVEYS AND MAPPING

REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS

Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s licensed under CC BY-NC
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END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

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