1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY Dr, Ma, Luisa Crisostomo || October 2022 ANPH111 OUTLINE Kidney-shaped masses of - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymph nodes lymphatic tissue that lie Ni, BODY DEFENSES along lymphatic vessels Ml, CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSE Important phagocyte that SYSTEM Macrophage remains fixed in strategic WV, HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) areas IMMUNE RESPONSE Unique group of lymphocytes that continually TERMINOLOGIES Natural killer cols roam the body seeking Immunity that results when ‘out pathogens or ciseased ee acl the body manufactures ils cells ee mun ‘wn antibodies or T cells Phagosytes that accumulate against a pathogen Neutrophils rapidly at sites of acute injury Environmental substance First and second lines of Allorgon, that tiggers an allergic. defense; immune response response Nonspecific immunity | aimed at a broad range of Severe, immediate pathogens Anaphylaxis hypersensitivity reaction affecting the entire body Substance produced by B Antibody lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, ABtoen ‘Any molecule that triggers ‘an immune response immune response that targets foreign cells or host eeu cells that have become sv es blood cells to an area of eee the release of chemicals {rom the injured cells ‘group of proteins in the blood that, through a ‘Complement ‘cascade of chemical reactions, participate in ‘nonspecific immunity Process in which neutrophils enzymatically digest a pporiion of the capillary Diapodosis basement membrane, allowing them to leave the Process by which vessel and enter inflamed Phagocytosis phagocytes engulf and tissue destroy microorganisms ‘Substance secreted by Pyrexia Fever ey injured or imitated cells that The third ine of defense produces local vasodilation Specific immunity immune response targeted ‘among other effects ata spectic pathogen Timune response that uses ai The bodys ares! mph antibodies to target PI Corgan; contains masses of Mii pathogens outside the host lymphocytes calls mile Lymphocytes tat pariinale 7 Tnereased biood flow to an mphocytos in both cellular and hu- moral Hyporemi ae immunity; also called T cells Immunoglobulins: Antibodies Lymphoid organ where T ‘An immunological response Thymus gland cells mature, iocatec in the to injury, infection, or allergy, ‘mediastinal cavity marked by increases in ‘Masses of lymphoid tissue Inflammation regional blood flow, Tonsils that form a protective circle immigraton of white blood al the back ofthe throat cells, and release of ‘chemical toxins | LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Protein released from virus ‘© Consists of two semi-indepencent parts infected cells that helps + Lymphatic vessels anerteron protect nearby cells from + Lymphoid tissues and organs invasion ‘© Lymphatic system functions Tyinoh Crear, coloriess fd fling ‘+ Transports escaped fluids trom the lymphatic capillaries cardiovascular system back tothe blood rage.[ANPH1 14] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY ~ Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo ‘+ Protects the body by removing foreign ‘material from the lymph + Immune surveillance g Lymphatic collecting vessels ‘© Collect lymph from lymph capillaries © Garry lymph to and away from lymph nodes © Return fuid to circulatory veins near the heart ‘+ Right lymphatic duct drains the DISTRIBUTION OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS Iymph from the night arm and the Lymphatic capillanes fight side of the head and thorax | ‘+ Thoracic duct drains lymph from rest of booy Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels are ‘similar to veins of the Lymphatic Trunks ‘cardiovascular Lumbar System Intestinal = Thin-walled Bronchomediastinal + Larger vessels ‘Subclavian have valves Jugutar - Low- pressure, pumpless system Lymph consists of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins. carried by lymphatic vesseis, Lymph transport If fluids are not picked up, edema occurs as fluid 1, Skeletal muscle accumulates in tissues. ‘contraction Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) pick up excess fluid 2. Negative pressure A(ymph) and retum itt the blood inte orm ves + Forma one-way system ‘+ Lymph flows only toward the heart Lymph capillaries ‘+ Weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries ‘+ Walls overiap to form flaplike minivalves Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries 2 capi eae wortsds Lymph Trunks prnomenis {e connective tissue + Lumbar - Drains lower extremities and pelvis + Higner pressure on the inside closes {Intestinal - Drains abcorinal region maven + Bronchomediastinal - Oran thorax + Flid is forced along the vessel + Subetavian ~ Drains upper extemites * Sugular~ Drains head and neck Thoracic Duct ‘© Originates from cistema chy + Which empties into the left intemal jugular vein Right Lymphatic Duct ‘+ Which empties into the right subclavian vein at its junction with the night internal jugular vein rowed,[ANPH111] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY — Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo Lymph nodes filer lymph betore its returned to the blood ‘© Harmful materials that are fitered © Bacteria © Viruses © Cancer cells © Cell debris Defense cells within lymph nodes ‘© Macrophages - enguif and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in lymoh = Lymphocytes - respond to foreign substances in lymph Structure ‘© Mostlymph nodes are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long, and buried in connective tissue ‘Surrounded by a capsule © Divided into compartments by trabeculae © Cortex (outer part) * Contains folicies—collections of lymphocytes + Germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells © Media (inner part) * Contains phagocytic macrophages Flow of lymph through nodes ‘© Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vesseis ‘= Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node ‘= Lymph exits through efferent iymphatic vessels © Because there are fewer efferent than afferent vessels, low is slowed Basie structural components 1. Lymphocytes aggregates =" Loose, dense, nodular, follicles 2. Loose connective issue: reticular 3. Epithelial cols ‘Several other lymphoid organs contribute to lymphatic function {in addition to the lymph nodes) = Spleen = Thymus © Tonsiis Peyer's patches © Appendix: Tonsils (in pharyngeal region) ‘Thymus (in thorax; most active during youth) Peyer's patches: (inintestine) Appendix TU lymphatic organ Located on the left side of the abdomen Fiters and cleans biood of bacteria, viruses, debris Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune survellance Destroys worn-out blood cel's Forms blood cells inthe fetus Acts as a biood reservoir Graveyard for senescent or aged RBC Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells Found overlying the heart Functions at peak levels only during youth + Isa fiat, pinkish-gray, two lobed organ lying high in the chest anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum Increases its size during childhood Characteristics feature is hassal's or thymic corpuscles Int the thymus the lymphoid tissue is not arranged in nodules ‘+ Smail masses of lymphoid lissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx (throat) ‘+ Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens ‘+ Tonsiltis results when the tonsils become congested with bacteria Waldeyer’s Ring = Several groups of tonsils forming a ring of lymphoid tissue, guard the entrance of the ‘alimentary and respiratory tracts from invasion by microorganism. Its composed of the ft. = Palatine tonsils = _ Nasopharyngeal tonsil = Lingual tonsils Found in the wall of the small intestine ‘+ Similar lymphoic folicles are found in the appendix * Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine * Clusters of nodules in the ileum eed[ANPH1 11] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY ~ Dr. Ma, Luisa Crisostomo Includes = Peyer's patches: © Tonsiis + Appendix + Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts IMMUNITY + Defense of the body against disease causing agents like transplant, blood transfusion, autoimmune, allergies, AIDS IMMUNITY SYSTEM + 8.2 functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense Two mechanisms that make up the immune system defend us ‘rom foreign materia's + Innate (nonspecific) defense system = Block the entry or spread of the disease + Adaptive (specific) defense system - Very specific + Tailored to individual treat = Antibody mediated (B cells) and cells mediated (T cells) Innate (nonspecific) defense system * Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders + Responds immediately to protect body from foreign matenals ‘Adaptive (specific) defense system * Fights invaders that get past the innate system Specific defense is required for each type of invader + The highly specific resistance to disease is immunity __ ALINNATE (NONSPECIFIC) DEFENSE SYSTEM = Innate body 1§ are mechanical barriers 10 pathogens (harmful or disease-causing ‘microorganisms) and include: © Body surface coverings "Intact skin "Mucous membranes © Specialized human cells © Chemicals produced by the body Present at birth + Does not become efficient upon the second exposure to same organism + Skin, mucous membrane, phagocytes, natural kiler cell inflammatory response, interferon, complement, fever “121 Summary of nae Crip os Dts ee ed TIT) Bomar of wre inspect dy Oven mona ———— ce Sorisatunenee ‘+ Surface membrane bartiers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, provide the first line of defense against the invasion of microorganisms + Protective secretions produced by these membranes Acidic skin secretions inhibit bacterial growth ‘Sebum is toxic to bacteria ‘Mucus traps microorganisms Gastric juices are acidic and kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria) Cells and chemicals provide a second line of defense ‘+ Natural killer cells and phagocytes Inflammatory response ‘Chemicals that kill pathogens + Fever Natural killer (NK) cells Lyse (burst) and kil cancer cells virus-infected cells ‘+ Release chemicals called perforin and granzymes to degrade target cell contents, Inflammatory response “Triggered when body tissues are injured ‘+ Fourmost common indicators (cardinal signs) of acute inflammation Redness Heat © Pain © Swelling (edema) + Damaged celts release inflammatory chemicals, Histamine Kinin ra(ANPH111] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY ~ Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo, + These chemicals cause: © Blood vessels to dilate . © Capillaries to become leaky © Phagocytes and white blood cells to move . into the area (called positive chemotaxis) ‘Antion fs inflam, * Prevents spread of damaging agents . + Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through Phagocytosis + Sets the stage for repair . * Neutrophils migrate tothe area of inflammation by rolling along the vessel wal (following the scent of . chemicals from inflammation) + Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis to sites of infammation + Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury (positive chemotaxis) and consume any foreign material present Celis such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis The phagocytic vesicie is fused with a lysosome, and enzymes digest the cell's contents Enhance innate defenses by: ‘9 Attacking microorganisms directly ‘© Hindering reproduction of microorganisms ‘Most important types ‘2 Complement proteins, Interferon ns: complemé ‘Complement refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasma Complement is activated when these plasma proteins. encounter and attach to cells (known as complement foxation) ‘Membrane attack complexes (MACs). one result of ‘complement fixation, produce holes or pores in cells > Pores allow water to rush into the cell > Cell bursts (lyses) Activated complement enhances the inflammatory response Interferons are small proteins secreted by virus- infected cells Interferons bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere withthe ability of viruses to multiply ‘Abnormally high body temperature is a systemic response to invasion by microorganisms Hypothalamus regulates body temperature at 370C. (98.60F) ‘The hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by yrogens (secreted by white blood cells) High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zine (needed by bacteria) from the liver and spleen Fever also increases the speed of repair processes »IANPH111] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY - Dr. Ma, Luisa Crisostomo + Adaptive body defenses are the body's specific defense system, or the third line of defense ‘© Immune response is the immune system's response toa threat © Antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies + Three aspects of adaptive defense ‘© Antigen specific—the adaptive defense ‘system recognizes and acts against particular {foreign substances © Systemic—immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site ‘© Memory—the adaptive defense system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens + Two arms of the adaptive defense system ‘© Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated immunity = Provided by antibodies present in body fluids: © Cellular immunity = cel-mediated immunity Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and calls of foreign grafts Antigens. Antigens are any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response © Examples of common nonself antigens Foreign proteins provoke the strongest response Nucleic acids Large carbohydrates ‘Some lipids Pollen grains Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) © SellAntigens ‘Human colls have many protein and carbohydrate molecules = Self-antigens do not tngger an immune response in us + The presence of our cells in another person's body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign # Restricts donors for transplants = Haptens, or incomplete antigens, ‘are not antigenic by themselves ‘© When they link up with our own proteins, the immune system may recognize the combination as foreign and respond with an attack + Found in poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, hair dyes, cosmetics ‘© Crucial cells of the adaptive system © Lymphooytes—respond to specific antigens B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity ‘= Tlymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses; do not make antibodies TYPES OF MATURE LYMPHOCYTES = Helper T Cell ~ (+) other T cells Cytotoxic T Cell — Attack the infected cells, virus, cancer cells, foreign body = Suppressor T Cell- terminate Normal immune © Antigen-presenting cells (APGs)—help the lymphocytes but do not respond to specific antigens Avie from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow Whether a lymphocyte matures into a B cell or T cell depends on were it becomes immunocompetent Immunocompetence ‘0 The capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface T cells develop immunocompetence in the thymus and oversee cell: mediated immurity © Identify foreign antigens. ‘© Those that bind setf-antigens are destroyed © Selfolerance is important part of lymphocyte education” B cells develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity Immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen, where encounters with antigens occur Differentiation from naive cels into mature lymphocytes is complete when they bind with recognized antigens Mature lymphocytes (especially T cells) circulate continuously throughout the body Enguif antigens and then present fragments of them (on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by Tcells Major types of cols behaving as APCs © Dendritic calls © Macrophages © Blymphocytes When they present antigens, dendritic cells and macrophages activate T cells, wich release chemicals nae'B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen ©The binding event sensitizes, or activates, the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection © Allarge numberof cones is produced (primary ‘humoral response) © Humoral (Antibody. Mediated) Immune Response © Most of the 8 cel cone members (descendants) become plasma cells © Produce antibodies to destroy antigens © Activity lasts for 4 oF § days © _ Plasma cells begin to die © Some B cells become long-lived memory cells capable ‘of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in ‘subsequent meetings (secondary humoral response) © These cells provide immunological memory TANPH111] 1.09 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY ~ Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo © Naturally acquired from a mother to her fetus. or in the breast milk 2 Artificially acquired from immune serum or gamma globulin (donated antibodies) ‘+ Immunological memory does not accur ‘© Protection is short-lived (2-3 weeks) ‘* Monoclonal antibodies © Antibodies prepared for clinical testing for diagnostic services © Produced from descendants of a single cell line © Exhibit specificity for only one antigen ‘© Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies + Cancer treatment + Diagnosis of pregnancy * Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies = OSS0090 * % 4 hay Any, SIA PANGAN AN% tee Relative antibody in blood plasma o1? 3s « 6 6 t Time (weeks) Antigen Aniigon, Injecteg injectea ‘© Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies ‘+ Active immunity can be: © Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections © Attificially acquired from vaccines ‘© Occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone ‘pathogens: (gamma | cane | oath ore ‘+ Antibodies (immunoglobulins, igs) ‘© Constitute gamma globulin part of blood proteins © Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells, (plasma cells) © Formed in response to @ huge number of antigens + Antibody structure 2 Four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light, inked by disufide bonds to form a T- or Y-shaped molecule + Antibody classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles and difer structurally and functionally 2 Five major immunoglobutin classes (MADGE) + "Ig—can fx complement ~7- 1% (largest size) =the fist ig to be made by fetus + IgA—found mainy in secretions, such as mucus of tears = 15% of Ig + lgD—important in activation of B cell ~< 1% exists oniy as, monomer + lgG—can cross the placental barier ‘and fix complement; most abundant antibody in plasma = 75% of Ig, All IgG are monomers + IgE—invoived in allergies ~ Less than 1% of Ig xists as a monomer = does not fix ig to be made by the fetus ome]