Tutorial file:///E:/My%20Files/Courses/MEC709%20-%20Fall%202010/Lab%2...

Contents

Inroduction to MATLAB
Vectors
Matrices
Saving and loading data
Relational and logical operators
Plotting with MATLAB
Check the rest of the codes as a homework
Polynomials
Symbolic toolbox in MATLAB

Inroduction to MATLAB

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Error: File: E:\My Files\Courses\MEC709 - Fall 2010\Lab 1\Tutorial.m Line: 159 Column: 2
The expression to the left of the equals sign is not a valid target for an assignment.

Vectors

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2+3 % summation

12/3 % divison

[1,2,3,4] % initizlization of vectors, i.e. arrays

[1 2 3 4]

a=[1 2 3 4] % assign values to an array 1 x 4

b=[1;2;3;4] % assign values to an array 4 x 1

% semicolon on the end of the line suppreses the output

b=[1;2;3;4]

length(b) % length of an array

max(b) % maximum element

min(b) % minimum

mean(b) % average value of an array

c=[3 4 65 2 8 1]

sort(c) % sort an array

help sort % help command

sort(c, 'descend') % sort in descending order

sqrt(23) % square root

d=5^3 % raise to the power of 3

pi

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sqrt(a) % sqare root of an array

exp(a) % exponential

2*4 % multiplication

a*b % multiplication of arrays -> product of vectors a(1x4) * b(4x1)= (1x1)

b*a % b(4x1) * b(1x4)= (4x4)

s1=1:6 % define an array from 1 to 6 with step 1

s2=1:2:7 % define an array from 1 to 7 with step 2

s3=7:-1:2 % step -1

% Complex numbers
c1=2+3i

c2=3+5j

c3=2-3*i

isreal(c1) % check if the variable c1 is real

i1=real(c1) %real part

i2=imag(c1) %imaginary part

conj(c1) % conjugate of c1 -> i1-i2*i

abs(c1) %magnitude -> sqrt(i1^2+i2^2)

angle(c1) % phase angle atan(i2/i1)

home % bring the commanf line to the top of the command window

whos % lists all variables in the workspace

% Strings

t='ryerson' % define a tring variable with ' '

disp(t) % display the variable t

whos % notice that t is char variable -> character

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Matrices

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% initializing matrices
A=[2 3 4;
2 4 5;
6 8 10]

B=[2,3,4;2,4,5;6,8,10]

C=[1 6 9; 2 5 1];

A*C % error: you can not multiply A(3x3) with C(3x2) matrix

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D=C' % transpose of a matrix D(2x3)

A*D % note the sizes: A(3x3) and D(3x2)

A(2,3) % element in row 2 and column 3

A(:,1) % elements of the first column in A

A(1,:) % elements in the first row of A

A(1:2,2:3) % elements from rows 1 to 2 and from columns 2 to 3

A^2 % square of a matrix A*A

A.^2 % square of each element in the matrix

det(A) % determinant of a matrix

inv(A) % inverse of matrix

A*inv(A)

eye(5) %identity matrix

ones(6,3) % matrix of ones

zeros(2,4) % matrix of zeros

Saving and loading data

save mydata A D B % save the variables C, D and B in the file mydata

clear all % clear the variables from the workspace

load mydata % load the variables from the file mydata

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Relational and logical operators

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3>1 % returns 1 if true,

2==3

2=3 % error: '=' is used to assign values to a variable

a2=3

A>4

A==3

max(A) % maximum of each column in A

max(max(A))

size(A) %size of a matrix

%for loops
for i=1:5
v(i)=i^2
end

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% if loops
% swaps the values of x and y if x>y
x=5,y=4
if x>y
temp=x;
x=y
y=temp
end

% nested loops
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
if sqrt(A(i,j))>=2 & A(i,j)<5
D(i,j)=A(i,j);
else
D(i,j)=sqrt(A(i,j));
end
end
end
D

%while (egzample: find the smallest number supproted by the PC)

v=1;
while v>0
vmin=v;
v=v/2;
end
vmin

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Plotting with MATLAB

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tt=[1 2.4 5 6.6 8] % define a time sequence

yy=[2 4 7 9 10] % define the values of the function
plot(yy,'x') % plots the array with 'x' markers
plot(tt,yy,'o') % plots the array with 'o' markers at times tt

% plots sin(x) with a dashed line and width 6

x=0:0.1:10
y=sin(x)
plot(x,y,'--','Linewidth',6)

plot(x,y,'yo') % plots with yelow color and 'o' markers

plot(x,y,'rx','Markersize',10) % red color and 'x' markers

plot(x,y,x,2*y) % plots y=sin(x) and 2*y=2*sin(x)

legend('old','new') % legend

% define axis limits, title and axis labels

plot(x,y)
axis([-2 20 -2 2]) % xlim([xmin xmax]), ylim([ymin ymax])
title('Plot of sin(x)','Fontsize',16)
xlabel('input')
ylabel('sin(x)')
grid

hold on, plot(x,x.^-2,'g--'),hold off; % adds another plot in the same figure

% create several plots in the same figure

subplot(2,2,1),plot(x,y)
subplot(2,2,2),plot(x,x.^3)
subplot(2,2,3),plot(x+4),gtext('display it here')

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subplot(2,2,4),plot(x,exp(x))

% bar plots
x1=0:0.3:2
bar(x1,sin(x1))

% for three dimensional plots use plot3

x=0:0.3:20
y=sin(x);
z=cos(x);
plot3(x,y,z)
xlabel('x-axis'),ylabel('y-axis'),zlabel('z-axis')

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Check the rest of the codes as a homework

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Polynomials

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P1=[2 4 8 10] % assign 2s^3+4s^2+8s+10

P2=[1 0 0 1 0] % assign s^4+s

P1+P2 % error: P1 and P2 should have the same number of elements

P1=[0 2 4 8 10] % we added a zero to P1 to match the size of P2

P1+P2

P3=poly([-2 3]) % define a polunomial with zeros 2 and -3 -> (s+2)(s-3)=s^2-s-6

P4=conv([1 2],[1 -3]) % multiplication of polynomials -> (s+2) * (s-3)

roots(P4) % roots (or zeros) of a polinomial

polyval(P4,3) % evaluate a polynomial -> 3^2-1*3-6

polyval(P4,25) % evaluate -> 25^2-1*25-6

% division of polynomials
[Q,R]=deconv(P1,P3) % Q-quotient, R-remainder P1=P3*Q+R

% partial fraction expansion

% expand (s+4)/(s^2+5s+6)
[r,p,k]=residue([1 4],[1 5 6])

% transfer function in polynomial form

sys1=tf([1 5],[1 2 7])

% transfer function with zeros, poles, gain

sys2=zpk([1 0],[1 3 0 6],4)
% convert to polynomial form
tf(sys2)

% alternative way
s=tf('s')
sys3=4*(s-1)/(s^4-6*s^2+5)
zpk(sys3)

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% solving sistems of linear equations

% for example solve the following system Ax=b:
% x1+x2+x3=1
% 2x1+3x2=4
% x1+x2-x3=2
A=[1 1 1;
2 3 0;
1 1 -1]
b=[1; 4; 2]
inv(A)*b
% or
A\b

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Symbolic toolbox in MATLAB

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clear all % clear the variables in the workspace

% define symbolic objects

syms a b c t x;

% solve the equation 2*x+3=0

solve(2*a+3)

solve(b^2-4*b+19) % another example

% find the solutions of a*x^2+b*x+c for a=3, b=2 and c=5

y=solve(a*x^2+b*x+c)
subs(y,{a,b,c},{3,2,5})

% differentiation -> find the derivative d/dx(x^3)

diff(x^3)

diff(x^3,3) % derivative of d/dx(x^3) for x=3

diff(sin(x)+(x^2/4)-tan(x/3))

% integration
int(x) % indefinite integral

% definite integral
int('x+2',-2,6) % integral of (x+2)dx from -2 to 6

% solving differential equations

dsolve('Dy=t*y') % example dy\dt=t*y

dsolve('Dy=t*y','y(0)=0.01') % solve dy\dt=t*y with initial condition y=0.01

% laplace transformation
syms t % define a symbolic variable
f4=exp(-2*t) % define a function e^(-2t)
F4=laplace(f4) % find the solution
pretty(F4) % display the solution in a 'pretty' way (fractions)
ezplot(f4) % plot the function f4

% another example
f5=exp(-t)-2*t*exp(-2*t)-2*exp(-2*t)
F5=laplace(f5)
pretty(F5)

ilaplace(F5) % find the inverse Laplase transform

pretty(ans)

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Published with MATLAB® 7.7

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