MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Refresher MODULE – GROUND ENGINEERING METHODS

EXCAVATING & LIFTING

Soil Volume-Change Characteristics
Production = Volume per cycle X Cycles per hour
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (Volume/hr)
Swell (%) = ( − 1) × 100%
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

*Hydraulic Excavator
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Shrinkage (% ) = (1 − ) × 100% Production (LCM/h) = 𝐶 × 𝑆 × 𝑉 × 𝐵 × 𝐸
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Where: C = cycles/hr (Table 1)

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 S = swing-depth factor (Table 2)
Load Factor =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 V = heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM)
or B = bucket fill factor (Table 3)
Load Factor =
1 E = job efficiency
1+𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 *Hydraulic Shovel

Shrinkage Factor = Production (LCM/h) = 𝐶 × 𝑆 × 𝑉 × 𝐵 × 𝐸
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
or
Shrinkage Factor = 1 − 𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 Where: C = cycles/hr (Table 4)
S = swing factor (Table 4)
1. Find the swell of a soil that weighs 1661 kg/m3 in its V = heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM)
natural state and 1186 kg/m3 after excavation. B = bucket fill factor (Table 3)
a. 40% b. 30% c. 50% d. 20% E = job efficiency
2. Find the shrinkage of a soil that weighs 1661 kg/m3 in its
natural state and 2077 kg/m3 after compaction. *Draglines
a. 20% b. 60% c. 40% d. 30%

SIT.1 (CE BOARD NOV. 2018)

A soil weighs 1163 kg/LCM, 1661 kg/BCM, and 2077
kg/CCM. 11. Estimate the actual bucket load in bank cubic meter for
3. Find the load factor for the given soil. a loader bucket whose heaped capacity is 3.82 m3. The
a. 0.90 b. 0.33 c. 0.66 d. 0.70 soil’s bucket fill factor is 0.90 and its load factor is 0.80.
4. Determine the shrinkage factor. a. 2.75 b. 1.24 c. 5.42 d. 6.37
a. 0.20 b. 0.80 c. 0.50 d. 0.30
5. How many bank cubic meters (BCM) are contained in (CE BOARD NOV. 2021)
593,300 LCM of this soil? 12. Find the expected production in loose cubic meter
a. 415310 b. 553043 c.33248 d. 203841 (LCM) per hour of a small hydraulic excavator. Heaped
6. How many compacted cubic meters (CCM) are bucket capacity is 0.57 m3. The material is sand and gravel
contained in 593,300 LCM of this soil? with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Job efficiency is 50 min/h.
a. 442828 b. 553043 c.332248 d. 203841 Average depth of cut is 4.3 m. Maximum depth of cut is 6.1
m and average swing is 90.
SIT. 2 Hint: Production (LCM/hr) = C x S x V x B x E
A triangular spoil bank containing 100 BCY if the pile length Cycle output = 250 cycles/60 min
is 30 ft , the soil’s angle of repose is 37°, and its swell is Swing-depth Factor = 1.00.
25%. a. 131 b. 111 c. 113 d. 133
7. Determine the loose volume of the soil in cu. ft.
a. 3375 b. 2032 c. 4335 d. 1245 13. Find the expected production in loose cubic meters
8. Determine the base width of the spoil bank in ft. (LCM) per hour of a 2.3 m3 hydraulic shovel equipped with
a. 30.6 b. 14.5 c. 24.4 d. 19.3 a front-dump bucket. The material is common earth with a
9. Determine the height of the spoil bank in ft. bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is 75°
a. 11.3 b. 16.3 c. 5.4 d. 9.2 and job efficiency is 0.80.
Hint: Production (LCM/hr) = C x S x V x B x E
10. Find the base diameter in meters of a conical spoil pile Cycles Output = 150/60min
that will contain 76.5 BCM of excavation if the soil’s angle Swing Factor = 1.05
of repose is 32° and its swell is 12%.
a. 15.42 b. 11.14 c. 8.64 d. 10.16 a. 290 b. 145 c. 330 d. 233
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Refresher MODULE – GROUND ENGINEERING METHODS

14. Determine the expected dragline production in loose SIT. 3 (CE BOARD NOV. 2019)
cubic meters (LCM) per hour based on the following 16. A wheel tractor-scraper weighing 91 t is being operated
information: on a haul road with a tire penetration of 5 cm. What is the
Dragline size = 1.53 m3 total resistance (kg) when the scraper is ascending a slope
Soil swell op = 25% of 5%?
Job efficiency = 50 min/h a. 9100 b. 4550 c. 5300 d. 10440
Material = common earth 17. What is the effective grade when the scraper is
Average depth of cut = 2.4 m ascending a slope of 5%?
Swing angle = 120° a. 10% b. 20% c. 25% d. 15%
For Common Earth, use Ideal Dragline output = 176 BCM/h
Refer to table 7 below in determining swing depth factor. 18. A crawler tractor weighing 36 t is towing a rubber-tired
a. 134 b. 144 c. 165 d. 206 scraper weighing 45.5 t up a grade of 4%. What is the total
resistance (kg) of the combination if the rolling resistance
15. Estimate the production in loose cubic meters per hour factor is 50 kg/t?
for a medium-weight clamshell excavating loose earth. a. 11070 b. 5535 c. 2768 d.
Heaped bucket capacity is 0.75 m3. The soil is common 1384
earth with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Estimated cycle time is
40 s. Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/h. (CE BOARD NOV. 2021)
a. 65 b. 44 c. 53 d. 71 19. Estimate the hourly production in loose volume (LCM)
of a 2.68m3 wheel loader excavating sand and gravel
LOADING & HAULING (average material) from a pit and moving it to a stockpile.
Estimating Equipment Travel Time The average haul distance is 61 m, the effective grade is
6%, the bucket fill factor is 1.00, and job efficiency is 50
Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time min/h.
a. 176 b. 173 c. 168 d. 175
Total Resistance = Grade Resistance + Rolling Resistance
(lb or kg) Table 7
Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance Factor = 40 + (30 x in. penetration)

(lb/ton)
Rolling Resistance Factor = 20 + (6 x cm penetration)
(kg/t)

Grade Resistance Factor = 20 x grade (%)

(lb/ton)
Grade Resistance Factor = 10 x grade (%)
(kg/t)

*Effect of Altitude

*Loaders
Production = Volume per cycle X Cycles per hour
(Volume/hr)