MATH 12

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 4: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Source: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Integral-Math-Posters

Prepared by:
ENGR. CZARINA C. COLEGIO-DE CASTRO, RME, REE, RGE
Faculty, EE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

This module has the following sections.

It shows the specific topic of

Title
the module.

The topics in this module are

Overview
included in this section.

A brief discussion on the

lectures is given in this section. It
Lesson Proper
helps you explore new ideas and
capabilities.

It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.

Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating

your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.
In this segment you will
Supplementary improve your awareness or
Knowledge experience through the lectures as
an additional practice.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

This is a list of all sources that

References this module uses for creation.

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CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW
1) Introduction

2) The Definite Integral

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
a) Graphical Representation
This course discusses the definite integral, its definition,
graphical representation, theorems used in integration and some b) Theorems
practical examples.
c) Illustrations and Examples
COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to do the
following.
 Apply theorems in solving definite integral problems.
 Represent definite integral functions graphically.
 Interpret results of integration.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

INTRODUCTION
The definite integral is defined as the area measured in a plane region.
This module will start by presenting it using graphs. Next will be its definition in terms of limits and
summation notations. Then finally, its governing theorems used will be tackled.
Understanding definite integral will equip students in relating it in various applications especially for
engineering purposes.

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Lesson
Area of a Plane Region
2
LESSON PROPER
1.1. Introduction

We defined the area of a plane region as the limit of a Riemann sum. It was presented that such a limit is a
definite integral.
Now that you have learned some techniques for computing definite integrals we consider more problems
involving areas of plane regions.
In the examples that follow we begin by expressing the measures of the required area as the limit of a Riemann
sum to reinforce the procedure for setting up such sums for future applications.

1.2. Illustrations

1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curve

𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 5
the x axis, and the line x = 2.

Figure 1. Graph of Illustration 1.

Solution

We take a partition of the interval [0,2]. The width of the 𝑖th rectangle is ∆, 𝑥 units, and the altitude
is 𝑤𝑖 √𝑤𝑖2 + 5 units, where 𝑤𝑖 is any number in the 𝑖th subinterval. Therefore, the measure of the

area of the rectangular element is 𝑤𝑖 √𝑤𝑖2 + 5 ∆𝑖 𝑥. The sum of the measures of the areas of 𝑛 such
rectangles is
𝑛

∑ 𝑤𝑖 √𝑤𝑖2 + 5 ∆𝑖 𝑥
𝑖=1

which is Riemann sum. The limit of this sum as ‖∆‖ approaches 0 gives the measure of the desired
area. The limit of the Riemann sum is definite integral that we evaluate by the second fundamental
theorem of the calculus. Let A square units be the area of the region. Then

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𝐴 = lim ∑ 𝑤𝑖 √𝑤𝑖2 + 5 ∆𝑖 𝑥
‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
2
= ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥
0

1 2 2
= ∫ √𝑥 + 5 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
2 0
1 2 2 3 2
= ∙ (𝑥 + 5)2 ]
2 3 0
1 3 3
= [(9) ⁄2 − (5) ⁄2 ]
3
1
= (27 − 5√5 )
3
≈ 5.27
1
Conclusion: The area is 3 (27 − 5√5 ) square units, or approximately 5.27 square units.

So far we have considered the area of a region for which the function values are nonnegative on [𝑎, 𝑏]. Suppose
now that f(x) < 0 for all x in [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then each 𝑓(𝑤𝑖 )is a negative number; so we define the number of square units
in the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the x axis, and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 to be
𝑛

lim ∑[−𝑓(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥
‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
𝑏
which equals − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
the x axis, and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.

Figure 2. Graph of Illustration 2.

Solution

We take a partition of the interval [1,3]; the width of the 𝑖th rectangle is ∆, 𝑥 units. Because 𝑥 2 −
4𝑥 < 0 on [1,3], and the altitude of the 𝑖th rectangle is – (𝑤𝑖2 − 4𝑤𝑖 ) = 4𝑤𝑖 − 𝑤𝑖2 . Hence the sum
of the measures of the areas of n rectangles is given by
𝑛

∑(4𝑤𝑖 − 𝑤𝑖2 ) ∆𝑖 𝑥
𝑖=1

The measure of the desired area is given by the limit of this sum as ‖∆‖approaches 0; so if A
square units is the area of the region,

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𝐴 = lim ∑(4𝑤𝑖 − 𝑤𝑖2 ) ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
3
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1

1 3
= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ]
3 1
22
=
3
22
Conclusion: The area of the region is square units.
3

3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
the x axis, and the lines 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.

Figure 3. Graph of Illustration 3.

Solution

Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
Because 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 when x is in the closed interval [−1,1] and 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 when x is in the closed
interval [1,2], we separate the region into two parts. Let 𝐴1 be the number of square units in the area
of the region when x is in [−1,1], and let 𝐴2 be the number of square units in the area of the region
when x is in [1,2]. Then
𝑛

𝐴1 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑤𝑖 ) ∆𝑖 𝑥
‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
1
= ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥
−1

and
𝑛

𝐴2 = lim ∑[−𝑓(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥
‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
2
= ∫ −(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥
1

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If A square units is the area of the entire region, then

𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
1 2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥
−1 1

1 2 5 1 1 2 5 2
= [ 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥] − [ 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥]
4 3 2 −1 4 3 2 1

1 2 5 1 2 5
( − − + 6) − ( + − − 6)
=[ 4 3 2 4 3 2 ]
16 1 2 5
− [(4 − − 10 + 12) − ( − − + 6)]
3 4 3 2
32 29
= − (− )
3 12
157
=
12
157
Conclusion: The area of the region is square units.
12

Now consider two functions f and g continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) for all x
in [𝑎, 𝑏]. We wish to find the area of the region bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) and the two
lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.
Take a partition of the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], with the 𝑖th subinterval having a length of ∆𝑖 𝑥. In each subinterval choose
a point 𝑤𝑖 . Consider the rectangle having altitude [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] units and width ∆𝑖 𝑥 units. The sum of the
measures of the areas of these n rectangles is given by the following Riemann sum:
𝑛

∑ [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥
𝑖=1

This Riemann sum is an approximation to what we intuitively think of as the number representing the “measure
of the area” of the region. The smaller the value of ‖∆‖, the better is this approximation. If A square units is the
area of the region, we define
𝐴 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥 (1)
‖∆‖→0

Because f and g are continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], so too is 𝑓 − 𝑔; therefore the limit in (1) exists and is equal to the definite
integral
𝑏
∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥.

Figure 4. Graph of Illustration 4.

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Solution

To find he points of intersection of the two curves we solve the equations simultaneously and obtain
the points (0,0) and (2,4).
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
Observe that in the interval [0,2] the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is above the curve 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥). We draw a
vertical rectangular element of area, having altitude [𝑓(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] units and width ∆𝑖 𝑥 units. The
measure of the area of this rectangle then is given by [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )]∆𝑖 𝑥 .The sum of the measures
of the areas of n such rectangles is given by the Riemann sum
𝑛

∑ [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥 .
𝑖=1

If A square units is the area of the region, then

𝑛

𝐴 = lim ∑ [𝑓 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1

and the limit of the Riemann sum is a definite integral. Hence

2
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ [(−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (−2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0

2 2
= − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 ]
3 0
16
=− +8−0
3
8
=
3
8
Conclusion: The area of the region is square units.
3

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 − 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5.

Figure 5. Graph of Illustration 5.

Solution

The two curves intersect at the points (3,-2) and (9, 4).
The equation 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 − 2 is equivalent to the two equations

𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = −√2𝑥 − 2

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with the first equation giving the upper half of the parabola and the second equation giving the
bottom half. If

𝑓1 (𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 2 and 𝑓2 (𝑥 ) = −√2𝑥 − 2

the equation of the top half of the parabola is 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥), and the equation of the bottom half is
𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥). If we let 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 5, the equation of the line is 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑛

𝐴1 = lim ∑[𝑓1 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑓2 (𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
3
= ∫ [𝑓1 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
1
3
= ∫ [√2𝑥 − 2 + √2𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 2 ∫ √2𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
1

2 3 3
= (2𝑥 − 2) ⁄2 ]
3 1
16
=
3
𝑛

𝐴2 = lim ∑[𝑓1 (𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
9
= ∫ [𝑓1 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
3
9
= ∫ [√2𝑥 − 2 − (𝑥 − 5)] 𝑑𝑥
3

1 3 1 9
= (2𝑥 − 2) ⁄2 − 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥]
3 2 3
64 81 8 9
=[ − + 45] − [ − + 15]
3 2 3 2
38
=
3
16 38
Hence 𝐴1 +𝐴2 = + .
3 3

Conclusion: The area of the entire region is 18 square units.

6. Find the area of the region in Example 5 by taking horizontal rectangular elements of area.

Solution

If in the equations of the parabola and the line we solve for x,

1
𝑥 = 2 (𝑦 2 + 2) 𝑥 =𝑦+5
1
Letting 𝜙 (𝑦) = (𝑦 2 + 2) and 𝜆 (𝑦) = 𝑦 + 5, the equation of the parabola may be written as
2
𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑦) and the equation of the line as 𝑥 = 𝜆(𝑦). Consider the closed interval [−2,4] on the y axis,
and take a partition of this interval. The 𝑖th subinterval will have a length of ∆𝑖 𝑦. In the 𝑖th

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subinterval [𝑦𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖 ] choose a point 𝑤𝑖 . Then the length of the 𝑖th rectangular element is
[𝜆(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝜙(𝑤𝑖 )] units and the width is ∆𝑖 𝑦 units. The measure of the area of the region can be
approximated by the Riemann sum
𝑛

∑[𝜆(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝜙 (𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑦
𝑖=1

If A square units is the area of the region, then

𝑛

𝐴 = lim ∑[[𝜆(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝜙(𝑤𝑖 )]] ∆𝑖 𝑦

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1

Because 𝜆 and 𝜙 are continuous on [−2,4], so too is 𝜆 − 𝜙 and the limit of the Riemann sum is a
definite integral:
4
𝐴 = ∫ [𝜆(𝑦) − 𝜙(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
−2
4
1
= ∫ [(𝑦 + 5) − (𝑦 2 + 2)] 𝑑𝑦
−2 2

1 4
= ∫ (−𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 8) 𝑑𝑦
2 −2
1 1 3 4
= [− 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦]
2 3 −2
1 64 8
= [(− + 16 + 32) − ( + 4 − 16)]
2 3 3
= 18
This answer agrees with our solution in Example 5.
Comparing the solutions in Examples 5 and 6 we see that in the first case there are two definite
integrals to evaluate, whereas in the second case there is only one. In general, if possible, the
rectangular elements of area should be constructed so that a single definite integral is obtained. The
following example illustrates a situation where two definite integrals are necessary.
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥.

Figure 6. Graph of Illustration 7.

Solution

The points of intersection of the two curves are (0,0), (3,-3), and (4,0).
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
In the interval [0,3] the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)is above the curve 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), and in the interval [3,4] the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ) is above the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). So the region must be divided into two separate
regions 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 , where 𝑅1 is the region bounded by the two curves in the interval [0,3]and 𝑅2 is

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the region bounded by the two curves in the interval [3,4]. If 𝐴1 square units is the area of 𝑅1 and
𝐴2 square units is the area of 𝑅2 ,
𝑛

𝐴1 = lim ∑[𝑓(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑔(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
𝑛

𝐴2 = lim ∑[𝑔(𝑤𝑖 ) − 𝑓(𝑤𝑖 )] ∆𝑖 𝑥

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1

so that
3 4
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = ∫0 [(𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 [(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
3 4
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 3

1 7 3 1 7 4
= [ 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ] + [− 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 ]
4 3 0 4 3 3
45 7
= +
4 12
71
=
6
71
Conclusion: The required area is square units.
6

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1.6 Practice Problem

Find the area of the region bounded by the curves.

1) 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑥 = −2; 𝑥 = 1

3) 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

1
4) 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ; 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑥 = π
6

5) 𝑥 2 = −𝑦; 𝑦 = −4

Assessment
Prepare for your scheduled quiz.

How was it?

 If you got 85%-100% items correct, very good, you
already understand the concept.

 If you got 60%-84% items correct, good, you

understand most of the concept, you only need to
practice more.

 If you got below 60%, it is okay, do not worry. Just try

to review the lesson and practice solving more and
more.

References
Leithold, (2002) The Calculus 7 Leithold

MODULE 4 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 11