THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Most Essential Learning Competencies

1. illustrate an antiderivative of a function (STEM_BC11I-IVa-1); and

2. compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric
functions (STEM_BC11I-IVb-1).

Specific Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:

1. illustrate the antiderivative of a function; and

2. compute and solve problems involving general antiderivative of:
- polynomial functions;
- radical functions;
- exponential functions; and
- trigonometric functions.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts

Definition
A function 𝐹 is an antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all
values of 𝑥 in 𝐼.

Theorem 1.1
If a function 𝐹 is any antiderivative of the function on an interval 𝐼, then every
antiderivative of 𝑓 on the interval 𝐼 is of the form
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
where 𝐶 is arbitrary constant.

Antidifferentation is the process of finding the antiderivative of a given function.

The symbol ∫ is the integral sign that denotes the operation of antidifferentiation and the
function 𝑓 is called the integrand.

If 𝑭 is an antiderivative of 𝑓, we write
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
The expression 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 is called the general antiderivative of 𝑓. The constant 𝐶 is called
the constant integration.

Example 1. An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 ∈ ℝ. The

derivative of 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 is 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 which is equal to 𝑓(𝑥). So,
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
9𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
2

Example 2. Verify that ∫(2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶

Solution:
Let 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
Since 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4, which is equal to 𝑓(𝑥),
Therefore, ∫(2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶.

Example 3. An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 ∈ ℝ. Here,

𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶.
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, which is equal to 𝑓(𝑥).
 Therefore,
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥

Key Concepts

Basic Theorems on Antidifferentiation

Theorem 2.1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 4. ∫ 100𝑑𝑥 = 100𝑥 + 𝐶

3 3
Example 5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
5 5

Theorem 2.2
𝑥 𝑛+1
If 𝑛 is any real number and 𝑛 ≠ 1, then ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶.
𝑛+1

𝑥 5+1
Example 6. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
5+1
𝑥6
= +𝐶
6

𝑥 −3+1
Example 7. ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
−3+1
𝑥 −2
= +𝐶
−2
1
=− +𝐶
2𝑥 2

Theorem 2.3
If 𝑎 is any constant and 𝑓 is a function, then ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

Example 8. ∫ 6√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
= 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
+1
6𝑥 2
= 1 +𝐶
+1
2
3
6𝑥 2
= 3 +𝐶
2
3
12𝑥 2
= +𝐶
3
3
= 4𝑥 + 𝐶 2

Theorem 2.4
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions defined on the same interval,
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

Example 9. ∫(12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

12𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= + +𝐶
3 2
2 2
= 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶

Key Concepts

Exponential and logarithmic functions are used to model population growth, cell growth,
and financial growth, as well as depreciation, radioactive decay, and resource consumption, to
name only a few applications.
Theorems on Integrals yielding the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 3.1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 10. ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1
Example 11. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
2

Theorem 3.2
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑎| + 𝐶. Here, 𝑎 > 0 with 𝑎 ≠ 1.

4𝑥
Example 12. ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛|𝑎|

Example 13. ∫ 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥 )(41 )𝑑𝑥

= 4 ∫(4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
=4 +𝐶
𝑙𝑛| 4|

Theorem 3.3
1
∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶

1
Example 14. ∫ 3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫
𝑥
= 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶

5 1
Example 15. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= 5 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶

Theorem 4. Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

d. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶 a. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝐶

e. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 b. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
f. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 c. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶

We will use the given theorem on antiderivatives of trigonometric functions in the

following examples.

Example 16. Evaluate ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + 𝐶
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 17. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1, we have
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Example 18. Evaluate ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
Solution: ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
Since = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥, we have
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Therefore, ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

References

Balmecada, J. P. et. al. (2016). Basic Calculus Teacher's Guide (1st ed.). Philippines: Department
of Education.
Leithold, L. (1976). The Calculus with Analytic Geometry (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

Writer: Reviewers:

CHRISTIAN JAY M. BUSA ELMER R. ANDEBOR AMALIA B. RINGOR, DevEdD

Special Science Teacher I STEM Group Head Academic Track Head
Agusan National High School Agusan National High School Agusan National High School

RUTH A. CASTROMAYOR ISRAEL B. REVECHE, PhD

Principal IV Education Program Supervisor
SHS Assistant Principal Butuan City Division SHS Coordinator
Agusan National High School