Energy-Changes-And-Rates-Of-Reaction Cheatsheet
Energy-Changes-And-Rates-Of-Reaction Cheatsheet
Thermochemistry: the study of the energy Open both energy and matter are 4 assumptions when performing calorimetry
changes that accompany physical or system allowed to enter and leave calculations:
chemical changes in matter freely 1. Any thermal 3. All dilute,
Types of energy: Closed energy can enter and leave energy transferred aqueous solutions
Ep the energy of an object due to system the system, but matter cannot from the calorimeter have the same
(potential its position/composition Isolated neither matter are allowed to to the outside density as water (D
of the system reactions that involve gases Because of the law of conservation of
Flame Used for combustion energy, the total thermal energy of the
Types of systems:
reactions system and the surroundings remain
constant:
Q system + Qsurroundings = 0
Q system = - Qsurroundings
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Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
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Enthalpy Change (ΔH) Representing Enthalpy Change (cont) Bond Energies (D) and Bond Enthalpy
Enthalpy (H): the total amount of Eth in a 2. Thermochemical CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 Bond Energies
system; not directly measurable equations with ΔH + 2 H2O ΔH = - Stability of a molecule is related to the
Must measure enthalpy change (ΔH) by terms 890.8 kJ strength of its covalent bonds
measuring the ΔT in the surroundings 3. Molar enthalpies ΔHcomb = -890.8 The strength is determined by the energy
Enthalpy change (ΔH): the energy released (ΔHx) kJ/mol required to break that bond
to/absorbed from the surroundings during a 4. Potential energy See an example Bond Enthalpy:
chemical/physical change; can be (Ep) diagrams here ΔH for breaking a particular bond in 1 mol of
measured using calorimetry data
a gaseous substance
As long as pressure is constant, the Hess' Law
Always positive because energy is always
enthalpy change of a chemical system is Enthalpy change (ΔH) is determined by required to break bonds
equal to the flow of thermal energy in or out initial and final conditions of a system; it is
Used for predicting reaction types before
of the system independent of the pathway
the reaction is performed (not entirely
Enthalpy change formula: The total ΔH of a multi-step reaction is the accurate)
ΔH = |Qsystem| sum of the ΔH of its individual steps
Formula for predicting reaction type using D
ΔH = ±|Qsurroundings| Hess's Law formula: and bond H:
If ΔH > 0, the If ΔH < 0, the ΔHreaction = Σ ΔHsteps ΔH = Σ (nDbonds broken) - Σ (nD bonds
reaction is endoth‐ reaction is This formula can be used in cases where formed)
ermic exothermic the overall reaction is not feasible to be
If there is more than one substance making done in a calorimeter (i.e. reaction is too Reaction Rates
up the surroundings (i.e. bomb/flame calori‐ slow/too fast/too violent) The speed at which a reaction occurs
meters ), then Rules: Can be fast (10-15s) or slow (years)
Q surroundings = Σ Q substances 1. If a reaction is flipped, flip the ΔH value's Measured by the change in the amount of
sign reactants consumed or products formed at
Molar Enthalpy Change (ΔHx)
2. If a reaction is multiplied, multiply the ΔH a given time interval(s)
Molar enthalpy change (ΔHx): the enthalpy value Can be measured by volume, mass, colour,
change associated with a physical/chemical pH, and electrical conductivity
change involving 1 mol of a substance Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔH°f)
Often expressed as a positive value for
(J/mol)
The standardized ΔH when 1 mol of a convenience, regardless of what is being
x = type of change (vaporization, neutraliz‐ substance is formed (synthesized) directly measured
ation, combustion, etc.) from its elements to its standard state at
Average rate of reaction: rate of a chemical
Molar enthalpy change formula: SATP
reaction between two points in time (one
ΔH = nΔHx The elements themselves have a ΔH°f of 0 time interval); calculated from the slope of
(elements cannot be synthesized) the secant of the time interval on a concen‐
Representing Enthalpy Change tration-time graph
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Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
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Reaction Rates (cont) Increasing Reaction Rates Increasing Reaction Rates (cont)
Δ[B]
How fast a product appears /Δt 5 factors that can increase a reaction rate: Ea = fraction of effective collisions =
Δ[A], Δ[B], Δt = [A]2 - [A]1, [B]2 - [B]1, t2 - t chemical nature of reactants, concentration, rate
surface area, temperature, and catalysts Rate α 1/Ea - as the catalyzed activation
1
Chemical nature of reactants energy decreases, the rate increases, and
Units mol/L⋅s
For any reactant, the activation energy vice versa
Instantaneous rate of reaction: rate of a
required depends on the bond type (single
chemical reaction at a single point int time ;
vs double vs triple), the bond strength (D Rate Law
calculated from the slope of the tangent of
value), the number of bonds, and the size Mathematical relationship between the
the time position on a concentration-time
and shape of the molecule(s) reaction rate and the concentration of
graph
Concentration of reactants reactants; needs experimental data
Collision Theory Concentration = amount of substance per Formula: Rate = k[A]a[B]b[C]c
States that chemical reactions can only unit volume (mol/L); applies only to [A]/[B]/[C] = concentration of reactants (only
occur if the reactants have the right kinetic solutions reactants are relevant); k = rate constant
energy (speed) and orientation to break [reactant] = collisions = rate Orders of Reaction
reactant bonds and form product bonds Rate α [reactant] - as the concentration Order of reaction: the exponent used to
Effective collision: a collision that has increases, the rate increases, and vice describe the relationship between the [ i ] of
sufficient energy and correct orientation of versa a reactant and the rate of reaction; tells us
colliding particles to start a reaction Surface area how quickly the rate will increase when
Ineffective collision: a collision where the Surface area = total area of all the surfaces [conc] increases
particles rebound, unchanged in nature of a solid figure Zero Rate = k[A]0; slope is flat ; rate is
Activation energy (Ea): the minimum SA = collisions = rate order not affected by [A]
energy required for reactants to have for a
Rate α SA - as the surface area increases, First Rate = k[A]1; slope is an
collision to be effective order increasing straight line; rate α [A]
the rate increases, and vice versa
Activated complex/transition state: unstable
Temperature of system Second Rate = k[A]2; slope is an
arrangement of atoms containing partially order increasing curve; rate α [A]2
T = collisions + fraction of effective
formed and partially broken bonds ;
collisions = rate Total order of reaction = the sum of the
maximum Ep point in the reaction
exponents in the rate law equation
Rate α T - as the temperature increases,
Rate of a reaction depends on the frequency
the rate increases, and vice versa The only accurate data for concentration
of collisions and the fraction of those
and rate is the initial rate, because as soon
collisions that are effective. Catalyst
as the reaction starts, products are formed
Rate = frequency of collisions x fraction of Catalyst = substance that increases the rate
and the reverse reaction starts , making any
collisions that are effective of a reaction without itself being consumed
rate measured after t = 0 affected by the
in the reaction; provide an alternate
products.
pathway for the reaction with a lower Ea
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Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
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Reaction Mechanisms
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