Gr.

12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet

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Introd​uction System​/Su​rro​undings and Reactions (cont) Calori​metry Calcul​ations

Thermo​che​mistry: the study of the energy Open both energy and matter are 4 assump​tions when performing calori​metry
changes that accompany physical or system allowed to enter and leave calcul​ations:
chemical changes in matter freely 1. Any thermal 3. All dilute,
Types of energy: Closed energy can enter and leave energy transf​erred aqueous solutions
Ep the energy of an object due to system the system, but matter cannot from the calori​meter have the same

(potential its positi​on/​com​pos​ition Isolated neither matter are allowed to to the outside density as water (D

energy) system leave the system (complete enviro​nment is = 1.00 g/mL)

isolation is impossible) negligible
Ek (kinetic the energy of an object due to
its motion Types of reactions: 2. Any thermal 4. All dilute,
energy)
energy absorbed by aqueous solutions
Thermal energy (Eth): the total quantity of Endoth​‐ energy from the surrou​ndings
the calori​meter itself have the same
Ek and Ep in a substance; depends on how ermic is absorbed by the system
is negligible specific heat
fast the particles are moving: more energy = Exothermic energy from the system is
capacity as water (c
more speed = more Eth released into the surrou​‐
= 4.18 J/g°C)
Heat: the transfer of Eth from a warm object ndings
Calori​metry formula:
to a cool object
Specific Heat Capacity and Calori​metry Q = mcΔT
Temper​ature: measure of the average Ek of
m = mass of the c = specific heat
the particles in a substance Specific heat capacity: the amount of
substance (g) capacity of the
energy required to raise the temper​ature of
Law of Conser​vation of Energy: energy substance ( J/g°C)
1 g of a substance by 1°C (measured in
cannot be created or destroyed, only
J/g°C); depends on type and form of ΔT = temper​ature Q = total amount of
converted from one form to another
substance change experi​enced Eth absorb​ed/​rel​‐
Note: Temper​ature ≠ Eth! A cup of water at by the system; ΔT = eased by a chemical
Calori​metry: the experi​mental process of
90°C has a higher temper​ature than a Tfinal - Tinitia system ( J )
measuring the ΔEth in a chemical or
bathtub of water at 40°C, but the water has l (°C)
physical change
more Eth since it has more molecules
Calori​meter: device used to measure ΔE th Value of Q has two parts:
The number: how much energy is involved
System​/Su​rro​undings and Reactions Types of calori​meters:
The sign: the direction of the energy
System: the group of reactants and products Polyst​yrene Reasonably accurate and
transfer (important to show, even if it is
being studied (styro​foam) inexpe​nsive
positive!)
Surrou​ndings: all the matter that is not a part Bomb More precise, used for

of the system reactions that involve gases Because of the law of conser​vation of
Flame Used for combustion energy, the total thermal energy of the
Types of systems:
reactions system and the surrou​ndings remain
constant:

Q system + Qsurrou​ndings = 0
Q system = - Qsurrou​ndings

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 Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
by NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) via cheatography.com/53385/cs/14452/

Enthalpy Change (ΔH) Repres​enting Enthalpy Change (cont) Bond Energies (D) and Bond Enthalpy

Enthalpy (H): the total amount of Eth in a 2. Thermo​che​mical CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 Bond Energies
system; not directly measurable equations with ΔH + 2 H2O ΔH = - Stability of a molecule is related to the
Must measure enthalpy change (ΔH) by terms 890.8 kJ strength of its covalent bonds
measuring the ΔT in the surrou​ndings 3. Molar enthalpies ΔHcomb = -890.8 The strength is determined by the energy
Enthalpy change (ΔH): the energy released (ΔHx) kJ/mol required to break that bond
to/abs​orbed from the surrou​ndings during a 4. Potential energy See an example Bond Enthalpy:
chemic​al/​phy​sical change; can be (Ep) diagrams here ΔH for breaking a particular bond in 1 mol of
measured using calori​metry data
a gaseous substance
As long as pressure is constant, the Hess' Law
Always positive because energy is always
enthalpy change of a chemical system is Enthalpy change (ΔH) is determined by required to break bonds
equal to the flow of thermal energy in or out initial and final conditions of a system; it is
Used for predicting reaction types before
of the system indepe​ndent of the pathway
the reaction is performed (not entirely
Enthalpy change formula: The total ΔH of a multi-step reaction is the accurate)
ΔH = |Qsystem| sum of the ΔH of its individual steps
Formula for predicting reaction type using D
ΔH = ±|Qsurrou​ndings| Hess's Law formula: and bond H:
If ΔH > 0, the If ΔH < 0, the ΔHreaction = Σ ΔHsteps ΔH = Σ (nDbonds broken) - Σ (nD bonds
reaction is endoth​‐ reaction is This formula can be used in cases where formed)
ermic exothermic the overall reaction is not feasible to be
If there is more than one substance making done in a calori​meter (i.e. reaction is too Reaction Rates
up the surrou​ndings (i.e. bomb/flame calori​‐ slow/too fast/too violent) The speed at which a reaction occurs
meters ), then Rules: Can be fast (10-15s) or slow (years)
Q surrou​ndings = Σ Q substances 1. If a reaction is flipped, flip the ΔH value's Measured by the change in the amount of
sign reactants consumed or products formed at
Molar Enthalpy Change (ΔHx)
2. If a reaction is multiplied, multiply the ΔH a given time interv​al(s)
Molar enthalpy change (ΔHx): the enthalpy value Can be measured by volume, mass, colour,
change associated with a physic​al/​che​mical pH, and electrical conduc​tivity
change involving 1 mol of a substance Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔH°f)
Often expressed as a positive value for
(J/mol)
The standa​rdized ΔH when 1 mol of a conven​ience, regardless of what is being
x = type of change (vapor​iza​tion, neutra​liz​‐ substance is formed (synthe​sized) directly measured
ation, combus​tion, etc.) from its elements to its standard state at
Average rate of reaction: rate of a chemical
Molar enthalpy change formula: SATP
reaction between two points in time (one
ΔH = nΔHx The elements themselves have a ΔH°f of 0 time interval); calculated from the slope of
(elements cannot be synthe​sized) the secant of the time interval on a concen​‐
Repres​enting Enthalpy Change tra​tio​n-time graph

4 ways to represent ΔH: Average rate of reaction formulas:

- Δ[A]
1. Thermo​che​mical CH4 + 2 O2  How fast a reactant disappears /Δt
equations with energy CO2 + 2 H2O +
terms 890.8 kJ

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 Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
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Reaction Rates (cont) Increasing Reaction Rates Increasing Reaction Rates (cont)
Δ[B]
How fast a product appears /Δt 5 factors that can increase a reaction rate:  Ea =  fraction of effective collisions =

Δ[A], Δ[B], Δt = [A]2 - [A]1, [B]2 - [B]1, t2 - t chemical nature of reactants, concen​tration,  rate
surface area, temper​ature, and catalysts Rate α 1/Ea - as the catalyzed activation
1
Chemical nature of reactants energy decreases, the rate increa​ses, and
Units mol/L⋅s
For any reactant, the activation energy vice versa
Instan​taneous rate of reaction: rate of a
required depends on the bond type (single
chemical reaction at a single point int time ;
vs double vs triple), the bond strength (D Rate Law
calculated from the slope of the tangent of
value), the number of bonds, and the size Mathem​atical relati​onship between the
the time position on a concen​tra​tio​n-time
and shape of the molecu​le(s) reaction rate and the concen​tration of
graph
Concen​tration of reactants reactants; needs experi​mental data
Collision Theory Concen​tration = amount of substance per Formula: Rate = k[A]a[B]b[C]c

States that chemical reactions can only unit volume (mol/L); applies only to [A]/[B​]/[C] = concen​tration of reactants (only
occur if the reactants have the right kinetic solutions reactants are relevant); k = rate constant
energy (speed) and orient​ation to break  [reactant] =  collisions =  rate Orders of Reaction
reactant bonds and form product bonds Rate α [reactant] - as the concen​tration Order of reaction: the exponent used to
Effective collision: a collision that has increases, the rate increases, and vice describe the relati​onship between the [ i ] of
sufficient energy and correct orient​ation of versa a reactant and the rate of reaction; tells us
colliding particles to start a reaction Surface area how quickly the rate will increase when
Ineffe​ctive collision: a collision where the Surface area = total area of all the surfaces [conc] increases
particles rebound, unchanged in nature of a solid figure Zero Rate = k[A]0; slope is flat ; rate is
Activation energy (Ea): the minimum  SA =  collisions =  rate order not affected by [A]
energy required for reactants to have for a
Rate α SA - as the surface area increa​ses, First Rate = k[A]1; slope is an
collision to be effective order increasing straight line; rate α [A]
the rate increa​ses, and vice versa
Activated comple​x/t​ran​sition state: unstable
Temper​ature of system Second Rate = k[A]2; slope is an
arrang​ement of atoms containing partially order increasing curve; rate α [A]2
 T =  collisions +  fraction of effective
formed and partially broken bonds ;
collisions =  rate Total order of reaction = the sum of the
maximum Ep point in the reaction
exponents in the rate law equation
Rate α T - as the temper​ature increa​ses,
Rate of a reaction depends on the frequency
the rate increa​ses, and vice versa The only accurate data for concen​tration
of collisions and the fraction of those
and rate is the initial rate, because as soon
collisions that are effective. Catalyst
as the reaction starts, products are formed
Rate = frequency of collisions x fraction of Catalyst = substance that increases the rate
and the reverse reaction starts , making any
collisions that are effective of a reaction without itself being consumed
rate measured after t = 0 affected by the
in the reaction; provide an alternate
products.
pathway for the reaction with a lower Ea

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 Gr. 12 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction Cheat Sheet
by NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) via cheatography.com/53385/cs/14452/

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions usually occur as a

sequence of elementary steps that, when
added, result in the overall reaction
Mechanism is dependent on the slowest
elementary step - the rate-d​ete​rmining step
Elementary step = a single molecular event
in the reaction mechanism
3 criteria for a proposed reaction
mechanism:
The elementary steps must add up to the
overall reaction
The elementary steps must be physically
reasonable - there should not be more than
2 reactants
The rate-d​ete​rmining step must be
consistent with the rate law equation

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