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Keypoints - Trigonometry

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74 views

Keypoints - Trigonometry

Uploaded by

Syed Taimoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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TOPIC 11 “GCE O LeveL n) (GEE ones (20) OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRY © 7 hey areas @ Pyrnacoras' THEOREM @ ‘TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ACUTE ANGLES: @ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF OBTUSE ANGLES @ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES @ area or TRIANGLES @ SINE RULE AND COSINE RULE * Sine rule * Cosine rule @ AppLicarions oF TRIGONOMETRY + Bearings * Angles of elevation and depression ce 0 Level No. Il Trigonometry | hainunains keveronns | 202 ) &+ PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM Objective: Apply Pythagoras’ theorem to find tho unknown langlh in a sight-angled iano Pythagoras’ theorem states that for a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypothenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other 2 shorter sides. hypotenuse, which is, a | the longest side, For a right-angled ABC: | fe. the right @ | Pythagoras’ | aaa Ee Theorem cae a a 2£C=90° A t 7 Cc STOP AND THINK ‘ (Ql * ° 4 g 1 P ‘The perpendicular bisector of a chord XY euts XY at N and the cirele at P, IfXY = 16 em and NP =2cm, calculate the radius of the circle. « Let x be the radius. ON =OP-NP =(x-2)em In AXON, applying Pythagoras’ theorem: OX? = XN* 4 0N* = Bt 4 (x-2)? =644x" 4x44 > 42668 » x 17em (Ans) (“Oc © LEVEL 7 &+ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ACUTE ANGLES ‘Apply the sine, cosine and tangent ralios for acute angles lo the caleuation of a side ot of an angio of a rightangled triangle, Objective: All angles in a right-angled triangle are acute angles (between 0° and 90°), Knowing the length of the 3 sides of a right-angled AABC, the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine and tangent can be defined as: © Hence, for 2B, we have: sin(90°-6) -2 with trigonometric ratios, the degree of steepness cos(90°-0)=* } <| of the angles canbe © obtained directly from tan(gor-a)=2 scientific calculators STOP AND THINK For ZA B Trigonometric | @ sing = OPposite__a ¢ ia Se ro © Sine adj a) ijacent _b (opposite) ® cosine [© 8 =F ctenuse ~e me ® Tangent A d © tang — opposite A se adjacent 5 (adjacent) t [Q)_ For each of the following triangles, find the unknown values of x and y, 5 4, (a) A ) & * 10cm 28 cm i7em x as mc tm G4 H < SOWTION > , (a) In AACD, — sin30°= => =13sin30° « [use calculator to find valve of sino" 3x05 Sem (Ans) In AABD, applying Pythagoras’ theorem, © 10" - 6.5" » Vi00- 42.96 = V67.76 =7,60em (3s) (Ans) GCE 0 LeveL No.1 Trigonometry | Mainanaics Kev-rons | 204) b) In AEFH, applying Pythagoras’ theorem, =15em (Ans) In sere, tany=28 = yotan(8) « [irom calculator =16.1° (1dp) (Ans) 8+ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF OBTUSE ANGLES Objective: Extend the sine, cosine and tangent functions to angles between 90° and 180 The trigonometric ratios of an obtuse angle (between 90° and 180°) can be expressed in terms of the adjacent acute angle that lies on the same straight line. Step © Use right-angled A to find trigo. ratios for acute angle, . Step © For obtuse 4, just change'sign: 5 @ | Totina pea canal obtuse : ‘Trigonometrio tangent rom +ve to - ve, ange a Ratios Ge \ i change for sine ratio. re0°-0 Obtuse — 7 7 (er aon sin(180°-8)=sind | seful AG Identiti | C28(180°-0)=—cos (sonastr.tine) tan(180°-0)=~tand STOP AND THINK | (Ql A 12m D o iB In the figure shown, find, without the use of calculator, (a) BC, ) sin zace, ©) con ZACD, (@) tan zacD. GCE O LEVEL No. 11 Trigonometry \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS cI (a) In AABC, applying Pythagoras’ theorem, BC = 13? -12° = 169-144 = V6 =6cem (Ans) a 12 (@) sinZACB=75 (Ans) 5 (©) cos ZACB= 55 5 oe cos ZACD =-s5 (Ans) (@ tan ZACB 2 , tan zap = -2 (Ans) {+ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES Objective: Know the wigonomotic ratios of 20°, 45° and |] With the help of the following right-angled triangles, we can deduce the ratios of sine, cosine and tangent functions of the angles 30°, 45° and 60°. 11 | Avight-angled 4 in an equilateral A | Aright-angled 4 ina square of side 2 units produces 30° and 60°. | of side 1 unit produces 45°, 1 sin 45° = 4 cos46° = 4 tan 45° = 1 ce wwe (996) [No.1 Trigonometry | Watheiatcs KEY-POINIS STOP AND THINK (Q) Find without using a calculator, the values of the following: (a) sin136°, (b) cosi36°, (©) cosi20°, (@) tan160°, sin 136° = sin (180°- 45°) < + tans) is the adjacent acute 4 of 135: = sind? <[no change o (b) cos135°=cos(180°~45°) <[45°is the adjacent acute 4 of 135° cos45* «[a change of sign to ve (&) cos120° 60°is the adjacent acute of 120° a change of sign to—ve (q) tan 150° = tan(180°- 30°) « [20°is the adjacent acute < of 160° =-tan30° [a change of sign to -ve 1 B (Ans) STOP AND THINK i] c. E In the figure shown, ZACB = 30°, AD = 2cm, DB = 40m and AB = BE. Find, without the use of calculator, (@) AC, (b) CE, (ce) tan ZAEC, (d) cos ZCAB, oce Oieva, No, it Trigonometry (_fianenaie ev-ronns (207 (@) singor = 4. pleaoe 2” AC s AC=12em (Ans) (b) Applying Pythagoras’ theorem, BC = V12? -6” 144-36 =Vi08 CE = BC-BE =(V108-6)em (Ans) (e) tan ZAEC =-tan AEB (@) cos 2CAB= + AREA OF TRIANGLES Wyective, Calculate the area of a non-igh! angled Wwiangle using the formula !+absin C. For a right-angled triangle or a triangle with known base and perpencticular height, the area formula is: [me of | base perpendicular height (For a non-right angled AABC with any 2 given sides and the inclurled angle, the area formula is: Included an {or sides a& b GCE ‘0’ LEVEL th. 1tTigomatry ( Secale eons (208) STOP AND THINK 1Q) Given the triangle PQR below, find the perpendicular height from P to QR. Let the perpendicular height be A. ‘Area of APQR = «3248 xsin 30" 1 1 Braga F x32 ddsing0" = 82xsin30° =32x4 2 =16em (Ans) 8+ SINE RULE AND COSINE RULE Objective: Solve problems involving tangles using sine rule or cosine vue @ Sine rule For any triangle ABC, since area of triangle is: fadsin® = poesina = absinC = besinA = acsinB Bi absinC _ besinA _ acsinB 8 < abe ‘abe abe C sin, sinA , sinB A 3 c @ 6 ab _e¢ & | SineFule ° Sin A“ sinB sinc @ Weare able to apply sine rule to solve for all the unknown angles and sides of triangles in the following situations: Situaion® | when given and 1 side :. we know 3" angle Situation® | when given 2 sides and 1 non-included angle (& LeveL : No.4 Trigonometry (_naenatcs Keron (208 ) For situation @, if the given non-included angle is ncuto, check for ambiguous case, solutions. known length, 1 solution ifthe given here non-included angle is ncute known length there may be two possible triangles and hence two possible sets of ambiguous case: another possible solution is (180°-0) STOP AND THINK [Q] Solve the triangle ABC, given that (a) A=728°, B=505° and ¢=56 em. (b) A=47°,a=75 em and b= 80 em. (a) @=180°-72.3°- 50.5" <| =57.2° (Ans) a Apply sine rule, Sf. =6.36em (3sf (Ans) 56 sin605° sin572 _ 5.6 xsin 60.5° o sin57.2° =5.ldem (3sf) (Ans) Apply sine rule, (b) Apply sine rule, sind7? _sinB == situation @, check for ambiguous case met SB | siuaton® r ambiguous case 4 in47? x 80 = sinB = , B=61,3° (1dp) (Ans) or 180°-51.3°=128.7° (1dp) (Ans) 5. Ist case: when —t_= es sin8L7° sin47° ~51.8°- 47" _T5sin81.7° =81,7° (Ans) ‘sind? c= 10lem (8s) (Ans) : when B= 128.7° aie wee G=180°-128.7°- 47° ona bel = on lb =4.3° (Ans) ai 2 e87.69em (3 sf) (Ans) (SCE ‘0 LeveL Ne, Trigonometry (_ wat 210 @ Cosine rule © For any triangle ABC with ZA, 2B, ZC and their respective sides a, b and c, the cosine rule is: 2 py ot cos Ais included jo or | a? =? +c? 2becos | Perna e coe) a? +c?—-b? 2 aka? cosBiis included B= 7 Rue {2 | 8 Por Bt =a +0% -2accosB | Perego 2 Bee cosC is icluded eo a? +b*—2abc0sC | Povaay. B @ Cc A b @ We apply cosine rule to solve for all the unknown angles and sides of triangles in the following situations: Situation @ | when given 9 sides Situation®@ | when given 2 sides and 1 included angle @ Make sure you are clear with all the included and non-included angles of any 2 sides of a triangle: 2sides_| has included < | and non-included 4s a,b ze A&B ac B A&LC be A ZB&LC GCE O LEVEL Ne, 11 Trigonometry (_titherates KEY-POWTS (a) STOP AND THINK a 4 gem ad 14em ic In the figure, AP = 65cm, AQ=6cm, AB=8cm, AC = 13cm and BC = 14cm. Find (a) the value of cos 4, (b) the length of PQ, (©) the aren of quadrilateral BCQP. A ship is travelling from point A to point 8, Point 8 is due East of point A at an angle of 30°. The positions of A and B can be plotted as shown: North B (the bearing from A is 060°) 060 West =} ast S| South The above situation is usual “the bearing of T bearinguses North as staring point lly phrased in the form: 8 from A is 060°" t 060” indicates ina clockwise direction at an angle of 60° fromNorth, whichis the same as ‘due East at an angle of 30” (@ When measuring bearings, note that: © Degrees of 3 digits are used. © Measurement is done on a horizontal plane. (o00") 000° > North NW, E N 090° + West <— Bost (270°) (090°) 180° > sw SE South 270° + 180") 360° North - 001° to 089° : North-East (NE) direction East 091° to 179° : South-East (SE) direction South 181° to 269° : South-West (SW) direction West 271° to 359° : North-West (NW) direction 000° -+ North “Gr VE ae No.1 Togamary (beta tEveonns (218) STOP AND THINK a In the given diagram, find the bearings of (i) Afromo (i) Bfromo (iii) O from A (iv) O from B < SOLUTION 5 @ (ii) The bearing of B from O (iii) The bearing of O from A =270°-36° = 235° (Ans) (iv) The bearing of O from B =90%47° (oe oe, No.1 Trigonometry | Mathamatcs KEY-POWTS STOP AND THINK [Q1_A ship sails 20 km from a point A on a bearing of 120° to a point B, and then sails for 30km on a bearing of 225° to a final point C. Find (a) the distance of C from A, (b) the bearing of C from A. Sauron > youmust know how <| toplot the various positions ‘on the horizontal plane (a) (To find AC, we apply cosine rule. Find ZABC.) ZABC = (120°-90") + (270°-225¢) 10°+45° 5° AC = AB? + BC? -2(AB)(BC)cos ABC = [207 + 30% -2(20)(30) cos 75° 3146 =81.5km (3sf) (Ans) (b) (Find ZBAC first.) BAC _ sin 75° Using sine rule, 30 «3146 «Bac = 30%8in 75° = sin Bic = asin fic in[222sin") = BAC sin ( S146 2 BAC 67.1" ‘The bearing of C from A, =120° +67.1° =187.1° = 187° (3sf) (Ans) GCE O' LeveL (os No. 11 Trigonometry | Mathematics KEY-POINTS @° Angles of elevation and depression a When a person looks at something above his or her location (e.g. the top of a building), the angle formed between the horizontal ground and the line of sight is called the angle of elevation. top of building 9 Angle Ot oy Elevation ie angle of \ horizontal ground E=L1___elevation a ° (a right-angled tangle is formed) When a person looks at something below his or her location, the angle between the (imaginative) horizontal and the line of sight is the angle of depression. ‘angie of depression Angle Of Depression (a tight-angled triangle is formed) ‘Angle of elevation is always of equal value as angle of depression because they are alternate angles. ‘ace 0 LEVEL No, 11 Trigonometry \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS STOP AND THINK [QI A police helicopter was chasing a stolen car. The sighted angle of depression is 70°. How far is the helicopter from the car, given that the helicopter is 1000 m above the ground? Find also the distance from the stolen car to a point directly below the helicopter. TD=$5xtant8* 7.87 m ZTAD Is the angle of elevation from A, T < 17.87 m A ID am 1787 tanzTA0 = 732 (1287 (7) =20.18° i = 202° (1.dp) (Ans) £TAD= oH ingr gar « BH = 55 = DH =55xsh31.9e =2909 Apply Pythagoras’ theorem, AH = (32? — 29.09 13:3, =133m (3s) (Ans) No, 11 Trigonometry ( GCE 0 LEVEL Mathematics KEY-POINTS, @)

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