EXPERIENCES OF DYNAMIC BULLYING VICTIMS 

ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

MENTAL HEALTH

VAISHNAVI VISNU A/P GUNENDRAN

BPSY 2203-5222

FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 

UNIVERSITY OF CYBERJAYA 
2022 
 

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................4

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.....................................................................................4,5,6

1.2 PROBLEM OF STATEMENT.........................................................................................6

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................7

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION.................................................................................................7

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES...........................................................................................7

1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................8,9

1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................9,10

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY.......................................................................................10

1.9 LIMITATION OF STUDY............................................................................................11

1.10 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.................................................................................11

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE BASED ON THE DV AND IV...............................11-13

2.2 RESEARCH GAPS.........................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN...............................................................................................13,14

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE.....................................................................................14

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3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT ...................................................................................14-16

3.4 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES.......................................................................16

3.5 TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS................................................................16,17

4 GENERAL :

REFERENCES................................................................................................................18,19

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Page

1.6.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………9

1.7.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………..9

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ABSTRACT

Bullying is a serious issue that occurs, particularly in childhood. Children from the same

social group might be bullied physically or verbally because some of them feel more

powerful than others. Many institutions are aware, but because most victims don't report, the

majority of instances are not treated. Adults can plainly observe the effects, only physical

bullying is handled. This study were examined to show the various impacts of bullying on the

victim. The findings show that bullying has an impact on a victim's academic achievement as

well as their emotional, physical, and health.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Smith etal. 2002; Polanin 2012) defines, bullying were employed and bullying is a type of

violence and aggressive behaviour of an existent. Many characteristics, similar as the geste

stress tends to produce fear, anguish, or detriment, are used more constantly to separate

bullying from other forms of aggressiveness or violence. Bullying tactics are constantly used

over time.( Ferguson etal. 2007; Merrel etal. 2008; Nansel 2001) defines, whether real or

imagined, there's a power difference between the bully and the victim. Bullying actors are

constantly classified as bullies, bully- victims, victims, and observers. When it comes to

cyberbullying, cyberbullying is getting a bigger problem and a cause for concern as a result

of technological and social media advancements currently. Cyberbullying can manifest itself

in a variety of ways, including hurtful reflections made online, unwanted dispatch, instant

communication, or textbook communication contact, and purposeful rejection from online

communities. Verbal bullying includes, but isn't limited to, hanging geste , unwelcome

teasing, and name- calling. On the other side, physical bullying is characterised as

conditioning performed against the victim that affect in physical hurt, theft, or property

destruction. Relational bullying aims to destroy a person's friendly ties by rejection or tries to
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sabotage peer connections. analogous to physical bullying, social bullying works to bring

down the social status of the victim by spreading unfavourable rumours or blatant falsehoods

about them, constantly with the help of a third party. Teenage bullying is linked to worse

social, physical, cerebral, and intellectual consequences for both the bullies and the victims.

majority who have been the victims of bullying experience in their adulthood had advanced

situations of mental health issues, worse mental health issues, and worse social status. also,

bullying victimisation has been linked to major health issues. For case, recent methodical

reviews set up compelling substantiation linking bullying victimisation to internal ails like

anxiety, depression, poor general health, and suicidal studies and conduct. Bullying

victimisation has also been shown to be explosively identified with cerebral discomfort and

worse situations of cerebral health. When a person reaches maturity, the root for their unborn

health and happiness is set. Healthy cognitive, emotional, sexual, and cerebral development

for maturity depends heavily on an terrain characterised by positive family and peer relations.

Adulthood bullying victimisation is a severe global health issue, and grown-ups who have

been bullied are more likely to have physical, cognitive, and internal health problems,

particularly advanced rates of sadness, anxiety, and suicidality. Victimized grown-ups are

also more likely to have academic performance issues, which increases the liability of long-

term fiscal ramifications for the victim as well as their family. People need to maintain good

internal health in order to live satisfying lives. A patient lack of internal health lowers senior

people's quality of life and is a significant threat factor for morbidity and mortality( World

Health Organisation, 2013). thus, it's pivotal to have a methodical understanding of the

factors affecting aged people's internal health. multitudinous exploration have looked at the

current pointers of senior internal health and good. Recent studies have shown that stressful

gests and events, like a reduction in functional capacity and the launch of ails, are a

significant and direct cause of internal health issues, defined by( Williamson, 1998; Zeiss,

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Lewinsohn, Rohde, & Seeley, 1996). Nyqvist, Forsman, Giuntoli, and Cattan( 2013) defines,

social support has a favourable impact on aged people's happiness, quality of life, and life

satisfaction. There are also significant socioeconomic difference in internal health. Age,

plutocrat, and education are all negatively identified with aged people's depression symptoms

anxiety, loneliness, poor physical health, lower cognitive function, and work disability.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Bullying victimization is a crucial factor in adulthood as it affects the internal health in

overall majority. Victimization by bullying is a serious issue on both a public and worldwide

position. In order to assess whether bullying victimisation is a substantial threat factor for

psychopathology and should be the focus of intervention, this exploration examines empirical

data. Our society need to address bullying challenges grown-ups with strong internal state

and tone- regard. numerous exploration has been held ever this bullying behaviour has been

repeating over time in numerous ways similar as verbal, physical, interpersonal, and social

abuse. Being bullied isn't a arbitrary circumstance, claims exploration. particular

characteristics and inheritable factors can prognosticate this. Bullying is a patient issue across

all age groups and is associated with grave internal health issues similar tone- detriment,

aggressive behaviour and psychotic symptoms. The stain of bullying leaves long lasting

negative impact on grown-ups ’ internal and physical health. The passions of rejection,

insulation, low tone- regard, depression, anxiety and rejection are the crucial impacts of

bullying. Some grown-ups are indeed develop into Acute Stress complaint or Post Traumatic

Stress complaint.

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1. General Objective

The present study aims to examine how experiences of dynamic bullying victims are

associated with mental health.

2. Specific Objective

Objective I:

To describe impact of bullying on the mental health of an adult

Objective II:

To describe the input of dynamic bullying in childhood on adults

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Objective III:

To examine the relationship between bullying victimization and mental health in adulthood

The goal of the bullying survey is to pinpoint and quantify a variety of variables, including

bullying rates and adult attitudes against bullying. bullying is happening in many forms, and

more has to be done to confront it. They "assist schools or homes in figuring out how

frequently and where bullying occurs. Parents and school teachers can assist in choosing the

best prevention and response tactics by assessing the efficacy of current prevention and

intervention activities. Parents and teachers can accurately depict bullying in their particular
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circumstances by gathering this important information. Administrators and decision-makers

who "Know what's going on" can benefit from bullying surveys. Since children seldom report

bullying and it frequently occurs while adults aren't there, adults frequently underestimate the

prevalence of bullying. Using anonymous questionnaires to evaluate bullying can give a clear

picture of what's happening. Target's efforts also. You can plan bullying prevention and

intervention activities by having an understanding of the trends and types of bullying in your

community. outcomes of the measurement, also Measuring your prevention and intervention

efforts over time is the only method to determine their effectiveness.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Berger (2015) defines, it's a development of behaviourism that highlights the impact that

other people have on a person's behaviour and contends that everyone learns by seeing and

modelling the behaviour of others. This indicates that the bulling behaviour was picked up

through imitation of another person or group of people. The independent variable and

dependent variable of the hypothesis would make the explanation clearer for understanding of

this study. The theoretical framework of this study include Social Learning Theory also

known as Social Cognitive Theory.

Social Learning Theory

Social Cognitive Theory
Berger (2015)

Figure 1.6.1: The theoretical framework

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Ideas from cognitive science and neuroscience have an effect on this approach. This

paradigm takes into account personal characteristics like emotional dysregulation,

impulsivity, antisocial disorders, and similar problems. These components might affect how

individuals process information.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study was based on the objectives above. Below in an

illustration on the conceptual framework.

Independent variable Dependent variable

Bullying victimization Mental health in adulthood

Figure : The Conceptual Framework

The figure shows the predicted effect of bullying victimization and mental health in

adulthood.

This study presents a conceptual framework that enhances our empirical and theoretical

understanding of the association between victimization and mental health. First, we examine

the existing literature on bullying victimization and mental health of adults, which talks about

their risk, which is defined as raising the possibility of harm while promoting the emergence

of behavioural, mental, and psychosocial dysfunction or the persistence of a problem

condition.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study has findings that might be value to bully victims. These days, people are

emotionally unbalanced and prone to being easily influenced by others around them.

Significant of the study is to know what are the impacts of bullying is so that the individuals

who experiencing bullying can receive better care. To understand the situation better to

improve responses to adult bullying. Therefore, this study also helps to improve create an

atmosphere where adults build self-esteem and believe in themselves. Moreover, this study

will encourage to change their attitude towards other people. It will serve as a medicine to

cure the minds of every individual to become open minded about the consequences of their

action.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

The limitation of the study is when the limited population of adulthood as respondent. The

respondent range is around 100-150 responses. Limitation of population may affect the result.

In the further research, the researcher must find accurate respondent to get accurate result of

the study. This study is to find out significant experiences of bullying victimization in

adulthood. In our community, bullying is still a serious issue, particularly for young people.

In reality, the number of kids who have experienced bullying is increasing daily. They simply

fail to recognise that the jokes they tell and the way they speak are a subtly intimidating

tactic. Both bullies and people who are bullied are directly involved in this study. This study

attempts to increase our understanding of how and why bullies behave in the ways that they
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do. By showing them love, care, and attention, it will help us understand them and benefit

both parties.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Bullies were defined as individual who self-reported at least one form of aggression against

others and did not report any forms of victimization Passive victims were defined as

individual who self- reported at least one form of victimization and did not report any forms

of aggression Provocative victims were defined as individual who self- reported at least one

form of victimization and one form of aggression Bystanders were defined as individual who

reported neither aggression nor victimization. Polyvictimization was defined as experiencing

four or more different types of victimization.

LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE OF REVIEW BASED ON DV AND IV

According to research, bullying rates have remained largely stable since 2005. However,

between 10% and 50% of children and adolescents who attend school report being bullied,

explains (Cook et al. 2010; Atria et al 2007). The type and severity of bullying can also differ

by gender. Bullying can vary by gender in terms of both form and intensity. In general,

bullying affected girls more often than it did boys (31.4 percent for girls compared to 24.5

percent for boys). Both boys and girls reported bullying at similar rates, with threats of

violence and being forced to do things they did not want. More cases of property damage and

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being pushed, shoved, tripped over, or spit on were reported by boys. Girls said they were

more likely to be teased, the subject of rumours, and purposefully left out of events. In a

Finnish research from 1998, approximately 6,000 elementary school students, their parents,

and instructors were polled. Bullies (8.1%), victims (11.3%), and bully/victims (7.6%) were

contrasted with controls (73.1%), as well as one another.

Bullying during puberty and youth can have negative effects on people far into adulthood.

According to a recent study, victims were more likely to develop depression, panic disorder,

agoraphobia, and suicidality as young adults than non-victims. Victims also had a greater

prevalence of agoraphobia, generalised anxiety, and panic disorder as adults. Bullies have a

higher likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder, defines (Copeland et al.

2013). Bullying victims who have experienced it in school are more likely to experience it

later on in life, says ((Schafer et al. 2004). Being bullied when a child can have long-lasting

effects on an individual's psychological health. Children are defining roles, creating

personalities, and discovering who they are during these formative years. Bullying can affect

a young person's ability to trust others, feel confident in themselves, and control their anger.

When you are older and may not have had any connections when you were younger, it might

be challenging to form new ones. When we receive criticism about who we are or what we do

on a regular basis, we develop a negative self-image and assume that others will feel the same

way about us. It was found that bully/victims scored highest in externalizing behaviour and

hyperactivity, and self-reported feelings of ineffectiveness and personal problems. Victims

scored highest in internalizing behaviour and psychosomatic symptoms, anhedonia and

negative self-esteem (males) and negative mood (females). An Australian survey (Forero et

al, 1999) of almost 4,000 students aged 12, 14 and 16 asked questions about effects of

bullying, including psychosomatic symptoms (headache, stomach ache, backache, irritability,

anxiety, and insomnia) and mental health (mood, loneliness, contact, self-esteem). The
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researchers concluded that children involved in bullying have significantly more psychiatric

symptoms than those not involved

RESEARCH GAPS

According to research, bullying has negative impacts that persist long into adulthood. In fact,

one study discovered that the effects of peer bullying may have a more significant effect on

mental health in adulthood than previously believed. Furthermore, the effects can be far more

damaging than adult abuse. People are shaped into the adults they later become by the

experiences they undergo as youngsters. Therefore, it is not unexpected that bullying's

consequences last far into adulthood. Their future perspective, including how they see

themselves and other people, is subsequently influenced by this. A youngster who has been

bullied may endure psychological effects that last even after the bully has grown up.

Recognizing what has happened is the first step in healing from childhood bullying if you

were bullied as a child and are now dealing with the aftereffects. This study helps to provide

attention to healing. Moreover, this study acknowledge to consider taking some time for self-

care and discussing your experience. From this study, adults will be on the road to healing

once they have accepted what happened and altered the way they see other people and

themselves.

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will examine the relationship between variables. Specifically, between bullying

victimization in childhood (IV) affects mental health in adulthood (DV). Self-identified non-

victims and self-identified victims will be chosen as the two groups, with members of the
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former group indicating that they do not view themselves as victims and members of the

latter group indicating that they do. The participants will be picked among adults between the

ages of 18 and 30. This quantitative study will look at links between bullying and mental

health and the moderating effects of social support. This methodology will be carried out

using a sample survey questionnaire that will be completed by adults. The study will be

quantitative and conducted via survey.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The target demographic consists of randomly selected adults between the ages of 18 and 30.

Students, workers, housewives, and other individuals will be chosen at random. The first

100–200 persons that register for this study will be chosen for the sampling procedures.

Participants in the study will be those who respond to the offered questionnaires on the

provided Google form. The survey mechanism that will be used to gather this data is a

Google form. All survey questions, including those from the instruments mentioned in this

paper, will be sent via Google Form for the study's participants to complete. Google Form

will allow for the data gathering and reporting of the participant survey replies to these

questions when the responses have been agreed.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Demographic questions

The age of the participant will be requested as part of a demographic question. This is being

done to make sure that the participant is between the ages of 18 and 30.

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PERCEPTION OF TEASING SCALE

(An evaluation of the incidence and impact of bullying and teasing). This tool contains a

weight-related teasing (items 1-6) and a Competency-Related Teasing (items 7-11) subscale.

The subscales will be summed and scored separately. The range of scores on the Weight-

Related Teasing subscale is 6-30, and the range for the Competency-Related Teasing

subscale is 5-25. Higher scores denote higher bullying/teasing victimization frequency. The

tool also assesses the teasing effect for each subscale:

Weight Teasing Effect is assessed by items 1a-6a;

Competency Teasing Effect is assessed by items 7a-11a. Per the instructions, respondents

were only to provide an effect score if they indicated something other than “Never” for the

teasing behaviour. Effect scores for each subscale are computed by taking the sum of all

non-“Never” teasing behaviours in that subscale and dividing by the number of non-“Never”

teasing behaviours. For example, if a respondent reported three teasing behaviours on the

Weight-Related Teasing subscale, they should also provide an effect rating for each of those

behaviours. The summed effect score would be divided by 3, yielding a mean effect score for

subscale. The range of scores on both effect measure is 1-5, and higher scores indicated more

teasing-based distress.

RETROSPECTIVE BULLYING QUESTIONNAIRE

The frequency, seriousness, and length of bullying victimisation in primary and secondary

schools; bullying-related psychological trauma; suicidal thoughts when bullied; and bullying

in colleges and the workplace are all assessed by this item measure. Victims are identified

from their responses about frequency and intensity of reported physical, verbal, and indirect

bullying. A respondent is considered a victim if they report being bullied in one or more ways

15
“sometimes” or more often (frequency) and classified the experience as “quite serious” or

“extremely serious” (intensity). This measure can be used to differentiate 3 types of victims:

Those who only experienced victimization in primary school (primary school victim)

Those who only experienced victimization in secondary school (secondary school victim)

And those who experienced victimization in both (stable victims)

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

The informed consent will first be read to the student participants. Participants are informed

of the risk assumptions (i.e., sharing of how they have coped with the stressors of being

victim might evoke sensitive emotions). They will be referred to the SPSS website to

complete the survey after the informed consent has been accepted. The informed consent

form, the survey's anticipated average duration (15–20 minutes), and, finally, the option to

decline participation are all mentioned on the first page of the questionnaire. At the beginning

of the study, the participants will be informed of their right to decline and/or stop

participating in the study at any time. It should be mentioned that refusing to participate in or

leaving the study early will have no negative effects. The participant will be deemed to have

given consent to the survey if they proceed to the next pages of the questionnaire. The survey

will then be completed by participants, and the data will be collected and made available to

the researcher via Google Forms software from Microsoft. Following completion, the

participant will receive a "thank you" note and the researcher's contact details.

TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS

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Quantitative approach was used in this study and it involved using statistical tools to evaluate

the collected facts and data. SPSS is the software used in analysing the collected data to gain

meaningful conclusions. Data analysis, normality test, reliability test, descriptive analysis and

regression analysis was conducted by using SPSS to determine. In this analysis researcher are

using correlation to analyse the mental health of adulthood of being a bullying victim in their

childhood. The data collected from the questionnaire survey were subsequently statistically

processed, while in addition to descriptive statistics, a method of correlation analysis,

particularly statistical Pearson parametric correlation test, was used. Once collected and

recorded, the data were analysed for relationships and differences using descriptive and

inferential statistics. Visual conclusions were drawn from these measures, and the results

were then analysed for conclusions that could be draw

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GENERAL

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